Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T18:35:18.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2017

Laura Thaut Vinson
Affiliation:
Lewis and Clark College, Portland
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“Niger Delta Avengers: Why We Are Crippling the Oil Sector.” TheNEWS, May 27, 2016. Accessed May 27, 2016. www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/05/niger-delta-avengers-why-we-are-crippling-oil-sector/.Google Scholar
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Ch. 1, PII, Sec. 10.Google Scholar
Abbass, Isah Mohammed. 2014. “No Retreat No Surrender Conflict for Survival between Fulani Pastoralists and Farmers in Northern Nigeria.” European Scientific Journal 8 (1):331346.Google Scholar
Abdulsalami, Isa. 2001. “Jos Crisis Ignites Exodus.” Guardian, September 16, 2001, 7.Google Scholar
Abdulsalami, Isa. 2008. “We Should Learn from the South Where Muslims and Christians Live in Peace.” Guardian, December 20, 2008, 8.Google Scholar
Abdulsalami, Isa, Ughegbe, Lemmy, and Okoronkwo, Kelechi. 2008. “Sultan Cites Hunger, Poverty in Jos Crisis.” Guardian, December 17, 2008, 12.Google Scholar
ACLED. “Dataset Comparison 2: All Country Years and a Focus on Nigeria and South Africa.” www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ACLED-Data-Comparison_Countries.pdf (accessed Oct 31, 2013)Google Scholar
Act!ionaid. 2008. Middle Belt, Not Killing Belt!: The History, Dynamics, and Political Dimensions of Ethno-Religious Conflicts in the Middle Belt.Google Scholar
Adebanwi, Wale. 2009. “Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria.” Citizenship Studies 13 (4):349363.Google Scholar
Adebanwi, Wale and Obadare, Ebenezer. 2013. Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Adesoji, Abimbola. 2010. “The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 45 (2):95108.Google Scholar
Adesoji, Abimbola. 2011. “Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State.” Africa Today 57 (4):98119.Google Scholar
Adeyi-Adikwu, Stevin. 1987a. “Government Orders Probe into Kafanchan Clash.” Guardian, March 11, 1987, 1, 16.Google Scholar
Adeyi-Adikwu, Stevin. 1987b. “White Paper Lists Causes of Kaduna Riot.” Guardian (Lagos), July 24, 1987, 1, 11.Google Scholar
African Development Bank. 2013. “MDG Report 2013: Accessing Progress in Africa towards Millennium Development Goals.” Accessed December 18, 2013. www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Millennium_Development_Goals__MDGs__Report_2013.pdfGoogle Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2008. “Public Opinion and Local Government in Nigeria.” Afrobarometer Briefing Paper (No. 53).Google Scholar
Agbaje, Adigun. 1998. “The Federal Character Principle and the Search for National Integration.” In Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, edited by Amuwo, Kunle, Agbaje, Adigun, Suberu, Rotimi, Hérault, Georges, 101120. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.Google Scholar
Agbese, Andrew. 2011. “How I Resumed as Kanam LG Chair.” Daily Trust, September 14, 2011. Accessed February 4, 2013. www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/politics/31939-how-i-resumed-as-kanam-lg-chair.Google Scholar
Aigbokhan, Ben E. 2002. “Poverty, Growth and Inequality in Nigeria.” AERC Research Paper. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.Google Scholar
Akhaine, Saxone. 1996. “Religious Crisis Claims More Lives in Zaria.” Guardian, September 16, 1996.Google Scholar
Akpasubi, Jackson. 1990. “Plans to Make Councils Second-tier of Govt.” Guardian, July 8, 1990, A2.Google Scholar
Alapiki, Henry E. 2005. “State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy.” African Studies Review 48 (3):4965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, Olawale. 1998. “Federalism, Inter-ethnic Conflicts and the Northernisation Policy of the 1950s and 1960s.” In Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, edited by Amuwo, Kunle, Agbaje, Adigun, Suberu, Rotimi, and Hérault, Georges, 5063. Ibadan: Spectrum.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Spolare, Enrico, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2000. “Economic Integration and Political Disintegration.” American Economic Review 90 (5):12761296.Google Scholar
Alubo, Ogoh. 2009. “Citizenship and Identity Politics in Nigeria.” Workshop on Citizenship and Identity Politics in Nigeria, Lagos: CLEEN Foundation/Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Ammah, Rabiatu. 2007. “Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 18 (2):139153.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Nigeria: Gruesome Footage Implicates Nigeria in War Crimes.” Amnesty.org, August 5, 2014. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/08/nigeria-gruesome-footage-implicates-military-war-crimes/.Google Scholar
Anonymous(A). Interview with Leader of a Local Women’s Organization, group forum, November 10, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(B). Interview with a Traditional Ruler of Kanam LGA, October 13, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(C). Interview with University of Jos Professor, September 14, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(D). Interview with COCIN Pastor, April 15, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(E). Interview with University of Jos Professor, September 7, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(F). Interview with Local Scholar/Professor, March 1, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(G). Interview with University of Jos Professor, April 4, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(H). Interview with Religious Leader, June 3, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(I). Interview with Former Member of Chikun’s House of Assembly, November 9, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(J). Interview with Chikun LGA Local Leader, Forum Participant, November 10, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(K). Interview with a Former Chairman of Kanam LGA, October 18, 2011. Kanam LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(L). Interview with a Former Chairman of Kanam LGA, October 18, 2011. Kanam, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(M). Interview with Community Leader in Bassa LGA, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(N). Interview with Chikun LGA Local Peace Activist, October 10, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(O). Interview with a Former Chairman of Kanam LGA. Kanam LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(P). Interview with Local Bassa LGA Chief, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(Q). Interview with Local Bassa LGA Community Member, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(R). Interview with Local Bassa LGA Muslim Chief, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(S). Interview with Chikun LGA Local CAN and JNI Leaders, November 10, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(T). Interview with Local Bassa LGA Chief, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(U). Interview with Bassa LGA Local Peace Activist and Teacher, October 27, 2011. Bassa LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(V). Interview with Christian Religious Leader, October 18, 2011. Kanam LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(W). Interview with Kanam LGA Local Political Administrator, October 19, 2011. Kanam LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(X). Interview with Group Forum Participant (1), November 10, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(Y). Interview with Group Forum Participant (2), November 10, 2011. Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(Z). Interview with Local Peace Activist, March 29, 2011. Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Anonymous(AA). Interview with Local Scholar, June 28, 2016, Jos, Plateau State.Google Scholar
Anonymous(AB). Interview with Local Scholar, June 28, 2016, Jos, Plateau State.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo. 2009. “Patronage and Political Stability in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (10):13391362.Google Scholar
Atran, Scott. 2003. “Genesis of Suicide Terrorism.” Science 299 (5612):15341539.Google Scholar
Awolalu, Omosade J. 2001. “The Emergence and Interaction of Religions in Nigeria.” Journal of Religious Thought 41 (2):718.Google Scholar
Ayoade, J. A. A. 1998. “The Ideology of Power-Sharing: An Analysis of Content, Context and Intent.” In Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, edited by Amuwo, Kunle, Agbaje, Adigun, Suberu, Rotimi, and Hérault, Georges, 121136. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.Google Scholar
Azari, Julia R. and Smith, Jennifer K.. 2012. “Unwritten Rules: Informal Institutions in Established Democracies.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (1):3755.Google Scholar
Baba, Yahaya T. 2015. “Executive Dominance, Party Control, and State Legislatures in Nigeria: Evidence from Three States in the Northwest Geopolitical Zone.” In African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power, edited by LeVan, Carl A., Fashagba, Joseph Olayinka, and McMahon, Edward R., 121144. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Baca, Michael. “Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenges for Beleaguered Nigerian Security.” IPI Global Observatory, July 16, 2015. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.theglobalobservatory.org/2015/07/farmer-herder-nigeria-buhari-abuja-fulani/.Google Scholar
Bakke, Kristin M. and Wibbels, Erik. 2006. “Diversity, Disparity, and Civil Conflict in Federal States.” World Politics 59 (1):150.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2014. “When Politicians Cede Control of Resources: Land, Chiefs, and Coalition-Building in Africa.” Comparative Politics 46 (3):253271.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Kate. 2015. The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Andrew E. 2009. Making Headway: The Introduction of Western Civilization in Colonial Northern Nigeria. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael N. and Gross Stein, Janice. 2012. Sacred Aid: Faith and Humanitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael and Weiss, Thomas. 2008. Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Barret, David, Kurian, George, and Johnson, Todd. 2001. World Christian Encyclopedia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
BBCnews. 2011. “Nigerian Gunmen Kill Churchgoers in Zonkwa, Kaduna.” BBCnews, November 4, 2011. Accessed February 7, 2013. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15589201.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2008. “Faith in Politics: New Trends in Study of Faith and Pol.” World Politics 60:315347.Google Scholar
Bellion-Jourdan, Jerome. 2005. “Islamic Organizations: Between Islamism & Humanitarianism.” International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM).Google Scholar
Benedetti, Carlo. 2006. “Islamic and Christian Inspired Relief NGOs: Between Tactical Collaboration and Strategic Difference.” Journal of International Development 18 (6):849859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan. 2012. “‘Cultural Proximity’ and the Conjuncture of Islam with Modern Humanitarianism.” In Sacred Aid: Faith and Humanitarianism, edited by Barnett, Michael N. and Gross Stein, Janice, 6589. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2013. Riot Politics: Hindu-Muslim Violence and the Indian State. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter L. 1999. “The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview.” In The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, edited by Berger, Peter L., 118. Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter L. 2008. “Secularization Falsified.” First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life 180:2327.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Jacques. 2004. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Best, Shedrack Gaya. 2011. “Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding: Conceptual and Theoretical Considerations.” In Religion and PostConflict Peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria, edited by Best, Shedrack Gaya. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers.Google Scholar
Binningsbo, Helga. 2005. “Consociational Democracy and Postconflict Peace: Will Power-Sharing Institutions Increase the Probability of Lasting Peace after Civil War.” 13th Annual National Political Science Conference, Hurdalsjoen, Norway, January 5–7, 2005.Google Scholar
Blattman, Christopher and Miguel, Edward. 2010. “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature 48 (1):357.Google Scholar
Bleaney, Michael and Dimico, Arcangelo. 2010. “How Different Are the Correlates of Onset and the Continuation of Civil Wars.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (2):145155.Google Scholar
Blench, Robert. 2004. Natural Resource Conflicts in North-Central Nigeria: A Handbook and Case Studies. London: Mandaras Publishing. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.rogerblench.info/Development/Nigeria/Pastoralism/Nigeria%20Conflict%20Book.pdf.Google Scholar
Boer, Jan H. 2003. Nigeria’s Decades of Blood 1980–2002, Studies in Christian-Muslim Relations. Ontario: Essence Publishing.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2008. “Civil Wars and Guerrilla Warfare in the Contemporary World: Toward a Joint Theory of Motivations and Opportunities.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 197218. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2003. “Decentralization as Political Strategy in West Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 36 (4):355380.Google Scholar
Bornstein, Erica. 2003. The Spirit of Development: Protestant NGOs, Morality, and Economics in Zimbabwe, Religion in History, Society and Culture. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R. 2006. Forms of Collective Violence: Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide in Modern India. Gurgaon: Three Essays Collectives.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael and Van de Walle, Nicolas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers and Laitin, David. 1998. “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:423452.Google Scholar
Bunte, Jonas and Vinson, Laura Thaut. 2016. “Local Power-Sharing Institutions and Inter-religious Violence in Nigeria.” Journal of Peace Research 53 (1): 4965.Google Scholar
Campbell, John. 2011. Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink. 1st ed. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, John. 2016. “What Makes Boko Haram Run?” Council on Foreign Relations, May 5, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.cfr.org/nigeria/makes-boko-haram-run/p37838.Google Scholar
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, William T. 2009. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik 2008. “Articulating the Geo-Cultural Logic of Nationalist Insurgency.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 242270. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Weidmann, Nils, and Gleditsch, Kristian. 2011. “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison.” American Political Science Review 205 (3):478495.Google Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2006. “What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter?Annual Review of Political Science 9:397424.Google Scholar
Chapman, Thomas and Roeder, Philip G.. 2007. “Partition as a Solution to Wars of Nationalism: The Importance of Institutions.” American Political Science Review 101 (4):677691.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic. 2015. Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic and Tendi, Blessing-Miles. 2010. “Power-Sharing in Comparative Politics: The Dynamics of ‘Unity Government’ in Kenya and Zimbabwe.” Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (2):203229.Google Scholar
Chesnut, Andrew. 2007. “Specialized Spirits: Conversion and the Products of Pneumacentric Religion in Latin America’s Free Market Faith.” In Conversion of a Continent: Contemporary Religious Change in Latin America, edited by Cleary, Timothy and Steigenga, Edward, 7292. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Chester, Lucy. 2008. “Factors Impeding the Effectiveness of Partition in South Asia and the Palestine Mandate.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 7596. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chukwuma, Innocent. 2009. “Preface.” From the Citizenship and Identity Politics in Nigeria, Conference. Center for Law Enforcement Education in Nigeria (CLEEN) Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria. www.cleen.org/Citizenship%20and%20Identity%20Crisis%20in%20Nigeria.pdf.Google Scholar
Cleary, Edward L. and Stewart-Gambino, Hanna W.. 1998. Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 1998. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 50 (4):563573.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 1998. “Justice-Seeking and Loot-Seeking in Civil War.” World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 2000. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Policy Research Working Paper: World Bank.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Soderbom, Mans. 2004. “On the Duration of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (3):253273.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2005. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, Africa. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Crampton, E. P. T. 2004. Christianity in Northern Nigeria. 3rd ed. London/Plateau: African Christian Textbooks.Google Scholar
Crawford, Neta. 2003. “Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (1):525.Google Scholar
Crook, Richard C. and Manor, James. 1998. Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability and Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crowder, Michael. 1978. The Story of Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian and Ball, Patrick. 2002. Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror, 1977–1995. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(3): 427250.Google Scholar
Davidson, Jamie S. 2008. From Rebellion to Riots: Collective Violence on Indonesian Borneo. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
de Cordier, Bruno. 2008. “The ‘Humanitarian Frontline,’ Development and Relief, and Religion: What Context, Which Threats and Which Opportunities?Third World Quarterly 30 (4):663684.Google Scholar
de Cordier, Bruno. 2009. “Faith-based Aid, Globalisation and the Humanitarian Frontline: An Analysis of Western-Based Muslim Aid Organisations.” Disasters 33 (4):608628.Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, Rui J. P. Jr., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1999.“The Rationality of Fear.” In Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention, edited by Walter, Barbara F. and Snyder, Jack, 261302. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2008. “The Rule of Law Versus the Big Man.” Journal of Democracy 19 (2):138149.Google Scholar
Dinshak, Luka. 2008. “Conflict Escalation and the Effects of Conflict: The Case of Mikang Local Government Area, Plateau State.” In Causes and Effects of Conflicts in the Southern Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria, edited by Best, Shedrack Gaya, 87112. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers.Google Scholar
Dixon, David. 1995. “The New Protestantism in Latin America: Remembering What We Already Know, Testing What We Have Learned.” Comparative Politics 27 (4):479492.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2007. “The Relative Universality of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 29 (2):281306.Google Scholar
Duncan, Christopher R. 2013. Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia. Ithica: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Egwu, Samuel. 1998. “Structural Adjustment, Agrarian Change and Rural Ethnicity in Nigeria.” Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Motala Grafiska.Google Scholar
Elaigwu, J. Isawa and Galadima, Habu. 2003. “The Shadow of Sharia Over Nigerian Federalism.” Publius: Journal of Federalism 33 (3):123144.Google Scholar
Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “Why Are There So Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict.” Journal of African Economies 9 (3):244269.Google Scholar
Ellingsen, Tanja. 2000. “Colorful Community or Ethnic Witches’ Brew? Multiethnicity and Domestic Conflict during and after the Cold War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (2):228249.Google Scholar
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. 2003. Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Escriba-Folch, Abel. 2010. “Economic Sanctions and the Duration of Civil Conflicts.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (2):129141.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 1998. “Religion and Global Affairs: Political Challenges.” SAIS Review 18 (2):1924.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 1999a. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 1999b. “Contemporary Islam: Reformation or Revolution?” In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by Esposito, John L., 643690. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 2002. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 2011. Islam: The Straight Path. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ewokor, Chris. 2016. “The Niger Delta Avengers: Nigeria’s Newest Militants.” BBC.com. June 2, 2016. Accessed July 14, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36414036.Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin. 1998. Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin and Heaton, Matthew. 2008. A History of Nigeria. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fashagba, Joseph Olayinka. 2015. “Subnational Legislatures and National Governing Institutions in Nigeria, 1999–2003.” In African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power, edited by LeVan, Carl A., Fashagba, Joseph Olayinka, and McMahon, Edward R., 93120. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 2004. “Separatist Wars, Partition, and World Order.” Security Studies 13 (4):394415.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 1996. “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.” American Political Science Review 90 (1):715735.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity.” International Organization 54 (4):845877.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1):7590.Google Scholar
Ferris, Elizabeth. 2005. “Faith Based and Secular Humanitarian Organizations.” International Review of the Red Cross 87 (858):311325.Google Scholar
Fick, Maggie. 2016. “Militants Strike at Heart of Nigeria’s Oil Industry.” Financial Times, July 18, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.ft.com/cms/s/0/20641fc4-49d9-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab.html#axzz4Ez5Yjlyk.Google Scholar
Findley, Michael G. and Young, Joseph K.. 2012. “Terrorism and Civil War: A Spatial and Temporal Approach to a Conceptual Problem.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2):285305.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2004a. “The Rise of Religious Nationalism and Conflict: Ethnic Conflict and Revolutionary Wars, 1945–2001.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (6):715731.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2004b. “Religion and State Failure: An Examination of the Extent and Magnitude of Religious Conflict 1950–1996.” International Political Science Review 25 (1):5576.Google Scholar
Freston, Paul. 2004. “Evangelical Protestantism and Democratization in Contemporary Latin America and Asia.” Democratization 11 (4):2141.Google Scholar
Freston, Paul, ed. 2008. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freston, Paul. 2011. “Religious Pluralism, Democracy, and Human Rights in Latin America.” In Religion and the Global Politics of Human Rights, edited by Banchoff, Thomas F. and Wuthnow, Robert, 101127. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2009. Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gaffey, Conor. 2016. “Biafra Protests Prompt Separation Anxiety in Nigeria.” Newsweek, March 1, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.newsweek.com/nigeria-biafra-nnamdi-kanu-protests-432002.Google Scholar
Gagnon, V. P. 1994/1995. “Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia.” International Security 19:130166.Google Scholar
Galadima, Habu. 2009. “The Federal Republic of Nigeria.” In Global Dialogue on Federalism: Local Government and Metropolitan Regions in Federal Systems, edited by Nico, Kincaid and Steytler, John. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Gaskill, Newton. 1997. “Rethinking Protestantism and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America.” Sociology of Religion 58 (1):6991.Google Scholar
Gates, Scott and Strom, Kaare. 2007. “Power-Sharing, Agency and Civil Conflict.” In Power-sharing Agreements, Negotiations and Peace Processes. Oslo: Center for the Study of Civil War.Google Scholar
Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2012. “At Least 15 Die in Kenya Church Attacks.” New York Times, July 1, 2012. Accessed July 18, 2012. www.nytimes.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/at-least-15-dead-in-attacks-on-2-churches-in-kenya.html.Google Scholar
Gifford, Paul. 1998. African Christianity: Its Public Role. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 1998. Rendering under to Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2002. “Religion and Democracy in South America.” In Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective, edited by Wilcox, Ted and Jelen, Clyde. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2004. “Weber in Latin America: Is Protestant Growth Enabling Consolidation of Democratic Capitalism?Democratization 11 (4):4265.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2005. “The Political Origins of Religious Liberty.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1 (1):133.Google Scholar
Gonyok, Charles K. and Mangvwat, M. Y.. 1981. “The Hausa-Fulani and Their Lot in Jos – A Rejoinder.” Nigerian Standard, October 12, 1981, 6.Google Scholar
Goshit, Z. D. and Kums, Ponfa. 2007. “Land Conflicts in Plateau State since the 1980s.” In Historical Perspectives on Nigeria’s Post-colonial Conflicts, edited by Olayemi, Fwatchak, Akinwumi, Sati, and Okpeh, Okpeh Ochayi, 228238. Lagos: Unimark Limited.Google Scholar
Grief, Avner and Laitin, David. 2004. “A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change.” American Political Science Review 98 (4):633652.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian. 2013. “Restrictions on Religious Freedom: Measures and Implication.” In The Future of Religious Freedom: Global Challenges, edited by Hertzke, Allen D., 86104. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J. and Finke, Roger. 2011. The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the 21st Century, Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted R. 1993. “Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization and Conflict Since 1945.” International Political Science Review 14 (2):161201.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted R. 2000. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Gwamna, Je’adayibe Dogara. 2010. Religion and Politics in Nigeria. Bukuru: African Christian Textbooks.Google Scholar
Hallum, Anne. 2002. “Looking for Hope in Central America: The Pentecostal Movement.” In Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective, edited by Wilcox, Ted and Jelen, Clyde, 225239. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, Benedict. 1994. “The Battle for Jos North Chairmanship.” Guardian (Lagos), April 27, 1994, 13.Google Scholar
Hart, Benedict, and Oladimeji, David. 1994. “Curfew Declared in Jos over Violent Demonstrations.” Guardian (Lagos), April 14, 1994, 1.Google Scholar
Hartzell, Caroline and Hoddie, Matthew. 2003. “Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (2):318332.Google Scholar
Hartzell, Caroline, Hoddie, Matthew and Rothchild, Donald. 2001. “Stabilizing the Peace after Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables.” International Organization 55 (1):183208.Google Scholar
Hassner, Ron E. 2013. War on Sacred Grounds. New Haven: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hausa-Fulani Elders’ Forum. 2009. “Jos Ethno-Religious Crisis Is a Time Bomb Capable of Disintegrating Nigeria.” Guardian (Lagos), January 14, 2009.Google Scholar
Hechter, Michaeland Kabiri, Nika. 2008. “Attaining Social Order in Iraq.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hegre, Havard. 2004. “The Duration and Termination of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (3):243252.Google Scholar
Hegre, Havard., Ellingsen, Tanja, Gates, Scott, and Gleditsch, Nils Petter. 2001. “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review 95 (1):3348.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4):725740.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven, eds. 2006. Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hertzke, Allen D. 2013. The Future of Religious Freedom: Global Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hoddie, Matthew and Hartzell, Caroline. 2010. Strengthening Peace in Post-Civil War States: Transforming Spoilers into Stake-holders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hoomlong, Katherine Naanzoem. 2008. “The Causes and Effects of Conflict in Shendam Local Government Area, Plateau State.” In Causes and Effects of Conflicts in the Southern Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria, edited by Best, Shedrack Gaya, 2464. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 2002. “Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes.” In The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, edited by Reynolds, Andrew, 1536. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 2004. “Some Realism about Constitutional Engineering.” In Facing Ethnic Conflict: Toward a New Realism, edited by Wimmer, Andreas, Goldstone, Richard J., Horowitz, Donald, Jora, Ulrike, and Schetter, Conrad, 245257. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2001. “Jos: A City Torn Apart.” Accessed August 2, 2010. www.hrw.org/node/76878.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2005 (May 25). “Revenge in the Name of Religion: The Cycle of Violence in Plateau and Kano States.” Accessed August 30, 2011. www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/05/24/revenge-name-religion-0.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2006 (April 26). “They Do Not Own This Place: Government Discrimination against ‘Non-Indigenous’ in Nigeria.” Accessed April 8, 2012. www.hrw.org/report/2006/04/25/they-do-not-own-place/government-discrimination-against-non-indigenes-nigeria.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2007. “Criminal Politics, Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria.” www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria1007webwcover_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2009 (Nov 26). “Nigeria: Prosecute Killings by Security Forces.” Accessed August 5, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/26/nigeria-prosecute-killings-security-forces.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2010 (Jan 19). “Nigeria: Use Restraint in Curbing Jos Violence.” Accessed August 2, 2010. www.hrw.org/news/2010/01/19/nigeria-use-restraint-curbing-jos-violence.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2011. “Nigeria Post-election Violence Killed 800.” Accessed February 7, 2013. www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16/nigeria-post-election-violence-killed-800.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2012 (Oct 11). “Nigerians Caught in the Crossfire.” Accessed August 5, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/11/nigerians-caught-crossfire.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2013 (Dec 12). “Leave Everything to God: Accountability for Inter-communal Violence in Kaduna and Plateau States, Nigeria.” Accessed June 24, 2014. www.hrw.org/node/121280.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2014. “Nigeria: Escalating Communal Violence.” Accessed July 14. www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/15/nigeria-escalating-communal-violence.Google Scholar
Humprheys, Macartan and Weinstei, Jeremy. 2008. “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2):436455.Google Scholar
Idunwo, Sunny. 1999. “The Burden of Kafanchan History.” Guardian (Lagos), June 5, 1999.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2010. “Northern Nigeria: Background to Conflict.” Accessed June 14, 2011. www.reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/880F82BDF4CF7582C12577FF0050EB69-Full_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Isuwa, Sunday. 2011. “Post-election Violence Costs Kaduna N10bn.’” Daily Trust, December 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Jarstad, Anna. 2006. “The Logic of Power-Sharing after Civil War.” Workshop on Power-Sharing and Democratic Governance in Divided Society, Center for the Study of Civil War, PRIO, Oslo, Norway, August 21–22, 2006.Google Scholar
Jarstad, Anna. 2008. “Former Enemies in Joint Governance.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by Jarstad, Anna and Sisk, Timothy, 105133. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jarstad, Anna. 2009. “The Prevalence of Power-Sharing: Exploring the Patterns of Post-election Peace.” Africa Spectrum 44 (3):4162.Google Scholar
Jelen, Ted and Wilcox, Clyde, eds. 2002. Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Philip. 2002. “The Next Christianity.” The Atlantic Monthly, Oct 2002, 5368.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Philip. 2002. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Philip. 2011. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Carter. 2008. “Partitioning to Peace: Sovereignty, Demography, and Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 32 (4):140170.Google Scholar
Johnson, Todd, ed. 2007. World Christian Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Johnson, Todd and Chung, Sun Young. 2004. “Tracking Global Christianity’s Statistical Centre of Gravity.” International Review of Mission 93 (369):166181.Google Scholar
Joseph, Richard. 1987. Democracy and Prebendelism in Nigeria. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jung, Courtney, Lust-Okar, Ellen, and Shapiro, Ian. 2008. “Problems and Prospects for Democratic Settlements: South Africa as a Model for the Middle East and Northern Ireland.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 139194. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Justino, Patricia. 2009. “Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro-level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (3):315333.Google Scholar
Kalu, Kalu N. 2009. State Power, Autarchy, and Political Conquest in Nigerian Federalism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Kalu, Ogbu. 2008. African Pentecostalism: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2003. “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (3):475494.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2008. “Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program: The Microdynamics of Civil War.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 397421. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 20 (4):136175.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Stuart J. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithica: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
King, Charles. 2012. “Can There Be a Political Science of the Holocaust.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2):323341.Google Scholar
Kukah, Matthew H. 2003. Religion, Politics, and Power in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.Google Scholar
Kuperman, Alan J., ed. 2015. Constitutions and Conflict Management in Africa: Preventing Civil War through Institutional Design. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Ladan, Muhammed Tawfiq. 1999. “The Role of Youth in Inter-ethnic and Religious Conflicts: The Kaduna/Kano Case Study.” In Inter-Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution in Nigeria, edited by Uwazie, Ernest E., Albert, Isaac O., and Uzoigwe, Godfrey N., 97111. Oxford: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. and Rothchild, Donald. 1996. “Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict,” International Security 21 (2): 4175.Google Scholar
Laremont, Ricardo Rene. 2011. Islamic Law and Politics in Northern Nigeria. Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Lauren, Paul Gordon. 2011. The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. 3rd ed, Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, Rene. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-building.” American Political Science Review 66 (1):6890.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, Rene. 2006. “Consociationalism and Power Sharing in Africa: Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.” African Affairs 106 (422):120.Google Scholar
LeVan, Carl A. 2011. “Power Sharing and Inclusive Politics in Africa’s Uncertain Democracies.” International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 24 (1):3153.Google Scholar
LeVan, Carl A., Fashagba, Joseph Olayinka, and McMahon, Edward R.. 2015. African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lewis, Peter M. 2011. “Nigeria Votes: More Openness, More Conflict.” Journal of Democracy 22 (4):6074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Peter and Kew, Darren. 2015. “Nigeria’s Hopeful Election.” Journal of Democracy 26 (3):94109.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 2002. “The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy.” In The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, edited by Reynolds, Andrew, 3754. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lumsdaine, David H., ed. 2009. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacLean, Lauren Morris. 2004. “Mediating Ethnic Conflict at the Grassroots: The Role of Local Associational Life in Shaping Political Values in Cote d’ Ivoire and Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 42 (4):589617.Google Scholar
Magesa, Laurenti. 2007. “Contemporary Catholic Perspectives on Christian-Muslim Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 18 (2):165173.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton Series in Culture/Power/History. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mangvwat, Monday Yakiban. 2011. “Historical Insights on Plateau Indigene-Settler Syndrome, 1902–2011.” Workshop on Citizenship and Indigeneity Conflicts in Nigeria, Abuja.Google Scholar
Marostica, Matthew. 1998. “Religion and Global Affairs: Religious Activation and Democracy in Latin America.” SAIS Review 18 (2):4551.Google Scholar
Marsden, Lee. 2012. The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution, Religion and International Security. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Marshall, Ruth. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Martin, David. 1990. Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mead, Timothy M. 1996. “Barriers to Local-Government Capacity in Nigeria.” American Review of Public Administration 26 (2):159173.Google Scholar
Mehler, Andreas. 2009. “Peace and Power Sharing in Africa: A Not So Obvious Relationship.” African Affairs 108 (432):453473.Google Scholar
Miguel, Edward, Satyanath, Shanker, and Sergenti, Ernest. 2004. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112 (4):725753.Google Scholar
Miller, Donald E., Sargeant, Kimon H., and Flory, Richard. 2013. Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mohamed, Charmain. 2006. “Justice in Jakarta.” Human Rights Watch. Accessed July 30, 2010. www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/11/19/justice-jakarta.Google Scholar
Mueller, John. 2000. “The Banality of ‘Ethnic War.’International Security 25 (1):4270.Google Scholar
Mukoro, Akpomuvire. 2003. “The Evolution of a Democratic Local Government System in Nigeria.” Journal of Social Science 7 (3):171179.Google Scholar
Musa, Gaiya. 2004. “Christianity in Northern Nigeria.” Exchange 33 (4):354371.Google Scholar
Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2003. “Ethnic Minority Groups in Nigeria – Current Situation and Major Problems.” Commission on Human Rights: Subcommission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working Group on Minorities, Ninth Session, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, May 12–16.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. V.R. 1999. “European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States.” In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by Esposito, John L., 549600. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
National Population Commission. 2006. “Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Priority Tables.” Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria.Google Scholar
National Population Commission. 2010. “Federal Republic of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census: Population Distribution by Sex, State, LGA, and Senatorial District.” Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria.Google Scholar
Ndam, Lohdam, ed. 2001. The Challenge of Developing Nigeria’s Local Government Areas. Jos: Mgbangzee Ventures.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2008. Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work? New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nwafor, John. 2002. Church and State: The Nigerian Experience. Frankfurt: IKO-Verlag Fur Interkulterelle Kommunikation.Google Scholar
Obayuwana, Oghogho and Njadvara, Musa. 2011. “NEMA Reunites 20,000 Kaduna Violence Victims with Families.” Guardian (Lagos), May 2, 2011, 7.Google Scholar
Ofuoku, A. U. and Isife, B. I.. 2009. “Causes, Effects and Resolution of Farmers-Nomadic Cattle Herders Conflict in Delta State, Nigeria.” International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 1 (2):047054.Google Scholar
Okpanachi, Eyene. 2012. “Ethno-Religious Identity and Conflict in Northern Nigeria: Understanding the Dynamics of Sharia in Kaduna and Kebbi States.” Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa.Google Scholar
Ololade, Olatunji. 2011. “You Do Not Own This Land.” Nation. Accessed February 7, 2013. www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/mobile/columnist/friday/olatunji-ololade/24452-you-do-not-own-this-land.html.Google Scholar
Olowu, Dele, and Wunsch, James S.. 2004. Local Governance in Africa: The Challenges of Democratic Decentralization. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson. 1998. “The Development of the Federal Idea and the Federal Framework, 1914–1960.” In Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, edited by Amuwo, Kunle, Agbaje, Adigun, Suberu, Rotimi, and Hérault, Georges, 3449. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.Google Scholar
Osaghae, Eghosa. 1998. Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Osaghae, Eghosa. 2015. “Nigeria: Devolution to Mitigate Conflict in the Niger Delta.” In Constitutions and Conflict Management in Africa: Preventing Civil War through Institutional Design, edited by in Kuperman, Alan J.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Osaghae, Eghosa E. and Suberu, Rotimi T.. 2005. “A History of Identities, Violence, and Stability in Nigeria.” Working Paper No. 6, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE).Google Scholar
Osinubi, Tokunbo Simbowale and Osinubi Oladipupo, Sunday. 2006. “Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Africa: The Nigerian Experience.” Journal of Social Science 12 (2):101114.Google Scholar
Ostein, Philip. 2009. “Jonah Jang and the Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria.” In Muslim-Christian Relations in Africa, edited by John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann. February 18, 2011. www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/publications/jonah-jang-and-the-jasawa-ethno-religious-conflict-in-jos-nigeria.php.Google Scholar
Oyediran, Oyeleye and Gboyega, Alex E.. 1979. “Local Government and Administration.” In Nigerian Government and Politics under Military Rule 1966–79, edited by Oyediran, Oyeleye, 169191. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Oyekale, A. S., Adeoti, A. I., and Oyekale, T. O.. 2006. “Measurement and Sources of Income Inequality in Rural and Urban Nigeria.” Session Paper, 5th PEP Research Network General Meeting, Addis Ababa, June 18–22, 2006.Google Scholar
Oyugi, Walter O. 2006. “Coalition Politics and Coalition Government in Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 24 (1):5279.Google Scholar
Paden, John N. 2005. Muslim Civic Cultures and Conflict Resolution: The Challenge of Democratic Federalism in Nigeria. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Paden, John N. 2008. Faith and Politics in Nigeria: Nigeria as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Paden, John. 2012. Postelection Conflict Management in Nigeria: The Challenges of National Unity. Arlington: School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University.Google Scholar
Patterson, Eric. 2005. “Religious Activity and Political Participation: The Brazilian and Chilean Cases.” Latin American Politics and Society 47 (1):129.Google Scholar
Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine. 2014a. “Nigeria’s Interminable Insurgency? Addressing the Boko Haram Crisis.” Chantham House: The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Accessed October 7. www.chathamhouse.org/publication/nigerias-interminable-insurgency-addressing-boko-haram-crisis.Google Scholar
Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine, ed. 2014b. Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria. Vol. 2. Leiden: African Studies Center; French Institute for Research in Africa.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. “Religious Demographic Profile, Nigeria.” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Accessed October 3, 2009. www.pewforum.org/world-affairs/countries/?CountryID=150.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2006. “Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals.” Washington, D.C.: The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2010. “Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Accessed October 4, 2010. www.pewforum.org/download-the-full-report-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa.aspx.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2012. “The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010.” In Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Washington, D.C.: Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Accessed May 2013. www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2015. “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections 2010–2050.” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2004. “Christianity and Democracy: The Catholic Wave.” Journal of Democracy 15 (2):3246.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2007. “Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion.” American Political Science Review 101 (3):505525.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2009. “Has the Study of Global Politics Found Religion?Annual Review of Political Science 12:183202.Google Scholar
Piazza, James. 2009. “Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous?: An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure.” Terrorism & Political Violence 21 (1):6288.Google Scholar
Plateau State of Nigeria. 2004. Plateau Resolves: Report of the Plateau Peace Conference (18th August–21 September 2004). Jos.Google Scholar
Posen, Barry. 1993. “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 35 (1):2747.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2004. “The Political Salience of Cultural Differences: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi.” American Political Science Review 98 (4):529545.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, Kevin, Hechter, Michael, and Wibbels, Erik. 2004. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War Revisited.” (Unpublished Paper). Seattle: University of Washington.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terance O. 2008a. “Afterward.” In Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa, edited by Ranger, Terence O., 231241. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terance O., ed. 2008b. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. “Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1):2954.Google Scholar
Roe, Paul. 1999. “The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conflict as a ‘Tragedy’?Journal of Peace Research 36 (2):183202.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald and Roeder, Philip G.. 2005a. “Dilemmas of State-Building in Divided Societies.” In Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil War, edited by Rothchild, Donald and Roeder, Philip G.. 125. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald and Roeder, Philip G.. 2005b. “Power Sharing as an Impediment to Peace and Democracy.” In Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil War, edited by Rothchild, Donald and Roeder, Philip G., 2950. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Saideman, Stephen, Lanoue, David, Campenni, Michael, and Stanton, Samuel. 2002. “Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1985–1998.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (1):103129.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature.” World Politics 52 (4):437483.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2001. “Do Ethnic and Non-ethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Cause?Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (3):259282.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War.” Perspectives on Politics 2:259279.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas and Hegre, Håvard. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4):508535.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas and Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah. 2009. “What’s in a Line? Is Partition a Solution to Civil War?International Security 34 (2):82118.Google Scholar
Samuel, Obadiah, Kwaja, Chris and Olofu-Adeoye, Angela. 2011. “The Challenge of PostConflict Partitioning of Contested Cities in Northern Nigeria: A Case Study of Jos North LGA.” In Religion and PostConflict Peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria, edited by Best, Shedrack Gaya. Jos: John Archers Publishers.Google Scholar
Sayne, Aaron. 2013. “What’s Next for Security in the Niger Delta?” United States Institute of Peace: Special Report, April 26, 2013.Google Scholar
Searcey, Dionne. 2016. “Nigeria Finds a National Crisis in Every Direction It Turns.” New York Times, July 17, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.nytimes.com/2016/07/18/world/africa/nigeria-niger-delta-buhari-oil-militants.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2006. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Yemen and Jordan. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shah, Timothy Samuel. 2009. “Preface.” In Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Asia, edited by Lumsdaine, David H., viixx. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sidel, John T. 2006. Riots, Pogroms, Jihad: Religious Violence in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sisk, Timothy. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack, ed. 2011. Religion and International Relations Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spears, Ian. 2000. “Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Power Sharing.” Third World Quarterly 21 (1):105118.Google Scholar
Spears, Ian. 2002. “Africa: The Limits of Power-Sharing.” Journal of Democracy 13 (3):123136.Google Scholar
Staniland, Paul. 2012. “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2):243264.Google Scholar
Steigenga, Timothy and Cleary, Edward. 2007. Conversion of a Continent: Contemporary Religious Change in Latin America. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Chris. 2016. “Farmer-Herder Conflict Rises across Nigeria.” Voice of America, May 11, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016. www.voanews.com/content/farmer-herder-conflict-rises-acrossnigeria/3326151.html.Google Scholar
Stinton, Diane. 2004. Jesus of Africa: Voices of Contemporary African Christology, Faith and Culture. Maryknoll: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2012. “Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restraint.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2):343362.Google Scholar
Suberu, Rotimi T. 2001. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Suberu, Rotimi T. 2009. “Religion and Institutions: Federalism and the Management of Conflicts over Sharia in Nigeria.” Journal of International Development 21:547560.Google Scholar
Suberu, Rotimi T. 2013. “Prebendal Politics and Federal Governance in Nigeria.” In Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations, edited by Adebanwi, Wale and Obadare, Ebenezer, 79102. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Suberu, Rotimi T. 2015. “Lessons in Fiscal Federalism for Africa’s New Oil Exporters.” In African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power, edited by LeVan, Carl A., Fashagba, Joseph Olayinka, and McMahon, Edward R., 3158. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Svensson, Isak. 2012. Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Tamuno, Tekena N. 1998. “Nigerian Federalism in Historical Perspective.” In Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria, edited by ‘Amuwo, Kunle, Agbaje, Adigun, Suberu, Rotimi, and Hérault, Georges, 1333. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.Google Scholar
Thaut, Laura. 2009. “The Role of Faith in Christian Faith-based Humanitarian Agencies: Constructing the Taxonomy.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 20 (4):319350.Google Scholar
Thaut, Laura, Gross Stein, Janice, and Barnett, Michael. 2012. “In Defense of Virtue: Credibility, Legitimacy Dilemmas, and the Case of Islamic Relief.” In The Credibility of Transnational NGOs: When Virtue Is Not Enough, edited by Gourevitch, Peter A., Lake, David A., and Gross Stein, Janice, 137164. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Scott. 2005. The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-first Century. Edited by Lapid, Yosef and Kratochwil, Friedrich, Culture and Religion in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Todd, Johnson, ed. 2007. World Christian Database. Edited by Brill. Leiden/Boston.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2006. “Religion, Civil War, and International Order.” BCSIA Discussion Paper 2006–03, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, July.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2007. “Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War.” International Security 31 (4):97131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toft, Monica Duffy, Philpott, Daniel, and Shah, Timothy Samuel. 2011. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. 1st ed. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Trianello, Marisa. 2008. “Power-Sharing: Lessons from South Africa and Rwanda.” International Public Policy Review 3 (2):2843.Google Scholar
Tsai, Kellee S. 2006. “Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China.” World Politics 59 (1):116141.Google Scholar
Tull, Denis M. and Mehler, Andreas. 2005. “The Hidden Costs of Power-Sharing: Reproducing Insurgent Violence in Africa.” African Affairs 104 (416):375398.Google Scholar
Turaki, Yusufu. 1993. The British Colonial Legacy in Northern Nigeria: A Social Ethical Analysis of the Colonial and Post-colonial Society and Politics in Nigeria. Jos: Challenge Press.Google Scholar
Turaki, Yusufu. 1999. Theory and Practice of Christian Missions in Africa: A Century of SIM/ECWA History and Legacy in Nigeria, 1893–1993. Nairobi: International Bible Society Nigeria Press.Google Scholar
Turaki, Yusufu. 2010. Tainted Legacy: Islalm, Colonialism and Slavery in Northern Nigeria. McLean: Isaac Publishing.Google Scholar
Ukiwo, Ukoha. 2006. “Creation of Local Government Areas and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: The Case of Warri, Delta State.” CRISE West Africa Workshop, Accra, Ghana.Google Scholar
Umaru, Sani. 1981. “The Hausa/Fulani and Their Lot in Jos (2).” New Nigerian, October 18, 1981, 8–9, 12.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program. 2010. Human Development Report Nigeria, 2008–2009. Abuja: UNDP.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Division. 2013. “World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables.” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.Google Scholar
Uzoma, Rose C. 2004. “Religious Pluralism, Cultural Differences, and Social Stability in Nigeria.” Brigham Young University Law Review (2):651664.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2009. “Opposition Weakness in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 20 (3):108121.Google Scholar
Vandeginste, Stef. 2009. “Power-Sharing, Conflict and Transition in Burundi: Twenty Years of Trial and Error.” Africa Spectrum 3:6386.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2003. “Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (1):8599.Google Scholar
Verdeja, Ernesto. 2012. “The Political Science of Genocide: Outlines of an Emerging Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2):307321.Google Scholar
Voll, John Obert. 1999. “Foundations for Renewal and Reform: Islamic Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by Esposito, John L., 509548. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Walker, Andrew. 2012. What Is Boko Haram? United States Institute of Peace. www.dev.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR308.pdf.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara and Snyder, Jack. 1999. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie. 2004. “The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party.” Comparative Politics 36 (2):205228.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan and Kaltenthaler, Karl. 2006. “The Rationality of Radical Islam.” Political Science Quarterly 121 (2):295319.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2008. “Which Group Identities Lead to Most Violence? Evidence from India.” In Order, Conflict, and Violence, edited by Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek, 271300. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Elizabeth Jean. 2015. “The Emotional Benefits of Insurgency in El Salvador.” In The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts, 3rd ed, edited by Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James, 143152. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woodberry, Robert. 2012. The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy. American Political Science Review 106(2): 244274.Google Scholar
Woodberry, Robert and Shah, Timothy Samuel. 2005. World Religions and Democracy. Edited by Diamond, Larry Jay, Plattner, Marc F., and Costopoulos, Philip J., A Journal of Democracy Book. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2011. “Data: The Latest African Development Indicators Are Now Available.” Accessed December 18, 2013. www.data.worldbank.org/news/african-development-indicators-2011.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2013. “Nigeria: Overview.” Accessed December 18, 2013. www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2017. African Pulse, No. 15 (April 2017). World Bank, Washington, D.C. www.openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26485Google Scholar
Wucherpfennig, Julian, Metternich, Nils W., Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Gleditsch, Kristian S.. 2012. “Ethnicity, the State, and the Duration of Civil War.” World Politics 64 (1):79115.Google Scholar
Yamsat, Pandang. 2011. The Christian Becoming a Political Leader. Bukuru: African Christian Textbooks.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Laura Thaut Vinson, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Book: Religion, Violence, and Local Power-Sharing in Nigeria
  • Online publication: 13 October 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316832110.023
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Laura Thaut Vinson, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Book: Religion, Violence, and Local Power-Sharing in Nigeria
  • Online publication: 13 October 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316832110.023
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Laura Thaut Vinson, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
  • Book: Religion, Violence, and Local Power-Sharing in Nigeria
  • Online publication: 13 October 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316832110.023
Available formats
×