Before colonial administration was attempted, it was already clear that Europeans and their servants would suffer acutely from malaria, and in some circumstances from dysentery. The first resident European, the Russian scientist (and disciple of Tolstoy), Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklouho-Maclay, was conveyed to the north coast in 1871, with two man-servants. The Polynesian soon died, and the surviving Swede fell chronically ill. Maclay's health was seriously undermined, and he concluded that

Within a few months, the Polynesian pastors and teachers established on the coast of the Papuan Gulf by the London Missionary Society, had to endure devastating mortality rates from malaria. They were familiar with mosquitoes – perhaps too familiar – but not with anopheles, and took quite inadequate precautions. And from the late 1870s there was a series of gold rushes from northern Australia. The prospectors were casual and hasty in arranging sanitation, and fell like nine-pins to dysentery. One vivid account (from a slightly later date, 1889) describes the complete collapse of a whole mining community