Book contents
- Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Notes on the Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introducing Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- 2 Introduction: Play as the Precursor of Ritual in Early Human Societies
- Part I Play and Ritual: Forms, Foundations and Evolution in Animals and Humans
- Part II Playing with Belief and Performance in Ancient Societies
- 8 Maya Sacred Play: The View from El Perú-Waka’
- 9 Communal Performance and Ritual Practice in the Ancestral Puebloan Era of the American Southwest
- 10 Architecture and Imagery in the Early Neolithic of South-West Asia: Framing Rituals, Stabilising Meanings
- 11 Dancing with Masks in the Proto-historic Near East
- 12 Ritual, Mimesis and the Animal World in Early China
- 13 Manipulating the Bones: Eating and Augury in the Maltese Temples
- Part III The Ritual in the Game, the Game in the Ritual
- Part IV From Play to Faith? Discussion
- Index
- References
11 - Dancing with Masks in the Proto-historic Near East
from Part II - Playing with Belief and Performance in Ancient Societies
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 December 2017
Book contents
- Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Notes on the Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introducing Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies
- 2 Introduction: Play as the Precursor of Ritual in Early Human Societies
- Part I Play and Ritual: Forms, Foundations and Evolution in Animals and Humans
- Part II Playing with Belief and Performance in Ancient Societies
- 8 Maya Sacred Play: The View from El Perú-Waka’
- 9 Communal Performance and Ritual Practice in the Ancestral Puebloan Era of the American Southwest
- 10 Architecture and Imagery in the Early Neolithic of South-West Asia: Framing Rituals, Stabilising Meanings
- 11 Dancing with Masks in the Proto-historic Near East
- 12 Ritual, Mimesis and the Animal World in Early China
- 13 Manipulating the Bones: Eating and Augury in the Maltese Temples
- Part III The Ritual in the Game, the Game in the Ritual
- Part IV From Play to Faith? Discussion
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Ritual, Play and Belief, in Evolution and Early Human Societies , pp. 143 - 169Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017
References
Adams, N. 1999. Unprecedented discoveries at Hierakonpolis. Egyptian Archaeology 15: 29–31.Google Scholar
Adler, A. 1982. La mort est le masque du roi. La royauté sacrée des Moundang du Tchad. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Alizadeh, A. 1988. Socio-economic complexity in southwestern Iran during the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.: the evidence from Tall-i Bakun A. Iran 26: 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alizadeh, A. 2008. Chogha Mish II. Final Report on the Last Six Seasons of Excavations, 1972–1978. Oriental Institute Publications 130. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Amiet, P. 1961. La glyptique mésopotamienne archaïque. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Arensburg, B. & Hershkovitz, I. 1988. Nahal Hemar Cave, Neolithic human remains. ‘Atiqot 18: 50–8.Google Scholar
Balandier, G. & Maquet, J. 1974. Dictionary of Black African Civilization. New York: Leon Amiel.Google Scholar
Barkay, G. & Noy, T. 1987. On R. Gophna et al.: A forgotten mask from Er-Ram in the land of Benjamin. Qadmoniot 77–8: 57 (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1985. A Cave in the Desert: Nahal Hemar (Catalogue No. 258). Jerusalem: Israel Museum.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2003. Early Neolithic stone masks. In Őzdoğan, M., Hauptmann, H. & Başgellen, N. (eds.) From Village to Cities. Early Villages in the Near East. Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin, pp. 73–86. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Alon, D. 1988. Nahal Hemar Cave. ‘Atiqot 18 (English series). Jerusalem: Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums.Google Scholar
Beeman, W. O. 1993. The anthropology of theater and spectacle. Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 369–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, A. V. G. 1987. The hunter’s perspective: 7th millennium BC rock carvings from eastern Jordan. World Archaeology 19: 214–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, A. V. G. et al. 1998. The Harra and the Hamad. Excavations and Explorations in Eastern Jordan. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bienert, H. D. 1990. The Er-Ram mask at the Palestine Exploration Fund, London. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9: 257–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bienkowski, P. 1991. Treasures from an Ancient Land. The Art of Jordan. Merseyside: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Biesele, E. M. 1978. Religion and folklore. In Tobias, P. V. (ed.). The Bushmen. San Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa, pp. 162–72. Cape Town and Pretoria: Human and Rousseau.Google Scholar
Birch, M. C. 1974. Pheromones. Frontiers of Biology, Vol. 32. Amsterdam and London: North-Holland Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Blacking, J. 1976. Dance, conceptual thought and production in the archaeological record. In Sieveking, G. de G., Longworth, I. H. & Wilson, K. E. (eds.) Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, pp. 3–13. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1989. Ritual, History and Power. Monographs on Social Anthropology 58. London: London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Boaz, F. 1890. The Use of Masks and Head-Ornaments on the North-West Coast of America. Leiden: S.N.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, E. (ed.) 1973. Religion, Altered States of Consciousness, and Social Change. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Brockett, O. G. 1969. The Theater: An Introduction. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. 1999. Domuztepe 1999. Anatolian Archaeology (Research Reports of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara) 5: 2–3.Google Scholar
Carter, E. 2012. On human and animal sacrifice in the Late Neolithic at Domuztepe. In Porter, A. M. & Schwartz, G. M. (eds.) Sacred Killing. The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, pp. 97–124. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, T. 1890. A stone mask from Er-Ram. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly 23: 268–9.Google Scholar
Clark, J. G. D. 1954. Excavations at Star Carr. An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer near Scarborough, Yorkshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. J. (ed.) 1998. International Encyclopedia of Dance. 6 vols. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contenau, G. & Ghirshman, R. 1935. Fouilles du Tepe Giyan. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.Google Scholar
Curtis, J. 1995. Gold face-masks in the ancient Near East. In Campbell, S. & Green, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, pp. 226–31. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Dayagi-Mendeles, M. 2002. The Akhziv Cemeteries. The Ben-Dor Excavations, 1941–1944. IAA Reports 15. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delougaz, P. & Kantor, H. J. 1996. Chogha Mish I. The First Five Seasons of Excavations 1961–1971. Oriental Institute Publications 101. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Dollfus, J. 1983. Tepe Djowi: contrôle stratigraphique, 1975. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 13: 17–131.Google Scholar
Emigh, J. 1996. Masked Performance. The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V. 1972. The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3: 399–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraioli, F,. Moretti, C., Paolucci, D., Alicicco, E., Crescenzi, F. & Fortunio, G. 1980. Physical exercise stimulates marked concomitant release of β-endorphin and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) in peripheral blood in man. Experientia 36: 987–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazer, J. G. 1911. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Frisch, K. von 1967. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Fukai, S., Horiuchi, K. & Matsutani, T. 1974. Telul eth Thalathat, Vol. III. The Excavation of Tell V. The Tokyo University Iraq-Iran Archaeological Expedition Report 15. Tokyo: The Institute of Oriental Culture.Google Scholar
Garfield, V. E. & Wingert, P. S. 1966. The Tsimshian Indians and Their Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 1994. Ritual burial of cultic objects, the earliest evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4: 159–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 1998. Dancing and the beginning of art scenes in the early village communities of the Near East and Southeast Europe. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8/2: 207–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 1999. Neolithic and Chalcolithic Pottery of the Southern Levant. Qedem 39. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 2000. The Khazineh painted style of western Iran. Iran 37: 57–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfinkel, Y. 2010. Dance in prehistoric Europe. Documenta Praehistorica 37: 205–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautier, J. E. & Lampre, G. 1905. Fouilles de Moussian. Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Perse 8: 59–148.Google Scholar
Gerbrands, A. A. 1978. Talania and Nake, master carver and apprentice: two woodcarvers from the Kilenge (western New Britain). In Greenhalgh, M. & Megaw, V. (eds.) Art in Society. Studies in Style, Culture and Aesthetics, pp. 193–205. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Gilead, I. 2002. Religio-magic behavior in the Chalcolithic period of Palestine. In Oren, E. D. & Ahituv, S. (eds.) Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines. Aharon Kempinski Memorial Volume, pp. 103–28. Beersheva: Ben-Gurion University.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M. A. 1982. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe 6500–3500 B.C., Myths and Cult Images. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Glazier, S. D. (ed.) 1997. Anthropology of Religion: A Handbook. Westport/London: Praeger.Google Scholar
Glotz, S. (ed.) 1975. Le masque dans la tradition européenne. Binche: Musée international du carnaval et de masque.Google Scholar
Gophna, R., Lev-Yadon, S. & Lifschitz, N. 1986. A forgotten mask from Er-Ram in the land of Benjamin. Qadmoniot 75–6: 82–3 (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Gregor, J. 1937. Masks of the World. An Historical and Pictorial Survey of Many Types and Times (republished 1968). New York: Benjamin Blom Inc.Google Scholar
Grimes, R. L. 1985. Research in Ritual Studies: A Programmatic Essay and Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Gruber, N. I. 1981. Ten dance-derived expressions in the Hebrew Bible. Biblica 62: 328–46.Google Scholar
Guiart, J. 1966. Mythologie du masque en nouvelle-Calédonie. Publications de la Société des Océanistes No. 18. Paris: Musée de l’Homme.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahner-Herzog, I., Kecskési, M., Vajda, L. & Gabriel, J. W. 1998. African Masks from the Barbier-Mueller Collection, Geneva. Munich: Prestel.Google Scholar
Hanna, J. L. 1979. Toward a cross-cultural conceptualization of dance and some correlate considerations. In Blacking, J. & Kealinohomoku, J. W. (eds.) The Performing Arts. Music and Dance, pp. 17–45. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, J. L. 1987. Dance and religion. In Eliade, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. 4:203–12. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Harley, G. W. 1950. Masks as Agents of Social Control in Northeast Liberia. Cambridge: Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Hartmann, G. 1967. Masken südamerikanischer Naturvölker. Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H. 1993. Ein Kultgebäude in Nevali Çori. In Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P. & Mellink, M. (eds.) Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains, pp. 37–69. Rome: Universita di Roma.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H. 1999. The Urfa region. In Ozdogan, M. & Basgelen, N. (eds.) Neolithic in Turkey, pp. 65–86. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Hermansen, B. D. 1997. Art and ritual behaviour in Neolithic Basta. In Gebel, H. G. K. & Rollefson, G. O. (eds.) The Prehistory of Jordan, II. Perspectives from 1997, pp. 333–43. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 4. Berlin: ex oriente.Google Scholar
Holas, B. 1952. Les masques Kono (haute-Guinée Française). Leur rôle dans la vie religieuse et politique. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.Google Scholar
Hole, F., Flannery, K. V. & Neely, J. A. 1969. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Deh Luran Plain. An Early Village Sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, No. 1. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaeppler, A. L. 1992. Dance. In Bauman, R. (ed.) Folklore, Cultural Performances, and Popular Entertainments, pp. 196–203. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, J. 1969. ‘Ein El-Jarba. Chalcolithic remains in the Plain of Esdraelon. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 194: 2–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1971. Notes on some Cypriote priests wearing bull-masks. Harvard Theological Review 64: 261–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlson, P. & Lüscher, M. 1959. Pheromones: a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183: 55–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, R. 1982. Boiling Energy. Community Healing among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kyriakidis, E., ed. 2007. The Archaeology of Ritual. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA Publications.Google Scholar
Lange, R. 1976. The Nature of Dance. An Anthropological Perspective. New York: International Publications Service.Google Scholar
Langsdorff, A. & McCown, D. E. 1942. Tall-I-Bakun A, Season of 1932. The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications 59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Le Breton, L. 1947. Note sur la céramique peinte aux environs de Suse et à Suse. Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique en Iran 30:120–219. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1962. The Savage Mind (republished in 1976). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1975. The Way of the Masks. Seattle: University of Washington Press (English edition 1982).Google Scholar
Louis, M. 1955. Les origines préhistoriques de la danse. Cahiers Ligures de Préhistoire et d’Archéology 4: 3–37.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. 1948. Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. London: Souvenir Press.Google Scholar
Mallon, A., Koeppel, R. & Neuvill, R. 1934. Teleilat Ghassul I: Compte rendu des fouilles de l’Institut Biblique Pontifical 1929–1932. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Google Scholar
Mamczarz, I. 1999. Le masque et l’âme: de l’improvisation á la création theâtrale. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. & Flannery, K. V. 1994. Ancient Zapotec ritual and religion: an application of the direct historical approach. In Renfrew, C. & Zubrow, E. B. W. (eds.) The Ancient Mind. Elements of Cognitive Archaeology, pp. 55–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, L. 1969. The medicine dance of the !Kung bushmen. Africa 39: 347–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, A. 1980. Excavations at Tell Qasile Vol. 1. The Philistine Sanctuary: Architecture and Cult Objects. Qedem 12. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
McNeill, W. H. 1995. Keeping Together in Time. Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1970. Excavations at Hacilar. Edinburgh: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, E. & Mozel, I. 1981. A new interpretation of the applied figurines on the jar from Ein el-Jarba, near Tell Abu Zureiq, Israel. Bollettino del Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici 8: 114–16.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Morley, I. 2013. The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, B. 1987. Anthropological Studies of Religion: An Introductory Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Napier, A. D. 1986. Masks, Transformation and Paradox. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Napier, D. 1987. Festival masks. In Falassi, A. (ed.) Time out of Time, Essays on the Festival, pp. 211–19. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Nissen, H. J., Muheisen, M. & Gebel, H. G. 1987. Report on the first two seasons of excavations at Basta (1986–1987). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 31: 79–119, 548–54.Google Scholar
Noy, T. 1988. A radial decoration on human face images from the PPNB Period. Israel Museum Journal 7: 109–12.Google Scholar
Nys, K. 1995. The use of masks in Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age. Journal of Prehistoric Religion 9: 19–34.Google Scholar
Ornan, T. 1986. A Man and His Land. Highlights from the Moshe Dayan Collection (Catalogue No. 270). Jerusalem: Israel Museum (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Osten-Sacken, E. von der 1992. Der Ziegen-‘Dämon’. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 230. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Google Scholar
Ottenberg, S. 1975. Masked Rituals of Afikpo. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Pernet, H. 1987. Masks, theoretical perspective and ritual in non-literate cultures. In Eliade, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. I, pp. 259–69. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Pernet, H. 1992. Ritual Masks: Deceptions and Revelations (translated by L. Grillo). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. 1922. The Andaman Islanders (reprinted with additions in 1948). Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R. A. 1971. The sacred in human evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2: 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, R. A. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult. The Sanctuary of Phylakopi. London: British School of Archaeology in Athens Supplement 9.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O. 1983. Ritual and ceremony at Neolithic ‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan). Paléorient 9/2: 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollefson, G. O. 1986. Neolithic ‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan): ritual and ceremony, II. Paléorient 12/1: 45–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechner, R. 1987. Drama – performance and ritual. In Eliade, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. 4:436–46. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Schechner, R. 1994. Ritual and performance. In Ingold, T. (ed.) Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life, pp. 613–47. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schliemann, H. 1880. Mycenae. A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns. New York: Arno Press (new edition 1976).Google Scholar
Spencer, P. 1985. Introduction: interpretations of the dance in anthropology. In Spencer, P. (ed.) Society and the Dance. The Social Anthropology of Process and Performance, pp. 1–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Starcky, J. 1984. Le Musée de la Bible et Terre Sainte. Le Monde de la Bible 36: 52–4.Google Scholar
Stekelis, M. 1972. The Yarmukian Culture of the Neolithic Period. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.Google Scholar
Stern, E. 1976. Phoenician masks and pendants. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 108: 109–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, D. 1993. Egyptian masks in motion. Göttinger Miszellen, Beiträge zur Ägyptologischen Diskussion 135: 101–4.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. H. 1994. Masks in ancient Egypt: the image of divinity. In Mack, J. (ed.) Masks: The Art of Expression. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Theodossiv, N. 1998. The dead with golden face: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17: 345–67.Google Scholar
Theodossiv, N. 2000. The dead with golden face II: other evidence and connections. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19: 175–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobler, A. J. 1950. Excavations at Tepe Gawra, Vol. II. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Tribhuwan, R. D. & Savelli, L. 2003. Tribal Masks and Myths. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1982. Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1984. Liminality and the performative genres. In MacAloon, J. J. (ed.) Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle. Rehearsals toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, pp. 19–41. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1990. Are there universals of performance in myth, ritual, and drama? In Schechner, R. & Appel, W. (eds.) By Means of Performance. Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual, pp. 8–18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Custom. London: Murray. Republished in 1958 as Religion in Primitive Culture. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Uzunoglu, E. 1993. Women in Anatolia from prehistoric ages to the Iron Age. In Renda, G. (ed.) Woman in Anatolia. 9000 Years of the Anatolian Woman, pp. 16–24. Istanbul: Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture.Google Scholar
Valentine, C. A. 1961. Masks and Men in a Melanesian Society. Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications.Google Scholar
Vanderwal, R. (ed.) 1982. The Aboriginal Photographs of Baldwin Spencer. South Yarra, Victoria: A Currey O’Neil Book.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, M. 2002. Ritual and its investigation in prehistory. In Gebel, H. G. K., Hermansen, B. D. & Jensen, C. H. (eds.) Magic Practices and Ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 8, pp. 5–40. Berlin: ex oriente.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H. 1995. Inside the Cult. Religious Innovation and Transmission in Papua New Guinea. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Wolinski, A. 1986. Ancient Egyptian ceremonial masks. Discussions in Egyptology 6: 47–53.Google Scholar
Yeivin, E. & Mozel, E. 1977. A fossil directeur figurine of the Pottery Neolithic A. Tel Aviv 4: 194–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yizraeli-Noy, T. 1999. The Human Figure in Prehistoric Art in the Land of Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Museum (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Young, J. & Young, S. 1955. Terracotta Figurines from Kourion in Cyprus. Philadelphia: University Museum.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by