This chapter explores the narrative of modernism that has pervaded the debates between psychology and religion, particularly Christian religion, over the past century. For Freud, psychoanalysis was the logical successor of religion, because it provided a rational grounding for mental health and moral action. For some Christians, psychology (and of course psychoanalysis) is an ersatz religion, founded by people disenchanted with religion and hostile to the notion of divine revelation. Many of the founders of experimental psychology, of psychoanalysis, and of humanistic psychology, were modernists. In Catholic circles, modernism is now an old charge, stemming from controversies internal to the Church in the early twentieth century. These controversies culminated during the reign of Pope Pius X, who sought to defend the faith from subversion by the modernists within the Church. Given the Church's embrace of the modern world during the Second Vatican Council, especially its openness to the human sciences, it might seem a dead issue, but in recent decades charges of modernism have persisted. Indeed, some non-Catholic Christian psychologists have even joined the chorus and accused psychology of modernism. To address this perceived flaw, we see Christian counseling and Christian psychology programs, accompanied by criticisms of the secularist assumptions of mainstream psychology.