Willy Maley, writing in this instance on Joyce, argues that ‘there is evidence in recent years of a growing interest in Scottish and Irish relations on a range of fronts – historical, political, cultural – that promises to undo the double bind implicit in traditional Anglo-Scottish and Anglo-Irish perspectives.’ An interest in historical links may be ascribed in part to a recent interest in Scottish history in itself, and in part to a new attitude evident in British history that takes account of a four-nation perspective. This is an attitude pioneered by historians like J. G. A. Pocock and Hugh Kearney, visible in writings on the earlymodern period by scholars such as Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill, an influence on the accounts of medieval Britain and Ireland in the work of R. R. Davies and Robin Frame, and writ large in Norman Davies's synthesis The Isles, which argues that ‘the conventional framework of the history of the isles is in urgent need of revision,’ and itself seeks ‘to pay due respect to all the nations and cultures in the history of the Isles and to the detriment of none.’ Such an interest in a non-Anglocentric perspective on the history of Britain and Ireland may be further modified, for the Middle Ages, by an awareness of transnational links such as those between Ireland and Scotland. Steven Ellis argues that Irish history written from ‘a perspective which focuses on interaction between English and Irish within Ireland is too narrow for the pre-1534 period, when interaction was rather between separate English and Gaelic worlds extending well outside Ireland.’