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8 - ENTITLEMENTS

Arye L. Hillman
Arye L. Hillman
Affiliation:
Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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Summary

A social insurance contract provides entitlements. Entitlements are of two types: (1) universal and therefore intended for all as a means of seeking ex-ante equality; or (2) targeted to designated groups, who are given the entitlements because of designated needs. Section 1 of this chapter considers whether or how entitlements can achieve equality of opportunity (or ex-ante equality) and investigates the consequences of entitlements for incentives. Section 2 is about the entitlement to income during retirement or old age. The topic of section 3 is the entitlement to health care and health insurance.

The Attributes and Consequences of Entitlements

The entitlements that are part of a social insurance contract can be provided in the form of income transfers (money) or as in-kind transfers. In the previous chapter, we viewed the entitlements as income or money paid by people who had experienced good outcomes to people who had experienced adverse outcomes. Often, however, entitlements are in-kind, in the form of education, housing, food vouchers, and health care, as well as advice from social workers about how to obtain access to entitlements. In-kind transfers provide designated goods and services: money can be transferred to anyone for any purpose.

Money and in-kind transfers

Our first questions concern the choice between money and in-kind transfers as means of delivery of entitlements.

The choice between money and in-kind transfers

Our normative question is:

Should the entitlements of a social insurance contract be provided as income or as in-kind transfers?

Type
Chapter
Information
Public Finance and Public Policy
Responsibilities and Limitations of Government
 , pp. 587 - 664
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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References

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Nichols, A., and Zeckhauser, R., 1982. Targeting transfers through restrictions on recipients. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 72:372–8.Google Scholar
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Schansberg, D. E., 1996. Poor Policy: How Government Harms the Poor. Westview Press, Boulder CO.Google Scholar
Sonstelie, J., 1982. The welfare cost of free public schools. Journal of Political Economy 90:794–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Inman, R. P., 1978. Optimal fiscal reform of metropolitan schools. American Economic Review 68:107–22.Google Scholar
Hoxby, C. M., 2000. Does competition among public schools benefit students and taxpayers?American Economic Review 90:1209–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardak, B. A., and Ryan, C., 2006. Why are high-ability individuals from poor backgrounds under-represented at university? Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=914025.
Greenaway, D., and Haynes, M., 2003. Funding higher education in the UK: The role of fees and loans. Economic Journal 113:F150–F166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J. J., 2000. Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics 54:3–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Marx, K., 1887. Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. Engels, F. (Ed.). Progress Publishers, Moscow.Google Scholar
Shapiro, C., and Stiglitz, J., 1984. Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device. American Economic Review 74:433–44.Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J., 1962. Information in the labor market. Journal of Political Economy 70:94–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marimon, R., and Zilibotti, Z., 1999. Unemployment vs. mismatch of talents: Reconsidering unemployment benefits. Economic Journal 109:266–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shavell, S., and Weiss, L., 1979. The optimal payment of unemployment insurance over time. Journal of Political Economy 87:1347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snower, D., 1994. Converting unemployment benefits into employment subsidies. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 84:65–70.Google Scholar
Neugart, M., 2005. Unemployment insurance: The role of electoral systems and regional labour markets. European Journal of Political Economy 21:815–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neugart, M., 2008. The choice of insurance in the labor market. Public Choice 134:445–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint-Paul, G., 2002. The political economy of unemployment protection. Journal of Political Economy 110:672–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, T., and Coate, S., 1992. Workfare vs. welfare: Incentive arguments for work requirements in poverty alleviation programs. American Economic Review 82:249–61.Google Scholar
Phelps, E. S., 1994. Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 84:54–8.Google Scholar
Saez, E., 2002. Optimal income transfer programs: Intensive versus extensive labor supply responses. Quarterly Journal of Economics 117:1039–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azmat, G. Y., 2008. The incidence of an earned-income tax credit: Impact of wages in the U.K. CEP Discussion Paper 0724, London.Google Scholar
Eissa, N., and Hoynes, H., 2004. Taxes and the labor-market participation of married couples: The earned income-tax credit. Journal of Public Economics 88:1931–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holz, V. J., and Scholz, J. K., 2003. The earned income tax credit. In Moffit, R. A. (Ed.), Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the U.S. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, pp. 141–98.Google Scholar
Antel, J. J., 1992. The intergenerational transfer of welfare dependency: Some statistical evidence. Review of Economics and Statistics 74:467–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinig, M. F., and Buckley, F. H., 1999. The price of virtue. Public Choice 98:111–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eissa, N., Kleven, H. J., and Kreiner, C. T., 2008. Evaluation of four tax reforms in the United States: Labor supply and welfare effects for single mothers. Journal of Public Economics 92:795–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindbeck, A., Nyberg, S., and Weibull, J. W., 1999. Social norms and economic incentives in the welfare state. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114:1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loury, G. L., 1996. A dissent from the incentive approach to reducing poverty. In Darby, M. R. (Ed.), Reducing Poverty in America: Views and Approaches. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA, pp. 111–20.Google Scholar
Moffit, R. A., 1998. The effect of welfare on marriage and fertility. In Moffit, R. A. (Ed.), Welfare, the Family, and Reproductive Behavior. National Academy Press, Washington DC, pp. 50–98.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R., 1999. Welfare, marital prospects, and non-marital childbearing. Journal of Political Economy 107:S3–S32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Grossman, M., 1972. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy 80:223–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Nichols, A., and Zeckhauser, R., 1982. Targeting transfers through restrictions on recipients. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 72:372–8.Google Scholar
Epple, D., and Romano, R. E., 1998. Competition between private and public schools, vouchers, and peer-group pressures. American Economic Review 88:33–63.Google Scholar
Peltzman, S., 1993. The political economy of the decline of American public education. Journal of Law and Economics 36:331–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peltzman, S., 1996. Political economy of public education: Non-college-bound students. Journal of Law and Economics 39:73–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schansberg, D. E., 1996. Poor Policy: How Government Harms the Poor. Westview Press, Boulder CO.Google Scholar
Sonstelie, J., 1982. The welfare cost of free public schools. Journal of Political Economy 90:794–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toma, E. F., 1996. Public funding and private schooling across countries. Journal of Law and Economics 39:121–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glomm, G., and Ravikumar, B., 1998. Opting out of publicly provided services: A majority voting result. Social Choice and Welfare 15:187–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inman, R. P., 1978. Optimal fiscal reform of metropolitan schools. American Economic Review 68:107–22.Google Scholar
Hoxby, C. M., 2000. Does competition among public schools benefit students and taxpayers?American Economic Review 90:1209–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardak, B. A., and Ryan, C., 2006. Why are high-ability individuals from poor backgrounds under-represented at university? Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=914025.
Greenaway, D., and Haynes, M., 2003. Funding higher education in the UK: The role of fees and loans. Economic Journal 113:F150–F166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J. J., 2000. Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics 54:3–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen-Smith, D., and Fryer, Jr R. G.., 2006. An economic analysis of “acting white.”Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:551–83.Google Scholar
Borjas, G., 1995. Ethnicity, neighborhoods, and human capital externalities. American Economic Review 85:365–90.Google Scholar
Carneiro, P., Heckman, J. J., and Masterov, D. V., 2005. Labor market discrimination and racial differences in prefactor markets. Journal of Law and Economics 48:1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, D. M., and Glaeser, E. L., 1997. Are ghettos good or bad?Quarterly Journal of Economics 112:827–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edin, P.-A., Fredriksson, P., and Åslund, O., 2003. Ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants: Evidence from a natural experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118:329–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, D., and Johnson, W., 1996. The role of prefactor markets in black–white wage differences. Journal of Political Economy 104:869–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M., 2005. Uncovering gender differences in the effects of early intervention: A reevaluation of the Abecedarian Perry Pre-school and early training programs. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=812426.
Hastings, J. S., Kane, T. J., and Staiger, D. O., 2006. Gender and performance: Evidence from school assignment by randomized lottery. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 96:232–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoff, K., and Pandey, P., 2006. Discrimination, social identity and durable inequalities. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 96:206–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., and Katz, L. F., 2007. Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects. Econometrica 75:83–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lott, J. L., 1990. An explanation for public provision of schooling: The importance of indoctrination. Journal of Law and Economics 33:199–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, B., 2006. Income-contingent loans for higher education: International reform. In Hanushek, E. and Welch, F. (Eds.), Economics of Education Handbook. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1435–503.Google Scholar
Chapman, B., and Ryan, C., 2005. The access implications of income-related charges for higher education: Lessons from Australia. Economics of Education Review 24:491–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nerlove, M., 1975. Some problems in the use of income-contingent loans for the finance of higher education. Journal of Political Economy 83:157–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coate, S., and Loury, G. L., 1993. Will affirmative-action policies eliminate negative stereotypes?American Economic Review 83:1220–40.Google Scholar
Gruber, J., 1994. The incidence of mandated maternity benefits. American Economic Review 84:622–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Garatt, R., and Marshall, J. M., 1994. Public finance for private goods: The case of college education. Journal of Political Economy 102:566–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S., 1848. Principles of Political Economy. Books IV and V. Penguin, Harmonsworth U.K.Google Scholar
Akerlof, G. A., 1980. A theory of social custom, of which unemployment may be one consequence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 94:749–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keynes, J. M., 1936. The General Theory of Interest, Employment, and Money. Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Lindbeck, A., and Snower, D., 1988. The Insider-Outsider Theory of Employment and Unemployment. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.Google Scholar
Marx, K., 1887. Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. Engels, F. (Ed.). Progress Publishers, Moscow.Google Scholar
Shapiro, C., and Stiglitz, J., 1984. Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device. American Economic Review 74:433–44.Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J., 1962. Information in the labor market. Journal of Political Economy 70:94–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marimon, R., and Zilibotti, Z., 1999. Unemployment vs. mismatch of talents: Reconsidering unemployment benefits. Economic Journal 109:266–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shavell, S., and Weiss, L., 1979. The optimal payment of unemployment insurance over time. Journal of Political Economy 87:1347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snower, D., 1994. Converting unemployment benefits into employment subsidies. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 84:65–70.Google Scholar
Neugart, M., 2005. Unemployment insurance: The role of electoral systems and regional labour markets. European Journal of Political Economy 21:815–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neugart, M., 2008. The choice of insurance in the labor market. Public Choice 134:445–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint-Paul, G., 2002. The political economy of unemployment protection. Journal of Political Economy 110:672–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, T., and Coate, S., 1992. Workfare vs. welfare: Incentive arguments for work requirements in poverty alleviation programs. American Economic Review 82:249–61.Google Scholar
Phelps, E. S., 1994. Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 84:54–8.Google Scholar
Saez, E., 2002. Optimal income transfer programs: Intensive versus extensive labor supply responses. Quarterly Journal of Economics 117:1039–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azmat, G. Y., 2008. The incidence of an earned-income tax credit: Impact of wages in the U.K. CEP Discussion Paper 0724, London.Google Scholar
Eissa, N., and Hoynes, H., 2004. Taxes and the labor-market participation of married couples: The earned income-tax credit. Journal of Public Economics 88:1931–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holz, V. J., and Scholz, J. K., 2003. The earned income tax credit. In Moffit, R. A. (Ed.), Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the U.S. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, pp. 141–98.Google Scholar
Antel, J. J., 1992. The intergenerational transfer of welfare dependency: Some statistical evidence. Review of Economics and Statistics 74:467–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinig, M. F., and Buckley, F. H., 1999. The price of virtue. Public Choice 98:111–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eissa, N., Kleven, H. J., and Kreiner, C. T., 2008. Evaluation of four tax reforms in the United States: Labor supply and welfare effects for single mothers. Journal of Public Economics 92:795–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindbeck, A., Nyberg, S., and Weibull, J. W., 1999. Social norms and economic incentives in the welfare state. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114:1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loury, G. L., 1996. A dissent from the incentive approach to reducing poverty. In Darby, M. R. (Ed.), Reducing Poverty in America: Views and Approaches. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA, pp. 111–20.Google Scholar
Moffit, R. A., 1998. The effect of welfare on marriage and fertility. In Moffit, R. A. (Ed.), Welfare, the Family, and Reproductive Behavior. National Academy Press, Washington DC, pp. 50–98.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R., 1999. Welfare, marital prospects, and non-marital childbearing. Journal of Political Economy 107:S3–S32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitler, M. P., Gelbach, J. B., and Hoynes, H. W., 2006. What mean aspects miss: Distributional effects of welfare reform experiments. American Economic Review 96:988–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, R., 2002. Evaluating welfare reform in the United States. Journal of Economic Literature 40:1105–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boss, A., and Elender, T., 2008. Incentives to work: The case of Germany. Kiel Working Paper 1238. Kiel Institute for World Economics, Kiel, Germany.Google Scholar
Immervoll, H., Kleuven, H. J., Kreiner, C. T., and Saez, E., 2007. Welfare reform in European countries: A microsimulation analysis. Economic Journal 117:1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalopoulos, C., P. Robins, K., and Card, D., 2008. When financial work incentives pay for themselves: Evidence from a randomized social experiment for welfare recipients. Journal of Public Economics 89:5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, P., 2002. The Ends and Means of Welfare: Coping with Economic and Social Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.Google Scholar
Fenge, R., Menil, G., and Pestieau, P., 2008. Pension Strategies in Europe and the United States. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbon, H. A. A., 1988. The Evolution of Public Pension Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, P. A., 1958. An exact consumption-loan model of interest with and without the social contrivance of money. Journal of Political Economy 66:467–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cigno, A., 1993. Intergenerational transfers without altruism. European Journal of Political Economy 9:505–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disney, R., 1998. Can We Afford to Grow Older: A Perspective on Aging. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.Google Scholar
Kaganovich, M., and Zilcha, I., 1999. Education, social security, and growth. Journal of Public Economics 40:37–58.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1998. Social security and endogenous growth. Journal of Public Economics 58:185–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. L., 2002. Immigration and intergenerational transfers. In Siebert, H. (Ed.), Economic Policy for Aging Societies, Springer, Berlin, pp. 213–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storesletten, K., 2000. Sustaining fiscal policy through immigration. Journal of Political Economy 108:300–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, J., and Waltz, U., 1998. Social security and migration in an aging Europe. In Eichengreen, B., Frieden, J., and Hagen, J. (Eds.), Politics and Institutions in an Integrated Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp. 177–92.Google Scholar
Auerbach, A., Kotlikoff, L. J., and Liebfritz, W., 1999. Generational Accounting around the World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galasso, V., and Profeta, P., 2002. Political economy models of social security: A survey. European Journal of Political Economy 18:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner, J. K., 1996. Transition from a pay-as-you-go to a fully funded pension system: The case of differing individuals and intergenerational fairness. Journal of Public Economics 60:131–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disney, R., 2000. Crises in public pension programmes in OECD: What are the reform options?Economic Journal 110:F1–F23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldstein, M. (Ed.), 1998. Privatizing Social Security. Chicago University Press, Chicago IL.CrossRef
Sinn, H.-W., 2000. Why a funded pension system is useful and why it is not. International Tax and Finance Journal 7:389–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Congleton, R. D., 2006. The story of Katrina: New Orleans and the political economy of catastrophe. Public Choice 127:5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, R., and Varian, H. R., 1988. Intergenerational risk sharing. Journal of Public Economics 37:185–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. J., 1963. Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care. American Economic Review 53:941–69.Google Scholar
Cutler, D. M., and Reber, S., 1998. Paying for health insurance: The trade-off between competition and adverse selection. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113:433–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, M., 1972. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy 80:223–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newhouse, J. P., 1996. Reimbursing health plans and health providers: Efficiency in production versus selection. Journal of Economic Literature 34:1236–63.Google Scholar
Ven, M., 1995. Regulated competition in health care: With or without a global budget. European Economic Review 39:786–94.Google Scholar
Cutler, D. M., 2000. Walking the tightrope of Medicare reform. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14:45–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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  • ENTITLEMENTS
  • Arye L. Hillman, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
  • Book: Public Finance and Public Policy
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813788.009
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  • ENTITLEMENTS
  • Arye L. Hillman, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
  • Book: Public Finance and Public Policy
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813788.009
Available formats
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  • ENTITLEMENTS
  • Arye L. Hillman, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
  • Book: Public Finance and Public Policy
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813788.009
Available formats
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