MOTIVATION

When budding entrepreneurs in Brazil, Egypt, Zambia, or Indonesia are turned down for loans or do not even bother to apply because banks instead funnel credit to the rich or politically powerful, this stymies innovation and thwarts economic growth. When households in Georgia, Nigeria, Russia, or Venezuela avoid placing their savings in financial institutions and instead buy foreign currency, physical commodities, or durable goods, this reflects queasiness about domestic banks and advertises the lack of efficient mechanisms for getting savings to productive firms. When bank managers in too many countries simply take deposits with one hand and pass them along to friends and related businesses with the other hand, this discourages business initiative and prevents the poor and unconnected with good ideas from realizing their dreams and improving their economic condition. When bad policies ignite or exacerbate banking crises in Argentina, Indonesia, or Mexico, this yields widespread bankruptcies, rising unemployment, and even soaring street violence.