Adebanwi, W. (2017). Africa’s ‘Two Publics’: Colonialism and Governmentality. Theory, Culture and Society, 34(4), 65–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aiyar, S. (2011). Empire, Race and the Indians in Colonial Kenya’s Contested Public Political Sphere, 1919–1923. Africa, 81(1), 132–52.Google Scholar

Ambadiang, T. (2010). Public Sphere, Linguistic Sphericules and Discourse Communities in Africa. Africa Development, 35(1–2), 1–26.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. (1989) [1983]. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar

Anderson, D. (2002). Vigilantes, Violence, and the Politics of Public Order in Kenya. African Affairs, 101(405), 531–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, D. (2005). ‘Yours in Struggle for Majimbo’: Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955–64. Journal of Contemporary History, 40(3), 547–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, D. M. & McKnight, J. (2015). Kenya at War: Al Shabaab and Its Enemies in Eastern Africa. African Affairs, 114(454), 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, D. & Rolandsen, Ø. H. (2014). Violence as Politics in Eastern Africa, 1940–1990: Legacy, Agency, Contingency. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(4), 539–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansorge, J. (2016). Identify and Sort: How Digital Power Changed World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arendt, H. (1958a). The Human Condition, London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1958b). Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution. The Journal of Politics, 20(1), 5–43.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1961). Between Past and Future, New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1972) [1971, 1970, 1969]. Crises of the Republic, Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Company.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1992). Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, Beiner, R., ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (2005). The Promise of Politics, New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Askew, K. (2002). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S. (2002). Hegemonic Enterprises and Instrumentalities of Survival: Ethnicity and Democracy in Kenya. African Studies, 61(2), 223–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banégas, R., Brisset-Foucault, F. & Cutolo, A. (2012). Espaces publics de la parole et pratiques de la citoyenneté en Afrique. Politique Africaine, 127, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, K. (1997). Introduction. In Barber, K., ed., Readings in African Popular Culture, Oxford: James Currey, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

Barber, K. (2012). Print Culture and the First Yoruba Novel, Leiden and Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, K. (2018). A History of African Popular Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnett, C. (2004). Media, Democracy and Representation: Disembodying the Public. In Barnett, C. & Low, M., eds., Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation, London: Sage, pp. 185–206.Google Scholar

Barney, D. (2004). The Vanishing Table, or Community in a World That Is No World. In Feenberg, A. & Barney, D., eds., Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy and Practice, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 31–52.Google Scholar

Bates, R. (1989). Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal Connections in the Digital Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Bedasso, B. E. (2017). For Richer, for Poorer: Why Ethnicity Often Trumps Economic Cleavages in Kenya. Review of African Political Economy, 44(151), 10–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beiner, R. (1982). Interpretive Essay: Hannah Arendt on Judging. In Beiner, R., ed., Hannah Arendt, Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 89–156.Google Scholar

Benhabib, S. (1990). Hannah Arendt and the Redemptive Power of Narrative. Social Research, 57(1), 167–96.Google Scholar

Benhabib, Seyla. (1993). Feminist Theory and Hannah Arendt’s concept of public space. History of the Human Sciences, 6(2), 97–114.Google Scholar

Benhabib, S. (1994). Hannah Arendt and the Redemptive Power of Narrative. In Hinchman, L. P. & Hinchman, S. K., eds., Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 111–37.Google Scholar

Benhabib, S. (2000). The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt, new ed., Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Berg, F. J. (1968). The Swahili Community of Mombasa, 1500–1900. The Journal of African History, 9(1), 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, B. & Lonsdale, J. (1992). Four Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State, 1895–1914. In Berman, B. & Lonsdale, J., eds., Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa, London: Ohio University Press, pp. 77–100.Google Scholar

Berman, B. J. (1998). Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism. African Affairs, 97(388), 305–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, B., Cottrell, J. & Ghai, Y. (2009). Patrons, Clients, and Constitutions: Ethnic Politics and Political Reform in Kenya. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 43(3), 462–506.Google Scholar

Bernasconi, R. (2008). When the Real Crime Began: Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitariansim and the Dignity of the Western Philosophical Tradition. In King, R. H. & Stone, D., eds., Hannah Arendt and the Uses of History: Imperialism, Nation, Race and Genocide, Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 54–67.Google Scholar

Bernstein, R. (1986). Philosophical Profiles: Essays in a Pragmatic Mode, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bickford, S. (2000). Constructing Inequality: City Spaces and the Architecture of Citizenship. Political Theory, 28(3), 355–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bidima, J. G. (2013). Law and the Public Sphere in Africa: La Palabre and Other Writings, Trans. L. Hengehold, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Bloch, M. (1975). Political Language and Oratory in Traditional Society, London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Boone, C. (2011). Politically Allocated Land Rights and the Geography of Electoral Violence: The Case of Kenya in the 1990s. Comparative Political Studies, 44(10), 1311–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, C. (2012). Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya. African Studies Review, 55(1), 75–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, C., Dyzenhaus, Z., Manji, A., Gateri, C. W., Ouma, S., Owino, J. K., Gargule, A. & Klopp, J. (2018). Land Law Reform in Kenya: Devolution, Veto Players, and the Limits of an Institutional Fix. African Affairs, 118(471), 215–37.Google Scholar

Bosch, T. (2016). Twitter Activism and Youth in South Africa: The Case of RhodesMustFall. Information, Communication and Society, 20(2), 221–32.Google Scholar

Boyd, D. & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, D. & Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Branch, D. (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Branch, D. & Cheeseman, N. (2006). The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78. Review of African Political Economy, 33(107), 11–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Branch, D., Cheeseman, N. & Gardner, L. (2010). Our Turn to Eat: Politics in Kenya since 1950, Berlin: Lit.Google Scholar

Braun, K. (2007). Biopolitics and Temporality in Arendt and Foucault. Time & Society, 16(1), 5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breen, C. & Lane, P. J. (2003). Archaeological Approaches to East Africa’s Changing Seascapes. World Archaeology, 35(3), 469–89.Google Scholar

Breese, E. B. (2011). Mapping the Variety of Public Spheres. Communication Theory, 21, 130–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brennan, J. R. (2008). Lowering the Sultan’s Flag: Sovereignty and Decolonization in Coastal Kenya. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50(4), 831–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brennan, J. R. (2010). Radio Cairo and the Decolonization of East Africa, 1953–64. In Lee, C. J., ed., Making a World After Empire: The Bandung Moment and its Political Afterlives, Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 173–95.Google Scholar

Brennan, J. R. (2015). A History of Sauti ya Mvita (Voice of Mombasa): Radio, Public Culture, and Islam in Coastal Kenya, 1947–1966. In Hackett, R. I. & Soares, B. F., eds., New Media and Religious Transformations in Africa, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 19–38.Google Scholar

Brinkman, I. (2019). Social Diary and News Production: Authorship and Readership in Social Media during Kenya’s 2007 Elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 72–89.Google Scholar

Brisset-Foucault, F. (2013a). A Citizenship of Distinction in the Open Radio Debates of Kampala. Africa, 83(2), 227–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brisset-Foucault, F. (2013b). Re-Inventing a Royalist ‘Public Sphere’ in Contemporary Uganda: The Example of Central Broadcasting Services (CBS). Journal of African Cultural Studies, 25(1), 72–87.Google Scholar

Brisset-Foucault, F. (2019). Talkative Polity: Radio, Domination, and Citizenship in Uganda, Athens: Ohio University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brockerhoff, M. & Brennan, E. (1998). The Poverty of Cities in Developing Regions. Population and Development Review, 24(1), 75–114.Google Scholar

Brown, S. 2007. From Demiurge to Midwife: Changing Donor Roles in Kenya’s Democratisation Process. In Murunga, G. R. & Nasong’o, S. W., eds., Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, London: Zed Books, pp. 301–29.Google Scholar

Brown, S. & Raddatz, R. (2014). Dire Consequences or Empty Threats? Western Pressure for Peace, Justice and Democracy in Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(1), 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buckler, S. (2011). Hannah Arendt and Political Theory: Challenging the Tradition, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calhoun, C. (1998). Community Without Propinquity Revisited: Communications Technology and the Transformation of the Urban Public Sphere. Sociological Inquiry, 68(3), 373–97.Google Scholar

Calhoun, C. (2002). Imagining Solidarity: Cosmopolitanism, Constitutional Patriotism, and the Public Sphere. Public Culture, 14(1), 147–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calleb Otieno, D., Kabala, N., Scott-Villiers, P., Gachihi, G. & Muthoni Ndung’u, D. (2016). Men and Women of Words: How Words Divide and Connect the Bunge La Mwananchi Movement in Kenya. IDS Bulletin, 47(1), 99–112.Google Scholar

Canovan, M. (1974). The Political Thought of Hannah Arendt, London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd.Google Scholar

Canovan, M. (1978). The Contradictions of Hannah Arendt’s Political Thought. Political Theory, 6(1), 5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Canovan, M. (1992). Hannah Arendt: A Reinterpretation of Her Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castells, M. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Chacha, B. K. (2010). Pastors or Bastards? The Dynamics of Religion and Politics in the 2007 General Elections in Kenya. In Kanyinga, K. & Okello, D., eds., Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions. The Kenya 2007 General Elections, Nairobi: Society for International Development and IDS University of Nairobi, pp. 101–35.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, N. (2006). Introduction: Political Linkage and Political Space in the Era of Decolonization. Africa Today, 53(2), 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheeseman, N. (2008). The Kenyan Elections of 2007: An Introduction. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 166–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheeseman, N. & Larmer, M. (2015). Ethnopopulism in Africa: Opposition Mobilization in Diverse and Unequal Societies. Democratization, 22(1), 22–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G. & Willis, J. (2014). Democracy and its Discontents: Understanding Kenya’s 2013 Elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(1), 2–24.Google Scholar

Cheeseman, N., Kanyinga, K., Lynch, G., Ruteere, M. & Willis, J. (2019). Kenya’s 2017 Elections: Winner-Takes-All Politics as Usual? Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(2), 215–34.Google Scholar

Chome, N. (2015). ‘Devolution is Only for Development’? Decentralization and Elite Vulnerability on the Kenyan Coast. Critical African Studies, 7(3), 299–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chonka, P. (2019). News Media and Political Contestation in the Somali Territories: Defining the Parameters of a Transnational Digital Public. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 140–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coles, B. A. & West, M. (2016a). Trolling the Trolls: Online Forum Users Constructions of the Nature and Properties of Trolling. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 233–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coles, B. A. & West, M. (2016b). Weaving the Internet Together: Imagined Communities in Newspaper Comment Threads. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 44–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comaroff, J. (1975). Talking Politics: Oratory and Authority in a Tswana Chiefdom. In Bloch, M., ed., Political Language and Oratory in Traditional Society, London: Academic Press, pp. 141–61.Google Scholar

Comaroff, J. & Comaroff, J. (1997). Postcolonial Politics and Discourses of Democracy in Southern Africa: An Anthropological Reflection on African Political Modernities. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53(2), 123–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Communications Authority of Kenya. (2014). Quarterly Sector Statistics Report: Fourth Quarter of the Financial Year 2013/14 (April-June 2014), Nairobi: Author. Retrieved from www.ca.go.ke/images/downloads/STATISTICS/Q4SectorStatisticsReport2014-2013FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar

Constantin, F. (1989). Stratification on the Swahili Coast: From Race to Class? Africa, 59(2), 145–60.Google Scholar

Cooper, D. (2006). ‘Sometimes a Community and Sometimes a Battlefield’: From the Comedic Public Sphere to the Commons of Speakers’ Corner. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(5), 753–75.Google Scholar

Cooper, F. (1977). Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, F. (1987). On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Cornell, A. & D’Arcy, M. (2014). Plus ça Change? County-Level Politics in Kenya After Devolution. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(1), 173–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cottrell, J. & Ghai, Y. (2007). Constitution Making and Democratization in Kenya (2000–2005). Democratisation, 14(1), 1–25.Google Scholar

Couldry, N. (2014). ‘What and Where is the Transnationalized Public Sphere?’ In Nash, K., ed., Transnationalizing the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 43–59.Google Scholar

County Government of Mombasa. (2018). Second County Integrated Development Plan (2018–2022). Retrieved from www.mombasa.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MSA-FINAL-CIDP-2018–22.pdf.Google Scholar

Crandall, A., Otieno, A., Mutuku, L., Colaço, J., Grosskurth, J. & Otieno, P. (2012). Mobile Phone Usage at the Kenyan Base of the Pyramid: Final Report, Nairobi: iHub Research and Research Solutions Africa.Google Scholar

D’entrèves, M. P. (2000). Arendt’s Theory of Judgment. In Villa, D., ed., Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 245–60.Google Scholar

De Boeck, F. (2015). ‘Divining’ the City: Rhythm, Amalgamation and Knotting as Forms of ‘Urbanity’. Social Dynamics, 41(1), 47–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dean, J. (2003). Why the Net is Not a Public Sphere. Constellations, 10(1), 95–112.Google Scholar

Dean, J. (2005). Communicative Capitalism: Circulation and the Foreclosure of Politics. Cultural Politics, 1(1), 51–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dean, J. (2008). Communicative Capitalism: Circulation and the Foreclosure of Politics. In Boler, M., ed., Digital Media and Democracy: Tactics in Hard Times, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 101–22.Google Scholar

Dean, J. (2016). Big Data: Accumulation and Enclosure. Theory and Event, 19(3). https://muse.jhu.edu/article/623988Google Scholar

Dewey, J. (2012). The Public and its Problems: An Essay in Political Inquiry, Rogers, M. L., ed., University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Diepeveen, S. (2010). ‘The Kenyas We Don’t Want’: Popular Thought Over Constitutional Review in Kenya, 2002. Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(2), 231–58.Google Scholar

Diepeveen, S. (2019). The Limits of Publicity: Facebook and Transformations of a Public Realm in Mombasa, Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 158–74.Google Scholar

Ditrich, L. & Sassenberg, K. (2017). Kicking out the Trolls – Antecedents of Social Exclusion Intentions in Facebook Groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 32–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dossa, S. (1980). Human Status and Politics: Hannah Arendt on the Holocaust. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 13(2), 309–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eastman, C. M. (1994). Service, Slavery (‘Utumwa’) and Swahili Social Reality. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 37, 87–107.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, A. J. (2012). Hip-Hop and Cultural Citizenship on Kenya’s ‘Swahili Coast’. Africa, 82(4), 556–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekeh, P. (1975). Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(1), 91–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elish, M. C. & Boyd, D. (2018). Situating Methods in the Magic of Big Data and AI. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 57–80.Google Scholar

Ellis, S. (1993). Rumour and Power in Togo. Africa, 63(4), 462–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, S. & ter Haar, G. (2004). Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa, London: Hurst.Google Scholar

Englund, H. (2011). Introduction: Rethinking African Christianities: Beyond the Religion-Politics Conundrum. In Englund, H., ed., Christianity and Public Culture in Africa, Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fair, L. (2001). Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar 1890–1945, Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar

Fraser, N. (2014). Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World. In Nash, K., ed., Transnationalizing the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 8–42.Google Scholar

Frederiksen, B. F. (2000). Popular Culture Gender Relations and the Democratisation of Everyday Life in Kenya. Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(2), 209–22.Google Scholar

Frederiksen, B. F. (2011). Print, Newspapers and Audiences in Colonial Kenya: African and Indian Improvement, Protest and Connections. Africa, 81(1), 155–72.Google Scholar

Freedom House. (2014). Freedom on the Net 2014 – Kenya, Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/Kenya.pdfGoogle Scholar

Freyburg, T. & Garbe, L. (2018). Blocking the Bottleneck:Internet Shutdowns and Ownership at Election Times in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3896–916.Google Scholar

Furniss, G. & Gunner, L., eds. (1995). Power, Marginality and African Oral Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gachihi, G. (2014a). Bunge la Mwananchi (the People’s Parliament) Part I: Reflections on Social Movement Struggles in Kenya During the Era of Neoliberal Globalization. Pambazuka News, 705. Retrieved from www.pambazuka.net/en/category.php/features/93544/printGoogle Scholar

Gachihi, G. (2014b). Bunge la Mwananchi (the People’s Parliament) Part II: Reflections on Social Movement Struggles in Kenya During the Era of Neoliberal Globalization. Pambazuka News, 706. Retrieved from www.pambazuka.net/en/category.php/features/93569Google Scholar

Gadjanova, E. (2017). Ethnic Wedge Issues in Electoral Campaigns in Africa’s Presidential Regimes. African Affairs, 116(464), 484–507.Google Scholar

Gagliardone, I. (2016). The Politics of Technology in Africa: Communication, Development, and Nation-Building in Ethiopia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gathii, J. T. (2016). Assessing the Constitution of Kenya 2010 Five Years Later. In Ginsburg, T. & Huq, A., eds., Assessing Constitutional Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 337–64.Google Scholar

Geertz, C. (1994). Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture. In Martin, M. & McIntyre, L. C., eds., Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 213–31.Google Scholar

Githiora, C. (2002). Sheng: Peer Language, Swahili Dialect or Emerging Creole? Journal of African Cultural Studies, 15(2), 159–81.Google Scholar

Githiora, C. (2018). Sheng: Rise of a Kenyan Swahili Vernacular, London: James Currey.Google Scholar

Githuku, N. K. (2016). Mau Mau Crucible of War: Statehood, National Identity and the Politics of Postcolonial Kenya, Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Glassman, J. (2004). Slower than a Massacre: The Multiple Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial Africa. American Historical Review, 109(3), 720–54.Google Scholar

Goebel, A. (2015). On Their Own: Women, Urbanization, and the Right to the City in South Africa, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar

Gona, G. (2008). Changing Political Faces on Kenya’s Coast, 1992–2007. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 242–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gracia, A. B., Cruz, Y. S. & Rex, M. (2018). Trolling in Online Communities: A Practice-Based Theoretical Perspective. The Information Society, 34(1), 15–26.Google Scholar

Habermas, J. (1977). Hannah Arendt’s Communications Concept of Power. Social Research, 44(1), 3–24.Google Scholar

Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Hagensen, S. I. O. (2014). Framing Rights – Building Democracy: A Case Study of the Social Movement Bunge la Mwananchi Political Practice as a Strategy for Developing a Radical and Relevant Democracy. Masters thesis, Roskilde University, Roskilde, DK.Google Scholar

Haugerud, A. (1995). The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Haynes, J. (2006). Islam and Democracy in East Africa. Democratization, 13(3), 490–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hearn, J. (2002). The ‘Invisible’ NGO: US Evangelical Missions in Kenya. Journal of Religion in Africa, 32(1), 32–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hearn, J. (2007). African NGOs: The New Compradors? Development and Change, 38(6), 1095–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinze, R. (2018). Fighting Over Urban Space: Matatu Infrastructure and Bus Stations in Nairobi, 1960–2000. Africa Today, 65(2), 2–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Helleloid, E. (2014). Hannah Arendt’s Phenomenology of the Will: Contingency, Temporality, and the Nature of Moral Judgment. Doctoral dissertation. Athens: University of Georgia.Google Scholar

Hirschkind, C. (2006). The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons and Islamic Counterpublics, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Hofmeyr, I., Kaarsholm, P. & Frederiksen, B. (2011). Introduction: Print Cultures, Nationalisms and Publics of the Indian Ocean. Africa, 81(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmquist, F. (2005). Kenya’s Antipolitics. Current History, 104(682), 209–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Home, R. (2012). Colonial Township Laws and Urban Governance in Kenya. Journal of African Law, 56(2), 175–93.Google Scholar

Hope, K. R. Sr. (2012). Engaging the Youth in Kenya: Empowerment, Education, and Employment. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 17(4), 221–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Horowitiz, J. & MUHURI. (2013). ‘We’re Tired of Taking You to the Court’: Human Rights Abuses by Kenya’s Anti-Terrorism Police Unit, New York: Open Society Foundations.Google Scholar

Hoyle, B. (2001). Urban Renewal in East African Port Cities: Mombasa’s Old Town Waterfront. GeoJournal, 53(2), 183–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (2015). Insult to Injury: The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response, 15 June. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/15/insult-injury/2014-lamu-and-tana-river-attacks-and-kenyas-abusive-response on 9 December 2015.Google Scholar

Humphreys, L. (2013). Mobile Social Media: Future Challenges and Opportunities. Mobile Media and Communication, 1(1), 20–5.Google Scholar

Hunter, E. (2015). Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ince, O. U. (2016). Bringing the Economy Back In: Hannah Arendt, Karl Marx, and the Politics of Capitalism. Journal of Politics, 78(2), 411–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Interim Independent Boundaries Review Commission. (2010). Delineation of Constituencies and Recommendations on Local Authority Electoral Units and Administrative Boundaries for Districts and other Units, Republic of Kenya, 27 November. Retrieved from www.iebc.or.ke/uploads/resources/oep20PEuYn.pdf on 11 April 2020.Google Scholar

Isaac, J. C. (1994). Oases in the Desert: Hannah Arendt on Democratic Politics. American Political Science Review, 88(1), 156–68.Google Scholar

Kagwanja, P. M. (2001). Politics of Marionettes: Extra-Legal Violence and the 1997 Elections in Kenya. In Rutten, M., Mazrui, A. & Grignon, F., eds., Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, pp. 72–100.Google Scholar

Kagwanja, P. M. (2003). Facing Mount Kenya or Facing Mecca? The Mungiki, Ethnic Violence and the Politics of the Moi Succession in Kenya, 1987–2002. African Affairs, 102(406), 25–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kagwanja, P. M. (2005). Clash of Generations? Youth Identity, Violence and the Politics of Transition in Kenya, 1997–2002. In Abbink, J. & van Kessel, I., eds., Vanguards and Vandals. Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa, Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishing, pp. 83–111.Google Scholar

Kagwanja, P. M. (2006). ‘Power to Uhuru’: Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya’s 2002 Elections. African Affairs, 105(418), 51–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaigwa, M. (2017). From Cyber Café to Smartphone: Kenya’s Social Media Lens Zooms in on the Country and Out to the World. In Ndemo, B. & Weiss, T., eds., Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 187–218.Google Scholar

Kamga, M. & Dong’aroga, J. (2005). The Idea of Democracy in African Tales. Research in African Literatures, 30(1), 140–153.Google Scholar

Kanyinga, K. (1998). Politics and Struggles for Access to Land: ‘Grants from Above’ and ‘Squatters’ in Coastal Kenya. European Journal of Development, 10(2), 50–69.Google Scholar

Kanyinga, K. & Long, J. D. (2012). The Political Economy of Reforms in Kenya: The Post-2007 Election Violence and a New Constitution. African Studies Review, 55(1), 31–51.Google Scholar

Karekwaivanane, G. H. (2019). ‘Tapanduka Zvamuchese’: Facebook, ‘Unruly Publics’, and Zimbabwean Politics. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 54–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karlström, M. (2003). On the Aesthetics and Dialogics of Power in the Postcolony. Africa, 73(1), 57–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, K. & Van Belle, J.-P. (2014). ‘The Use of a Social Networking Site in the Facilitation of Internationalization in Higher Education’. Proceedings from IEEE Fourth International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar

Kimari, W. & Rasmussen, J. (2010). ‘Setting the Agenda for our Leaders from Under a Tree’: The People’s Parliament in Nairobi. Nokoko, 1, 131–59.Google Scholar

King, R. H. & Stone, D. (2008). Introduction. In King, R. H. & Stone, D., eds., Hannah Arendt and the Uses of History: Imperialism, Nation, Race, and Genocide, Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 1–37.Google Scholar

Klaus, K. (2017). Contentious Land Narratives and Non-Escalation of Election Violence: Evidence from Kenya’s Coast Region. African Studies Review, 60(2), 51–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, S. (2014). ‘Fit to Enter the World’: Hannah Arendt on Politics, Economics, and the Welfare State. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 856–69.Google Scholar

Klopp, J. M. (2002). Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya. African Studies, 61(2), 269–94.Google Scholar

Klopp, J. M. & Orina, J. R. (2002). University Crisis, Student Activism, and the Contemporary Struggle for Democracy in Kenya. African Studies Review, 45(1), 43–76.Google Scholar

KNCHR, Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. (2008). On the Brink of the Precipice: A Human Rights Account of Kenya’s Post-2007 Election Violence, Preliminary Edition, Nairobi: Author.Google Scholar

Kresse, K. (2007). Philiosophising in Mombasa: Knowledge, Islam and Intellectual Practice on the Swahili Coast. Doctoral dissertation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Kresse, K. (2018). Swahili Muslim Publics and Postcolonial Experience, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamoureaux, S. & Sureau, T. (2019). Knowledge and Legitimacy: The Fragility of Digital Mobilisation in Sudan. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laws of Kenya. (2008). National Cohesion and Integration Act, no. 12 of 2008. Nairobi: National Council for Law Reporting.Google Scholar

Laws of Kenya. (2010). The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Nairobi: Attorney General.Google Scholar

Laws of Kenya. (2012). Kenya Information and Communications Act (2009) Chapter 411A. [Revised edition 2012]. Nairobi: National Council for Law Reporting.Google Scholar

Laws of Kenya. (2013). The Kenyan Information and Communications (Amendment) Act, 2013 (No. 41 A of 2013). Nairobi: National Council for Law Reporting.Google Scholar

Lawuyi, O. B. (2012). Sceptical Public, Public Managers and the Decline of Moral Public on Nigeria’s Public Space. Inaugural Lecture, University of Ibadan, 22 March. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/bitstream/123456789/3195/1/ui_ina_sceptical_lawuyi_2012.pdfGoogle Scholar

Lee, C. J. (2008). Race and Bureaucracy Revisited: Hannah Arendt’s Recent Reemergence in African Studies. In King, R. H. & Stone, D., eds., Hannah Arendt and the Uses of History: Imperialism, Nation, Race and Genocide, Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 68–86.Google Scholar

Lee, C. J. (2011). Locating Hannah Arendt within Postcolonial Thought: A Prospectus. College Literature, 38(1), 95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lefebvre, H. (1996)[1968]. The Right to the City. In Translated and Edited by Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, Writings on Cities, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, pp. 147–159.Google Scholar

Lewis, D. (1973). Anthropology and Colonialism. Current Anthropology, 14(5), 581–91.Google Scholar

Ligaga, D. (2016). Presence, Agency and Popularity: Kenyan ‘Socialites’, Femininities and Digital Media. Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies, 2(3–4), 111–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lind, J. & Howell, J. (2010). Counter-Terrorism and the Politics of Aid: Civil Society Responses in Kenya. Development and Change, 41(2): 335–53.Google Scholar

Lind, J., Mutahi, P. & Oosterom, M. (2015). Tangled Ties: Al Shabaab and Political Volatility in Kenya. IDS Evidence Report 130. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.Google Scholar

Lind, J., Mutahi, P. & Oosterom, M. (2017). ‘Killing a Mosquito with a Hammer’: Al Shabaab Violence and State Security Responses in Kenya. Peacebuilding, 5(2), 118–35.Google Scholar

Loimeier, R. (2009). Baraza as Markers of Time in Zanzibar. In Larsen, K., ed., Knowledge, Renewal and Religion: Repositioning and Changing Ideological and Material Circumstances Among the Swahili on the East African Coast, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 177–97.Google Scholar

Lonsdale, J. (1994). Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism. In Kaarsholm, P. & Hultin, J., eds., Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, Roskilde: Roskilde University, pp. 131–50.Google Scholar

Lonsdale, J. (2000). KAU’s Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya After the Second World War. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 13(1), 107–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lonsdale, J. (2004). Moral and Political Argument in Kenya. In Berman, B., Eyoh, D. & Kymlicka, W., eds., Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa, Oxford: James Currey, pp. 73–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lynch, G. (2006). Negotiating Ethnicity: Identity Politics in Contemporary Kenya. Review of African Political Economy, 33(107), 49–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lynch, G. (2011). I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Manganga, K. (2012). The Internet as Public Sphere: A Zimbabwean Case Study (1999–2008). Africa Development, 37(1), 103–18.Google Scholar

Mantena, K. (2010). Genealogies of Catastrophe: Arendt on the Logic and Legacy of Imperialism. In Benhabib, S., Tsao, R. T. & Verovs̆ek, P. J., eds., Politics in Dark Times: Encounters with Hannah Arendt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 83–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marcuse, P. (2009). From Critical Urban Theory to the Right to the City. City, 13(2–3), 185–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, D. L. (2010). The Origin and Character of Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Judgment. Political Theory, 38(3), 367–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Masha, J. & Beja, P. (2013). Disputes Stalk Uhuru Coast Title Deeds, Standard, 12 September, p. 11.Google Scholar

Masolo, D. A. (2017). Africanizing Philosophy: Wiredu, Hountondji, and Mudimbe. In Afolayan, A. & Falola, T., eds., The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mathews, N. (2013). Imagining Arab Communities: Colonialism, Islamic Reform, and Arab Identity in Mombasa, Kenya, 1897–1933. Islamic Africa, 4(2), 135–63.Google Scholar

Maupeu, H. (2013). La CPI, Dieu et les élections kényanes de 2013. De la pentecôtisation de la vie politique à une démocratie autoritaire. Afrique contemporaine, 3(247), 33–51.Google Scholar

Mazrui, A. (1998). Kayas Revisited: A Post-Election Balance Sheet, Nairobi: Kenya Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar

Mazrui, A. (2001). Ethnic Voices and Trans-Ethnic Voting: The 1997 Elections at the Kenyan Coast. In Rutten, M., Mazrui, A. & Grignon, F., eds., Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, pp. 275–95.Google Scholar

Mbembe, A. (2001). On the Postcolony, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.Google Scholar

McAllister, P. A. (1988). Political Aspects of Xhosa Beer Drink Oratory. English in Africa, 15(1), 83–95.Google Scholar

McGowan, J. (1998). Must Politics Be Violent? Arendt’s Utopian Vision. In Calhoun, C. & McGowan, J., eds., Hannah Arendt and the Meaning of Politics, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 263–96.Google Scholar

McIntosh, J. (2009). The Edge of Islam: Power, Personhood, and Ethnoreligious Boundaries on the Kenya Coast, London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Media Council of Kenya. (2015). Ethics in Ethnic Media, Kenya: Author. Retrieved from www.mediacouncil.or.ke/en/mck/jdownloads/MEDIA%20MONITORING%20REPORTS/Ethics%20in%20ethnic%20media.pdfGoogle Scholar

Merriam, S. B., Johnson-Bailey, J., Lee, M.-Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G. & Muhamad, M. (2001). Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status Within and Across Cultures. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20(5), 405–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, B. (2015). Sensational Movies Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana, Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Mirza, S. & Strobel, M., eds. (1989). Three Swahili Women: Life Histories from Mombasa, Kenya, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Moore, M. (2018). Democracy Hacked: Political Turmoil and Information Warfare in the Digital Age, London: Oneworld.Google Scholar

Mudhai, O. F., Tetty, W. J. & Banda, F., eds. (2009). African Media and the Digital Public Sphere, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Mueller, S. D. (2008). The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 185–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mugisha, F., Arinaitwe-Mugisha, J. & Hagembe, B. O. N. (2003). Alcohol, Substance and Drug Use Among Urban Slum Adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Cities, 20(4), 231–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muigai, G. (2004). Jomo Kenyatta and the Rise of the Ethno-Nationalist State in Kenya. In Berman, B., Eyoh, D. & Kymlicka, W., eds., Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa, Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 200–17.Google Scholar

Murunga, G. R. (1999). Urban Violence in Kenya’s Transition to Pluralist Politics, 1982–1992. Africa Development, 24(1), 165–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murunga, G. R. & Nasong’o, S. W., eds. (2007). Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, London: CODESRIA.Google Scholar

Muthama, D. M., Barry, M. & Ballantyne, B. (2019). Improving Land Tenure Administration Effectiveness in a Post-Conflict Peri-Urban Mombasa Settlement. Urban Forum, 31, 237–253. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12132-019-09382-4Google Scholar

Mwakimako, H. & Willis, J. (2014). Islam, Politics, and Violence on the Kenyan Coast (4). Observatoire des enjeux politiques et sécuritaires dans la corne de l’Afrique Note. Retrieved from www.lam.sciencespobordeaux.fr/sites/lam/files/note4_observatoire.pdfGoogle Scholar

Nasong’o, S. W. (2007). Negotiating New Rules of the Game: Social Movements, Civil Society and the Kenyan Transition. In Murunga, G. R. & Nasong’o, S. W., eds., Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, New York: Zed Books, pp. 19–54.Google Scholar

Ndegwa, S. N. (1997). Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 599–616.Google Scholar

Ndjio, B. (2005). Carrefour de la joie: Popular Deconstruction of the African Postcolonial Public Sphere. Africa, 75(3), 265–94.Google Scholar

Ndue, P. N. (1994). Africa’s Turn Toward Pluralism. Journal of Democracy, 5(1), 45–54.Google Scholar

Ndzovu, H. (2009). Muslims and Party Politics and Electoral Campaigns in Kenya (09–001). Northwestern University: Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa (ISITA) working paper.Google Scholar

Ndzovu, H. (2012). The Politicization of Muslim Organizations and the Future of Islamic-oriented Politics in Kenya. Islamic Africa, 3(1), 25–53.Google Scholar

Ngau, P. M. (1987). Tensions in Empowerment: The Experience of the ‘Harambee’ (Self-Help) Movement in Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(3), 523–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Njonjo, K. S. (2010). Youth Fact Book: Infinite Possibility or Definite Disaster? Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs & Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.Google Scholar

Norton, A. (1995). Heart of Darkness: Africa and African Americans in the Writings of Hannah Arendt. In Honig, B., ed., Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 247–62.Google Scholar

Nyabola, N. (2018). Digital Democracy, Analogue Politics: How the Internet Era is Transforming Kenya, London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Nyanjom, O. (2012). Factually True, Legally Untrue: Political Media Ownership in Kenya, Nairobi: Internews.Google Scholar

Obijiofor, L. (2011). New Technologies as Tools of Empowerment: African Youth and Public Sphere Participation. In Wasserman, H., ed., Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa, New York: Routledge, pp. 207–19.Google Scholar

Oded, A. (1996). Islamic Extremism in Kenya: The Rise and Fall of Sheikh Khalid Balala. Journal of Religion in Africa, 26(4), 406–15.Google Scholar

Oded, A. (2000). Islam and Politics in Kenya, London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Odhiambo, T. (2007). Sexual Anxieties and Rampant Masculinities in Postcolonial Kenyan Literature. Social Identities, 13(5), 651–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ogola, G. (2005). Popular Culture and Politics: Whispers and the ‘Dramaturgy of Power’ in Kenya. Social Identities, 11(2), 147–60.Google Scholar

Ogola, G. (2011). The Political Economy of the Media in Kenya: From Kenyatta’s Nation Building Press to Kibaki’s Local-Language FM Radio. Africa Today, 57(3), 77–95.Google Scholar

Ogola, G. (2015). Social Media as a Heteroglossic Discursive Space and Kenya’s Emergent Alternative/Citizen Experiment. African Journalism Studies, 36(4), 66–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ogola, G. (2019). #Whatwouldmagufulido? Kenya’s Digital ‘Practices’ and ‘Individuation’ as a (Non)Political Act. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 124–39.Google Scholar

Ogot, B. & Ochieng, W. R., eds. (1995). Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93, London: James Currey.Google Scholar

Omanga, D. (2016). ‘I will Decide Who will Speak’: Street Parliaments and the Newspaper Ecology in Eldoret’s Kamukunji. In Peterson, D. R., Hunter, E. & Newell, S., eds., African Print Cultures: Newspapers and their Publics in the Twentieth-Century, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 335–57.Google Scholar

Omanga, D. (2019). WhatsApp as ‘Digital Publics’: The Nakuru Analysts and the Evolution of Participation in County Governance in Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13(1), 175–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Omanga, D. & Ugangu, W. (2019). ‘Digital Chieftaincy’ Social Media, Register and Community Policing in Kenya. In Salawu, A., ed., African Language Digital Media and Communication, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 173–185.Google Scholar

Onuoha, B. (2014). Publishing Postcolonial Africa: Nigeria and Ekeh’s Two Publics a Generation After. Social Dynamics, 40(2), 322–37.Google Scholar

Osaghae, E. E. (2006). Colonialism and Civil Society in Africa: The Perspective of Ekeh’s Two Publics. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 233–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Osborn, M. (2008). Fuelling the Flames: Rumour and Politics in Kibera. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 315–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Osiakwan, E. M. K. (2017). The KINGS of Africa’s Digital Economy. In Ndemo, B. & Weiss, T., eds., Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 55–83.Google Scholar

Owens, P. (2007). Between War and Politics: International Relations and the Thought of Hannah Arendt, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Owens, P. (2012). Not Life but the World is at Stake: Hannah Arendt on Citizenship in the Age of the Social. Citizenship Studies, 16(2), 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paget, D. (2019). The Rally-Intensive Campaign: A Distinct Form of Electioneering in Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4), 444–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parkin, D. (1984). Political Language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 345–65.Google Scholar

Parsitau, D. (2008). From the Fringes to the Centre: Rethinking the role of religion in the public sphere in Kenya. CODESRIA 12th General Assembly: Governing the African Public Sphere, 1–35, Yaounde, Cameroon.Google Scholar

Patel, A. (2019). Inside the #OperationUsalamaWatch Echo Chamber: Twitter as Site of Disruption or Elite Conversation? In Dwyer, M. & Molony, T., eds., Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, London: Zed Books, pp. 236–59.Google Scholar

Peterson, D. R. (2004). Creative Writing: Translation, Bookkeeping, and Work of Imagination in Colonial Kenya, Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Peterson, D. R. (2012). Ethnic Politics and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c. 1935–1972, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peterson, D. R. & Hunter, E. (2016). Print Culture in Colonial Africa. In Hunter, E., Peterson, D. R. & Newell, S., eds., African Print Cultures Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 1–45.Google Scholar

Pitkin, H. F. (1981). Justice: On Relating Private and Public. Political Theory, 9(3), 327–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pitkin, H. F. (1995). Conformism, Housekeeping, and the Attack of the Blob: The Origins of Hannah Arendt’s Concept of the Social. In Honig, B., ed., Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 51–82.Google Scholar

Pitkin, H. F. (1998). The Attack of the Blob: Hannah Arendt’s Concept of the Social, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prestholdt, J. (2011). Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism. Africa Today, 57(4), 2–27.Google Scholar

Prestholdt, J. (2014). Politics of the Soil: Separatism, Autochthony, and Decolonization at the Kenyan Coast. The Journal of African History, 55(2), 249–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Purcell, M. (2014). Possible Worlds: Henri Lefebvre and the Right to the City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(1), 141–54.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, J. (2011). Spreading the Word: The Public Oral Debate of the People’s Parliament in Nairobi. Proceedings from AEGIS, Uppsala, SE.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, J. (2012). Inside the System, Outside the Law: Operating the Matatu Sector in Nairobi. Urban Forum, 23, 415–32.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, J. & Omanga, D. (2012). Les parlements du peuple au Kenya: débat public et participation politique à Eldoret et Nairobi. Politique Africaine, 127(3), 71–90.Google Scholar

Rotberg, R. I. & Aker, J. C. (2013). Mobile Phones: Uplifting Weak and Failed States. The Washington Quarterly, 36(1), 111–25.Google Scholar

Sabar, G. (2002). Church, State and Society in Kenya: From Mediation to Opposition, 1963–1993, London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Said, E. (1983). The World, the Text, and the Critic, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Salim, A. I. (1973). The Swahili Speaking Peoples of Kenya’s Coast, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar

Scott, J. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Shaw, J. & Graham, M. (2017). An Informational Right to the City? Code, Content, Control, and the Urbanization of Information. Antipode 49(4), 907–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shirky, C. (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar

SID East Africa (Society for International Development – East Africa). (2013). Exploring Kenya’s Inequality: Pulling Apart or Pooling Together: Mombasa County, Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Society for International Development – East Africa. Retrieved from http://inequalities.sidint.net/kenya/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/09/Mombasa.pdfGoogle Scholar

Smart, D. (2017). Developing the Racial City: Conflict, Solidarity and Urban Traders in Late-Colonial Mombasa. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11(3), 425–41.Google Scholar

Somerville, K. (2011). Violence, Hate Speech and Inflammatory Broadcasting in Kenya: The Problems of Definition and Identification. Ecquid Novi, 32(1), 82–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sommers, M. (2010). Urban Youth in Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 22(2), 317–32.Google Scholar

Souter, D. & Kerretts-Makau, M. (2012). Internet Governance in Kenya – An Assessment for the Internet Society, London: ict Development Associates. Retrieved from www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/ISOC%20study%20of%20IG%20in%20Kenya%20-%20D%20Souter%20%26%20M%20Kerretts-Makau%20-%20final.pdfGoogle Scholar

Southall, R. (2005). The Ndungu Report: Land & Graft in Kenya. Briefings. Review of African Political Economy, 32(103), 142–51.Google Scholar

Srinivasan, S. & Diepeveen, S. (2018). The Power of the ‘Audience-Public’: Interactive Radio in Africa. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3), 389–412.Google Scholar

Srinivasan, S. & Diepeveen, S. (2019). Communication Technology and African Politics. In the Encyclopaedia of African Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Steffensen, I. D. (2013). Claiming Democracy-Building Citizenship: A Case Study of Bunge la Mwananchi as a Social Movement and a Public Sphere. Masters Thesis, Roskilde University, Roskilde, DK. www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?rid=B00041971Google Scholar

Steyn, G. (2015). The Impacts of Islandness on the Urbanism and Architecture of Mombasa. Urban Island Studies, 1, 55–80.Google Scholar

Stren, R. (1970). Factional Politics and Central Control in Mombasa, 1960–1969. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 4(1), 33–56.Google Scholar

Sullivan, R. (2014). Live-Tweeting Terror: A Rhetorical Analysis of @HSMPress_Twitter: Updates During the 2013 Nairobi Hostage Crisis. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 7(3), 422–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sundén, J. (2003). Material Virtualities. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Swartz, M. J. (1991). The Way the World is: Cultural Processes and Social Relations Among the Mombasa Swahili, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Tangwa, G. (2017). African Philosophy: Appraisal of a Recurrent Problematic. In Afolayan, A. & Falola, T., eds., The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19–33.Google Scholar

Throup, D. W. & Hornsby, C. (1998). Multi Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election, Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Tully, M. & Ekdale, B. (2014). Sites of Playful Engagement: Twitter Hashtags as Spaces of Leisure and Development in Kenya. Information Technologies & International Development, 10(3), 67–82.Google Scholar

Van Maanen, J. (2011) [1988]. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography, Second Edition, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Villa, D. (1992). Beyond Good and Evil: Arendt, Nietzsche, and the Aestheticization of Political Action. Political Theory, 20(2), 274–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warner, M. (1992). The Mass Public and the Mass Subject. In Calhoun, C., ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 377–401.Google Scholar

Warner, M. (2002). Publics and Counterpublics. Public Culture, 14(1), 49–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warner, M. (2005). Publics and Counterpublics, New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar

Werbner, R. P. (1977). The Argument in and about Oratory. African Studies, 36(2), 141–4.Google Scholar

Wesangula, D. (2014). Muslim Leaders Accuse Police of Unfairly Targeting Mosques over Reports of Al Shabaab Recruitment, Standard Media, 23 February. www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000105311&story_title=muslim-leaders-accuse-police-of-unfairly-targeting-mosques-over-reports-of-al shabaab-recruitment&pageNo=3 on 24 February 2014.Google Scholar

Widner, J. A. (1993). The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From ‘Harambee!’ to ‘Nyayo!’, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Willems, W. (2012). Interrogating Public Sphere and Popular Culture as Theoretical Concepts on their Value in African Studies. Africa Development, 37(1), 11–26.Google Scholar

Willis, J. (1993). Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Willis, J. & Chome, N. (2014). Marginalization and Political Participation on the Kenya Coast: The 2013 Elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(1), 115–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Willis, J. & Gona, G. (2013). Pwani c Kenya? Memory, Documents and Secessionist Politics in Coastal Kenya. African Affairs, 112(446), 48–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D. & Graham, L. T. (2012). A Review of Facebook Research in the Social Sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(3), 203–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wolf, T., Muthoka, S. & Ireri, M. (2013). Kenya Coast survey: Development, Marginalization, Security and Participation, Nairobi: Ipsos Public Affairs, October.Google Scholar

Wolin, S. S. (1977). Hannah Arendt and the Ordinance of Time. Social Research, 44(1), 91–105.Google Scholar

Wolin, S. S. (1994). Hannah Arendt: Democracy and the Political. In Hinchman, L. P. & Hinchman, S. K., eds., Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 289–306.Google Scholar

Yonatan, G. & Alvis, T. (2014). Bishop Margaret Wanjiru and the 2013 Kenyan Elections: Between Politics of the Spirit and Expanding Entrepreneurship. In Thibon, C., Fouéré, M.-A., Ndeda, M. & Mwangi, S., eds., Kenya’s Past as Prologue: Voters, Violence and the 2013 General Elections, Nairobi: Twaweza Communications, pp. 96–115.Google Scholar

Young, I. M. (1997). Asymmetrical Reciprocity: On Moral Respect, Wonder, and Enlarged Thought. Constellations, 3(3), 340–63.Google Scholar

Zerilli, L. M. G. (1995). The Arendtian Body. In Honig, B., ed., Feminist interpretations of Hannah Arendt, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 167–93.Google Scholar

Zerilli, L. M. G. (2005). ‘We Feel Our Freedom’: Imagination and Judgment in the Thought of Hannah Arendt. Political Theory, 20(10), 1–31.Google Scholar

Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, London: Profile Books.Google Scholar