Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T09:51:44.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Mental disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

Colin Hemmings
Affiliation:
Albion Place Medical Centre
Nick Bouras
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Get access
Type
Chapter

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text Revision, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ball, S.L., Holland, A.J., Hon, J., et al. (2006). Personality and behaviour changes mark the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down’s syndrome: findings from a prospective population-based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(7), 661673.Google Scholar
Ball, S.L., Holland, A.J., Treppner, P., Watson, P.C., Huppert, F.A. (2008). Executive dysfunction and its association with personality and behaviour changes in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome and mild to moderate learning disabilities. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(1), 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boada-Rovira, M., Hernandez-Ruiz, I., Badenas-Homiar, S., Buendia-Torras, M., Tarraga-Mestre, L. (2005). Clinical-therapeutic study of dementia in people with Down syndrome and the effectiveness of donepezil in this population. Revista de Neurologia, 41(3), 129136.Google ScholarPubMed
Carlock, K.S., Williams, J.P., Graves, G.C. (1997). MRI findings in headbangers. Clinical Imaging, 21(6), 411413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chace, C., Pang, D., Weng, C., et al. (2012). Variants in CYP17 and CYP19 cytochrome P450 genes are associated with onset of Alzheimer’s disease in women with Down syndrome. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 28(3), 601612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, S.A. (1997). High prevalence of dementia among people with learning disabilities not attributable to Down’s syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 27(3), 609616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppus, A., Evenhuis, H., Verberne, G.-J., et al. (2006). Dementia and mortality in persons with Down’s syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(10), 768777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppus, A., Evenhuis, H., Verberne, G.-J., et al. (2008). Survival in elderly persons with Down syndrome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(12), 23112316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtenay, K., Jokinen, N.S., Strydom, A. (2010). Caregiving and adults with intellectual disabilities affected by dementia. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(1), 2633.Google Scholar
Frighi, V., Morovat, A., Stephenson, M.T., et al. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in patients with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, risk factors and management strategies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(6), 458464.Google Scholar
Gedye, A. (1998). Neuroleptic-induced dementia documented in four adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 36(3), 182186.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanney, M., Prasher, V., Williams, N., et al. (2012). Memantine for dementia in adults older than 40 years with Down’s syndrome (MEADOWS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 379(9815), 528536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, S.L., Handen, B.L., Devenny, D.A., et al. (2014). Cognitive functioning in relation to brain amyloid-β in healthy adults with Down syndrome. Brain, 137(9), 25562563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haveman, M.J., Heller, T., Lee, L.A., et al. (2009). Report on the State of Science on Health Risks and Ageing in People with Intellectual Disabilities. Dortmund, Germany: IASSID Special Interest Research Group on Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities/Faculty Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Dortmund.Google Scholar
Jamieson-Craig, R., Scior, K., Chan, T., Fenton, C., Strydom, A. (2010). Reliance on carer reports of early symptoms of dementia among adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(1), 3441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, E.L., Margallo-Lana, M., Prasher, V.P., Ballard, C.G. (2008). The extended tau haplotype and the age of onset of dementia in Down syndrome. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26(3), 199202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E.L., Hanney, M., Francis, P.T., Ballard, C.G. (2009). Amyloid β concentrations in older people with Down syndrome and dementia. Neuroscience Letters, 451(2), 162164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kondoh, T., Amamoto, N., Doi, T., et al. (2005a). Dramatic improvement in Down syndrome-associated cognitive impairment with donepezil. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39(3), 563566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kondoh, T., Nakashima, M., Sasaki, H., Moriuchi, H. (2005b). Pharmacokinetics of donepezil in Down syndrome. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39(3), 572573.Google Scholar
Koran, M.E., Hohman, T., Edwards, C., et al. (2014). Differences in age-related effects on brain volume in Down syndrome as compared to Williams syndrome and typical development. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6(1), 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlejohns, T.J., Henley, W.E., Lang, I.A., et al. (2014). Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 83(10), 920928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lott, I.T., Osann, K., Doran, E., Nelson, L. (2002). Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease: response to donepezil. Archives of Neurology, 59(7), 11331136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantry, D., Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., et al. (2008). The prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(2), 141155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarron, M., Gill, M., McCallion, P., Begley, C. (2005). Health co-morbidities in ageing persons with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s dementia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 560566.Google Scholar
McShane, R., Areosa, S.A., Minakaran, N. (2006). Memantine for dementia (review). Cochrane Database of Systemic Review, 2, CD003154.Google Scholar
Mohan, M., Bennett, C., Carpenter, P.K. (2009a). Galantamine for dementia in people with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD007657.Google Scholar
Mohan, M., Bennett, C., Carpenter, P.K. (2009b). Memantine for dementia in people with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD007657.Google Scholar
Mohan, M., Bennett, C., Carpenter, P.K. (2009c). Rivastigmine for dementia in people with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD007658.Google Scholar
Mohan, M., Carpenter, P.K., Bennett, C. (2009d). Donepezil for dementia in people with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD007178.Google Scholar
Mulcahy, M.T. (1979). Down’s syndrome in Western Australia: cytogenetics and incidence. Human Genetics, 48(1), 6772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, L.D., Siddarth, P., Kepe, V., et al. (2011). Positron emission tomography of brain β-amyloid and tau levels in adults with Down syndrome. Archives of Neurology 68, 768774.Google Scholar
Prasher, V. (2004). Review of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine for the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: implications for the intellectual disability population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(6), 505515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasher, V. (ed.) (2009). Neuropsychological Assessments of Dementia in Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities. London: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Prasher, V.P., Barber, P.C., West, R., Glenholmes, P. (1996). The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in adults with Down syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 53(12), 13101313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasher, V.P., Farrer, M.J., Kessling, A.M., et al. (1998). Molecular mapping of Alzheimer-type dementia in Down’s syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 43(3), 380383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasher, V.P., Huxley, A., Haque, M.S., Down Syndrome Ageing Study Group (2002). A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease – pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(3), 270278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasher, V.P., Adams, C., Holder, R. (2003). Long term safety and efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: open label study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(6), 549551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasher, V.P., Fung, N., Adams, C. (2005). Rivastigmine in the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(5), 496497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Saxton, J., McGonigle, K.L., Swihart, A.A., Boller, F. (1993). The Severe Impairment Battery. Bury St. Edmunds, Norfolk, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.Google Scholar
Schupf, N. and Sergievsky, G.H. (2002). Genetic and host factors for dementia in Down’s syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 405410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schupf, N., Patel, B., Silverman, W., et al. (2001). Elevated plasma amyloid beta-peptide 1–42 and onset of dementia in adults with Down syndrome. Neuroscience Letters, 301(3), 199203.Google Scholar
Stoll, C., Alembik, Y., Dott, B., Roth, M.P. (1998). Study of Down syndrome in 238,942 consecutive births. Annales de Genetique, 41(1), 4451.Google Scholar
Strydom, A., Hassiosis, A., Walker, Z. (2002). Clinical use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 19(2), 6063.Google Scholar
Strydom, A., Livingston, G., King, M., Hassiotis, A. (2007). Prevalence of dementia in intellectual disability using different diagnostic criteria. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 150157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strydom, A., Hassiotis, A., King, M., Livingston, G. (2009). The relationship of dementia prevalence in older adults with intellectual disability (ID) to age and severity of ID. Psychological Medicine, 39(1), 1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strydom, A., Romeo, R., Perez-Achiaga, N., et al. (2010a). Service use and cost of mental disorder in older adults with intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 133138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strydom, A., Shooshtari, S., Lee, L.A., et al. (2010b). Dementia in older adults with intellectual disabilities – epidemiology, presentation and diagnosis. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(2), 96110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strydom, A., Chan, T., Fenton, C., et al. (2013a). Validity of criteria for dementia in older people with intellectual disability. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(3), 279288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strydom, A., Chan, T., King, M., et al. (2013b). Incidence of dementia in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(6), 18811885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torr, J. (2009). Assessment of dementia in people with learning disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 3(3), 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torr, J., Carling-Jenkins, R., Iacono, T., Bigby, C. (2010a). Pathways to assessment and diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23(5), 408418.Google Scholar
Torr, J., Strydom, A., Patti, P., Jokinen, N. (2010b). Ageing in Down syndrome: morbidity and mortality. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(1), 7081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrrell, J., Cosgrave, M., McCarron, M., et al. (2001). Dementia in people with Down’s syndrome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(12), 11681174.Google Scholar
Urv, T., Zigman, W.B., Silverman, W. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(4), 265276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wegiel, J., Dowjat, K., Kaczmarski, W., et al. (2008). The role of overexpressed DYRK1A protein in the early onset of neurofibrillary degeneration in Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathologica, 116(4), 391407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisniewski, K.E., Wisniewski, H.M., Wen, G.Y. (1985). Occurrence of neuropathological changes and dementia of Alzheimer’s disease in Down’s syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 17(3), 278282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witts, P. and Elders, S. (1998). The “Severe Impairment Battery”: assessing cognitive ability in adults with Down syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 213216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolvetang, E.W., Bradfield, O.M., Tymms, M., et al. (2003). The chromosome 21 transcription factor ETS2 transactivates the beta-APP promoter: implications for Down syndrome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1628(2), 105–10.Google ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1993) ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Zeilinger, E.L., Stiehl, K.A.M., Weber, G. (2013). A systematic review on assessment instruments for dementia in persons with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 39623977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigman, W.B., Schupf, N., Jenkins, E.C., et al. (2007). Cholesterol level, statin use and Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome. Neuroscience Letters, 416(3), 279284.Google Scholar

References

Advokat, C.D., Mayville, E.A., Matson, J.L. (2000). Side effect profiles of atypical antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, or no psychotropic medications in persons with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(1), 7584.Google Scholar
Allott, K.A., Francey, S.M., Velligan, D.I. (2013). Improving functional outcome using compensatory strategies in comorbid intellectual disability and psychosis: a case study. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 16(1), 5065.Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. (2004). Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(2), 596601.Google Scholar
Antonacci, D.J. and De Groot, C.M. (2000). Clozapine treatment in a population of adults with mental retardation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(1), 2225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balogh, R., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Bourne, L., Lunsky, Y., Colantonio, A. (2008). Organising health care services for persons with an intellectual disability. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 4, CD007492.Google Scholar
Bamburg, J.W., Cherry, K.E., Matson, J.L., Penn, D. (2001). Assessment of schizophrenia in persons with severe and profound mental retardation using the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 13(4), 319331.Google Scholar
Bassett, A.S., Costaina, G., Funga, W.L.A., et al. (2010). Clinically detectable copy number variations in a Canadian catchment population of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 10051009.Google Scholar
Boer, H., Holland, A., Whittington, J., et al. (2002). Psychotic illness in people with Prader Willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy. Lancet, 359(9301), 135136.Google Scholar
Bonnici, H.M., William, T., Moorhead, J., et al. (2007). Pre-frontal lobe gyrification index in schizophrenia, mental retardation and comorbid groups: an automated study. Neuroimage, 35(2), 648654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botto, L.D., May, K., Fernhoff, P.M., et al. (2003). A population-based study of the 22q11. 2 deletion: phenotype, incidence, and contribution to major birth defects in the population. Pediatrics, 112(1), 101107.Google Scholar
Bouras, N., Martin, G., Leese, M., et al. (2004). Schizophrenia‐spectrum psychoses in people with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(6), 548555.Google Scholar
Buckles, J., Luckasson, R., Keefe, E. (2013). A systematic review of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability, 2003–2010. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 6(3), 181207.Google Scholar
Chaplin, R., Barley, M., Cooper, S.J., et al. (2006). The impact of intellectual functioning on symptoms and service use in schizophrenia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(4), 288294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaplin, E., Gilvarry, C., Tsakanikos, E. (2011). Recreational substance use patterns and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 29812986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherry, K.E., Penn, D., Matson, J.L., et al. (2000). Characteristics of schizophrenia among persons with severe or profound mental retardation. Psychiatric Services, 51(7), 922924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chien, W.T, Leung, S.F., Yeung, F.K.K., et al.(2013). Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, Part II: psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, D.J., Cumella, S., Corbett, J., et al. (1994). Use of ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria to categorise psychiatric and behavioural abnormalities among people with learning disabilities: the West Midlands field trial. Mental Handicap Research, 7(4), 273285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, D.M., Dvir, Y., Frazier, J.A. (2013). “Autism-plus” spectrum disorders: intersection with psychosis and the schizophrenia spectrum. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(4), 609627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S.A. and Underwood, M.T. (1994). The use of clozapine in a mentally retarded and aggressive population. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(10), 440444.Google Scholar
Collacott, R.A., Cooper, S.-A., McGrother, C. (1992). Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down’s syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161(5), 671674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, D.F. and Posever, T.A. (1998). A brief review of atypical antipsychotics in individuals with developmental disability. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 1, 93101.Google Scholar
Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., et al. (2007). Psychosis and adults with intellectual disabilities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(7), 530536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., Jackson, A., et al. (2009). Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of aggressive behaviour and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 217232.Google Scholar
Costello, H. and Bouras, N. (2006). Assessment of mental health problems in people with intellectual disabilities. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 43(4), 241.Google ScholarPubMed
Cowley, A., Newton, J., Sturmey, P., et al. (2005). Psychiatric inpatient admissions of adults with intellectual disabilities: predictive factors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110(3), 216225.Google Scholar
Crowley, V., Rose, J., Smith, J., et al. (2008). Psycho-educational groups for people with a dual diagnosis of psychosis and mild intellectual disability: a preliminary study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 12(1), 2539.Google Scholar
De Kuijper, G., Hoekstra, P., Visser, F., et al. (2010). Use of antipsychotic drugs in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) in the Netherlands: prevalence and reasons for prescription. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 659667.Google Scholar
Deb, S., Thomas, M., Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 1: prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community‐based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45(6), 495505.Google Scholar
Deprey, L. and Ozonoff, S. (2008). Assessment of comorbid psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorders. In Sam, G. and Ozonoff, S. (eds.), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Devapriam, J., Anand, A., Raju, L.B., et al. (2009). Monitoring for metabolic syndrome in adults with intellectual disability on atypical antipsychotic drugs. British Journal of Development Disabilities, 55(108), 313.Google Scholar
Doody, G.A., Johnstone, E.C., Sanderson, T.L., et al. (1998). “Pfropfschizophrenie”revisited. Schizophrenia in people with mild learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(2), 145153.Google Scholar
Duggan, L. and Brylewski, J. (2004). Antipsychotic medication versus placebo for people with both schizophrenia and learning disability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000030.Google Scholar
Fatemi, S.H. and Folsom, T.D. (2009). The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(3), 528548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Fodstad, J.C., Bamburg, J.W., Matson, J.L., et al. (2010). Tardive dyskinesia and intellectual disability: an examination of demographics and topography in adults with dual diagnosis and atypical antipsychotic use. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 750759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frighi, V., Stephenson, M.T., Morovat, A., et al. (2011). Safety of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(4), 289295.Google Scholar
Fuller, R., Nopoulos, P., Arndt, S., et al. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(7), 11831189.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A., Gazizova, A., Akinlonu, L., et al. (2011). Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with intellectual disabilities: analysis of prison survey data for England and Wales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(2), 156157.Google Scholar
Hatton, C., Haddock, G., Taylor, J.L., et al. (2005). The reliability and validity of general psychotic rating scales with people with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities: an empirical investigation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 490500.Google Scholar
Hemmings, C.P. (2008). Community services for people with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(5), 459462.Google Scholar
Hemmings, C.P., Underwood, L.A., Bouras, N. (2009). Services in the community for adults with psychosis and intellectual disabilities: a Delphi consultation of professionals’ views. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(7), 677684.Google Scholar
Hemmings, C.P., Bouras, N., Craig, T. (2014). How should community mental health of intellectual disability services evolve? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 86248631.Google Scholar
Hess‐Röver, J., Critchton, J., Byrne, K., et al. (1999). Case report: diagnosis and treatment of a severe psychotic illness in a man with dual severe sensory impairments caused by the presence of Usher syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(5), 428434.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A., Shifman, S., Rivlin, N., et al. (2005). A survey of the 22q11 microdeletion in a large cohort of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 73(2), 263267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulbert‐Williams, L., Hastings, R., Owen, D.M., et al. (2014). Exposure to life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: a longitudinal design. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 4860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, A.D. (2012). Treatment of erotomania using cognitive behavioural psychotherapy approaches. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(2), 7681.Google Scholar
Irazábal, M., Marsà, F., García, M., et al. (2012). Family burden related to clinical and functional variables of people with intellectual disability with and without a mental disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 796803.Google Scholar
Jääskeläinen, E., Juola, P., Hirvonen, N., et al. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 13631372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, J.M. (1992). Clinical efficacy of clozapine in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: an overview. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(17), 4145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, C.-I., Hung, W.J., Lin, L.P., et al. (2011). A retrospective population-based data analyses of inpatient care use and medical expenditure in people with intellectual disability co-occurring schizophrenia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 12261231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantry, D., Cooper, S-A., Smiley, E., et al. (2008). The prevalence and incidence of mental ill‐health in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(2), 141155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, K. and Ferris, J. (2012). Utilising behavioural family therapy (BFT) to help support the system around a person with intellectual disability and complex mental health needs: a case study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), 109118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, G., Costello, H., Leese, M., et al. (2005). An exploratory study of assertive community treatment for people with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders: conceptual, clinical, and service issues. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 516524.Google Scholar
Matson, J.L., Mayville, E.A., Bielecki, J.A., et al. (1998). Reliability of the Matson evaluation of drug side effects scale (MEDS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19(6), 501506.Google Scholar
Meadows, G., Turner, T., Campbell, L., et al. (1991). Assessing schizophrenia in adults with mental retardation. A comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 103105.Google Scholar
Melville, C.A. (2003). A critique of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC‐LD) chapter on non‐affective psychotic disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(Suppl.1), 1625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, T.H.M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., et al. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370(9584), 319328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorhead, T.W.J., Stanfield, A., Spencer, M., et al. (2009). Progressive temporal lobe grey matter loss in adolescents with schizotypal traits and mild intellectual impairment. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174(2), 105109.Google Scholar
Morgan, V.A., Leonard, H., Bourke, J., et al. (2008). Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 364372.Google Scholar
Moss, S., Patel, P., Prosser, H. (1993). Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability. I: Development and reliability of the patient interview (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 471480.Google Scholar
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Goldberg, D. (1996). Validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis of the psychiatric assessment schedule for adults with developmental disability (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(3), 359367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Treatment and Management. NICE Guideline [CG178]. At: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/chapter/recommendationsGoogle Scholar
Newcomer, J.W. (2007). Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(1), 2027.Google Scholar
O’Dwyer, J.M. (1997). Schizophrenia in people with intellectual disability: the role of pregnancy and birth complications. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41(3), 238251.Google Scholar
Oliver, P.C., Piachaud, J., Done, J., et al. (2002). Difficulties in conducting a randomized controlled trial of health service interventions in intellectual disability: implications for evidence‐based practice. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(4), 340345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ousley, O.Y., Smearman, E., Fernandez-Carriba, S., et al. (2013). Axis I psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. European Psychiatry, 28(7), 417422.Google Scholar
Owen, M.J., O’Donovan, M.C., Thapar, A., et al. (2011). Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(3), 173175.Google Scholar
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S.I., et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(1), 1928.Google Scholar
Pharoah, F., Mari, J.J., Rathbone, J., et al. (2010). Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD000088.Google Scholar
Pickard, M. and Paschos, D. (2005). Pseudohallucinations in people with intellectual disabilities: two case reports. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 8(3), 9193.Google Scholar
Raja, M. and Azzoni, A. (2010). Autistic spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in the adult psychiatric setting: diagnosis and comorbidity. Psychiatria Danubina, 22(4), 514521.Google ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Sanderson, T.L., Best, J.J.K., Doody, G.A., et al. (1999). Neuroanatomy of comorbid schizophrenia and learning disability: a controlled study. Lancet, 354(9193), 18671871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, M., Debbané, M., Bassett, A.S., et al. (2014). Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(6), 627639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shprintzen, R.J. (2008). Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome: 30 Years of study. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14(1), 310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, A.N., Matson, J.L., Hill, B.D., et al. (2010). The use of clozapine among individuals with intellectual disability: a review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6), 11351141.Google Scholar
Sinnema, M., Boer, H., Collin, P., et al. (2011). Psychiatric illness in a cohort of adults with Prader–Willi syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(5), 17291735.Google Scholar
Soni, S., Whittington, A., Holland, A.J., et al. (2008). The phenomenology and diagnosis of psychiatric illness in people with Prader–Willi syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 38(10), 15051514.Google Scholar
Spiller, M.J., Costello, H., Bramley, A., et al. (2007). Consumption of mental health services by people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(5), 430438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starling, J. and Dossetor, D. (2009). Pervasive developmental disorders and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(3), 190196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steen, R.G., Mull, C., McClure, R., et al. (2006). Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia. Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(6), 510518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, L.I. and Test, M.A. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(4), 392397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussmann, J.E., McIntosh, A.M., Lawrie, S.M., et al. (2009). Obstetric complications and mild to moderate intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 224228.Google Scholar
Teeluckdharry, S., Sharma, S., O’Rourke, E., et al. (2013). Monitoring metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics in people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 223235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thalayasingam, S., Alexander, R.T., Singh, I. (2004). The use of clozapine in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(6), 572579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsakanikos, E., Bouras, N., Costello, H., et al. (2007). Multiple exposure to life events and clinical psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(1), 2428.Google Scholar
Tsakanikos, E., McCarthy, J., Kravariti, E., et al. (2010). The role of ethnicity in clinical psychopathology and care pathways of adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 410415.Google Scholar
Van Os, J., Rutten, B.P.F., Poulton, R. (2008). Gene–environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 10661082.Google Scholar
Waldeck, T., Wyszynski, B., Medalia, A. (2001). The relationship between Usher’s syndrome and psychosis with Capgras syndrome. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64(3), 248255.Google Scholar
Warner, R., (2009). Recovery from schizophrenia and the recovery model. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(4), 374380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welch, K.A., Lawrie, S.M., Muir, W., et al. (2011). Systematic review of the clinical presentation of schizophrenia in intellectual disability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 246253.Google Scholar
White, P., Chant, D., Edwards, N., et al. (2005). Prevalence of intellectual disability and comorbid mental illness in an Australian community sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(5), 395400.Google Scholar

References

Adams, D. and Oliver, C. (2011). The expression and assessment on emotions and internal states in individuals with severe or profound intellectual disabilities. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 293306.Google Scholar
Antochi, R. and Stavrakaki, C. (2004). Determining pharmacotherapy options for behavioral disturbances in patients with developmental disabilities. Psychiatric Annals, 34, 205212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, R.D., Dubovsky, S.L., Firestone, D., et al. (1998). Use of clozapine in 10 mentally retarded adults. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10, 9395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cain, N.N., Davidson, P.W., Burhan, A.M., et al. (2003). Identifying bipolar disorders in individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 3138.Google Scholar
Carr, E.G., Neumann, J.K., Darnell, C.L. (1998). The clinical importance of sleep data collection: a national survey and case reports. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 1, 3943.Google Scholar
Charlot, L., Deutsch, C.K., Fletcher, K., et al. (2007a). Validation of the Mood and Anxiety Semi-Structured (MASS) interview for patients with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 821834.Google Scholar
Charlot, L., Fox, S., Silka, V.R., et al. (2007b). Mood disorders in individuals with intellectual disability. In Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.), Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, S.A. and Bailey, N.M. (2001). Psychiatric disorders amongst adults with learning disabilities-prevalence and relationship to ability level. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 18, 4553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., et al. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 2735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbett, J.A. (1979). Psychiatric morbidity and mental retardation. In James, F.E. and Snaith, R.P. (eds.), Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap. London: Gaskell Press.Google Scholar
Cuthill, F.M., Espie, C.A., Cooper, S.A. (2003). Development and psychometric properties of the Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a learning disability. Individual and carer supplement versions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 347353.Google Scholar
Deb, S., Thomas, M., Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. I: prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 495505.Google Scholar
Dekker, M.C. and Koot, H.M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 915922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, S., Hubert, J., White, S., Hollins, S. (2006) Bereaved adults with intellectual disabilities: a combined randomized controlled trial and qualitative study of two community-based interventions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(4), 277287.Google Scholar
Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 5158.Google Scholar
Esbensen, A.J. and Benson, B.A. (2006). A prospective analysis of life events, problem behaviours and depression in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 248258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esbensen, A.J., Rojahn, J., Aman, M.G., et al. (2003). Reliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety, depression, and mood among individuals with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 617629.Google Scholar
Evans, D.L., Byerly, M.J., Greer, R.A. (1995). Secondary mania: diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 3137.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (1998). Developmental Neuropsychiatry Volume II: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Developmental Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A., Serfaty, M., Azam, K., et al. (2013). Manualised individual cognitive behavioural therapy for mood disorders in people with mild to moderate intellectual disability: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 186195.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A., Stueber, K., Thomas, B., et al. (2014). Mood and anxiety disorders. In Tsakanikos, E. and McCarthy, J. (eds.), Handbook of Psychopathology in Intellectual Disability: Research, Practice, and Policy. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Hemmings, C.P., Gravestock, S., Pickard, M. et al. (2006). Psychiatric symptoms and problem behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 269276.Google Scholar
Hermans, H. and Evenhuis, H.M. (2010). Characteristics of instruments screening for depression in adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 11091120.Google Scholar
Howland, R.H. (1992). Fluoxetine treatment of depression in mentally retarded adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 202205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, A.D. (2008). Depression in adults with intellectual disability: symptoms and challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 905916.Google Scholar
Hurley, A.D., Folstein, M., Lam, N. (2003). Patients with and without intellectual disability seeking outpatient psychiatric services: diagnoses and prescribing pattern. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 3950.Google Scholar
Kerner, B. (2014). Genetics of bipolar disorder. Application of Clinical Genetics, 12, 3342.Google Scholar
Kushlick, A., Trower, P., Dagnan, D. (1997). Applying cognitive-behavioural approaches to the carers of people with learning disabilities who display challenging behaviour. In Stenfert Kroese, B., Dagnan, D., Loumidis, K. (eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lowry, M. (1998). Assessment and treatment of mood disorders in persons with developmental disability. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disability, 10, 387406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, J. (1985). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in mentally retarded adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72, 563570.Google Scholar
Lunsky, Y. (2004). Suicidality in a clinical and community sample of adults with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 231243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunsky, Y., Raina, P., Burge, P. (2012). Suicidality among adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140, 292295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marston, G.M., Perry, D., Roy, A. (1997). Manifestations of depression in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 476480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masi, G., Marcheschi, M., Pfanner, P. (1997). Paroxetine in depressed adolescents with intellectual disability: an open label study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 268272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J.L. (1995). Diagnostic Assessement for the Severely Handicapped-II. Baton Rouge, LA: Disability Consultants.Google Scholar
Matson, J.L. and Bamburg, J.W. (1998). Reliability of the Assessment of Dual Diagnosis (ADD). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J.L., Gonzalez, M.L., Terlonge, C., et al. (2007). What symptoms predict the diagnosis of mania in persons with severe/profound intellectual disability in clinical practice? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, M.P., McGillivray, J.A., Newton, D.C. (2006). Effectiveness of treatment programmes for depression among adults with mild/moderate intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 239247.Google Scholar
McGillivray, J., McCabe, M., Kershaw, M. (2008) Depression in people with intellectual disability: an evaluation of a staff-administered treatment program. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 524536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merrick, J., Merrick, E., Lunsky, Y., et al. (2006). A review of suicidality in persons with intellectual disability. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 43, 258264.Google ScholarPubMed
Morgan, V.A., Leonard, H., Bourke, J., et al.(2008). Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 364372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morin, D., Rivard, M., Cobigo, V., et al. (2010). Intellectual disabilities and depression: how to adapt psychological assessment and intervention. Canadian Psychology, 51, 185193.Google Scholar
Moss, S., Ibbotson, B., Prosser, H., et al. (1997). Validity of the PSA-ADD for detecting psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability (mental retardation). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 344354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Costello, H., et al. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS-ADD checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 173183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez-Achiaga, N., Nelson, N., Hassiotis, A. (2009). Instruments for the detection of depressive symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 13, 5576.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. (1988). The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior: Test Manual. Worthington, OH: IDS Publishing.Google Scholar
Reynolds, W.M. and Baker, J.A. (1988). Assessment of depression in persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 93, 93103.Google Scholar
Richards, M., Maughan, B., Hardy, R., et al. (2001). Long-term affective disorder in people with mild learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 523527.Google Scholar
Ross, E. and Oliver, C. (2003). The assessment of mood in adults who have severe or profound mental retardation. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 225245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Ruedrich, S., Swales, T.P., Fassaceca, C., et al. (1999). Effect of divalproex sodium on aggression and self-injurious behaviour in adults with intellectual disability: a retrospective review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 105111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sovner, R. and Desnoyers-Hurley, A.D. (1990). Bipolar mood chart. Habilitative Healthcare Newsletter, 9, 96.Google Scholar
Sovner, R. and Pary, R. (1993). Affective disorders in developmentally disabled persons. In Matson, J.L. and Barrett, R.P. (eds.), Psychopathology in the Mentally Retarded. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, C., Antochi, R., Emery, C. (2004). Olanzapine in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders: a case series analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 29, 5760.Google ScholarPubMed
Sturmey, P., Laud, R.B., Cooper, C.L., et al. (2010a). Challenging behaviors should not be considered depressive equivalents in individuals with intellectual disabilities. II. A replication study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 10021007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sturmey, P., Laud, R.B., Cooper, C.L., et al. (2010b). Mania and behavioral equivalents: a preliminary study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 10081014.Google Scholar
Tsiouris, J.A., Mann, R., Patti, P.J., et al. (2003). Challenging behaviours should not be considered as depressive equivalents in individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 1421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vereenooghe, L. and Langdon, P.E. (2013). Psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 40854102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhoeven, W.M., Veendrik-Meekes, M.J., Jacobs, G.A., et al. (2001). Citalopram in mentally retarded patients with depression: a long-term clinical investigation. European Psychiatry: Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 16, 104108.Google Scholar
Walker, J.C., Dosen, A., Buitelaar, J.K., et al. (2011). Depression in Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 14321440.Google Scholar
Wigham, S., Hatton, C., Taylor, J.L. (2011). The effects of traumatizing life events on people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4, 1939.Google Scholar
Wu, C.S., Desarkar, P., Palucka, A., et al. (2013). Acute inpatient treatment, hospitalization course and direct costs in bipolar patients with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 40624072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Aman, M.G., Watson, J.E., Singh, N.N., et al. (1986). Psychometric and demographic characteristics of the psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 10721076.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Brown, M., Duff, H., Karatzias, T., Horsburgh, D. (2011). A review of the literature relating to psychological interventions and people with intellectual disabilities: issues for research, policy, education and clinical practice. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 3145.Google Scholar
Burke, C.-K. (2014). Feeling Down: Improving the Mental Health of People with Learning Disabilities. London, Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E. (2014). Is guided self help a treatment option for people with intellectual disability? PhD thesis. London: Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E., Craig, T., Bouras, N. (2012). Using service user and expert opinion, to identify and review items for the SAINT: a guided self-help pack for adults with intellectual disability. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(1), 1725.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E., Chester, R., Tsakanikos, E., et al. (2013). Reliability and validity of the SAINT: a guided self-help tool for people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 6 (3), 245253.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Hardy, S., et al. (2014). Guided Self-help for People with Intellectual Disabilities and Anxiety and Depression, Brighton, UK: Pavilion.Google Scholar
Chester, R., Chaplin, E., Tsakanikos, E., et al. (2013). Gender differences in self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with intellectual disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (4), 191200.Google Scholar
Cooper, S.-A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disability: prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 2735.Google Scholar
Cooray, S., Cooper, S.-A., Gabriel, S., Gaus, V. (2007). Anxiety disorders. In Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C. (eds.), Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability (DM-ID): A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Dagnan, D., Jahoda, A., McDowell, K., et al. (2008). The psychometric properties of the hospital anxiety and depressions scales adapted for use with people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 942949.Google Scholar
Davis, E., Saeed, S.A., Antonacci, D.J. (2008). Anxiety disorders in persons with developmental disabilities: empirical informed diagnosis and treatment. Psychiatr Q, 79, 249263.Google Scholar
Deb, S., Thomas, M., Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability: prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 495505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, P., Dowling, S., Hollins, S. (2005). A review of the emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses to bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 537543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einfeld, S.L. and Tonge, B.J. (2002). Manual for the Developmental Behaviour Checklist, second edition. Clayton: Monash University Center for Developmental Psychiatry and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, C. and Sonnander, K. (2004). Occurrence of mental health problems in Swedish sample of adults with intellectual disabilities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 448456.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, C. and Sonnander, K. (2005). A psychometric evaluation of a Swedish version of the psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults (PIMRA). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 183201.Google Scholar
Hagopian, L.P. and Jennett, H.K. (2008). Behavioural assessment and treatment of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20, 467483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassiotis, A. and Hall, I. (2008). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for outwardly-directed aggressive behaviour in people with learning disabilities. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD003406.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A., Serfaty, M., Azam, K., et al. (2011). Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression in adults with mild intellectual disability (ID): a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials, 12: 95.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A., Stueber, T.B., Charlot, L. (2014). Depressive and anxiety disorders in intellectual disability. In Tsakanikos, E. and McCarthy, J. (eds.), Handbook of Psychopathology in Intellectual Disability: Research, Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Hatton, C. (2002). Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: a review. Journal of Mental Health, 11, 357374.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B. and Martinsen, H. (2011). Anxiety in people diagnosed with autism and intellectual disability: recognition and phenomenology. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 377387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IPATs) teams (2009) Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: Learning Disability Positive Practice Guide. At: http://www.iapt.nhs.uk/silo/files/learning-disabilities-positive-practice-guide-2013.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., et al. (2005). Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, B. (2007). Psychopharmacology in intellectual disabilities. In Bouras, N. and Holt, G. (eds.), Psychiatric and Behavioural Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lindsay, W.R. and Skene, D.D. (2007). The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in people with intellectual disabilities: factor analyses and group data. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28, 401408.Google Scholar
Matson, J.L. (1995). Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped Scale (DASH-II). Baton Rouge, LA: Disability Consultants.Google Scholar
Mindham, J. and Espie, C.A. (2003). Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability (GAS-ID): development and psychometric properties of a new measure for use with people with mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 2230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, S. and Hurley, A.D. (2014). Integrating assessment instruments within the diagnostic process. In Tsakanikos, E. and McCarthy, J. (eds.), Handbook of Psychopathology in Intellectual Disability: Research, Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Moss, S., Patel, P., Prosser, H., et al. (1993). Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability (mental retardation). Part I: development and reliability of the patient interview (the PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 471480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Costello, H., et al. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS-ADD checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 173183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2011). Guidelines Number 123 – Common Mental Health Disorders: the NICE Guidelines on Identification and Pathways in Care. London: British Psychological Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2011). Generalised Anxiety Disorder (With or Without Agoraphobia) in Adults. NICE Guideline [CG113]. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Google Scholar
Paschos, D., Bass, N., Strydom, A. (2014). Behavioural phenotypes and genetic syndromes. In Tsakanikos, E. and McCarthy, J. (eds.), Handbook of Psychopathology in Intellectual Disability: Research, Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Pies, R. (2009). Should psychiatrists use atypical antipsychotics to treat nonpsychotic anxiety? Psychiatry, 6, 2937.Google ScholarPubMed
Prosser, H., Moss, S.C., Costello, H., et al. (1998). Reliability and validity of the Mini PAS-AOD for assessing psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 264272.Google Scholar
Ramirez, S.Z. and Lukenbill, J.F. (2007). Development of the fear survey for adults with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 225237.Google Scholar
Reid, K.A., Smiley, E., Cooper, S.A. (2011). Prevalence and associations of anxiety disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55, 172181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanczyk, R.G., Gillis, J.M., Barron, M.G., et al. (2006). Autism and the Physiology of Stress and Anxiety. Stress and Coping in Autism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, C. and Lunsky, Y. (2007). Depression, anxiety and adjustment disorder in people with intellectual disability. In Bouras, N. and Holt, G. (eds.), Psychiatric and Behavioural Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taggart, L. and Cousins, W. (2014). Health Promotion for People with Intellectual Disabilities. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw Hill/Open University Press.Google Scholar
Willner, P. (2005). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for people with learning disability: a critical overview. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 7385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1992). International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text Revision, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bisson, J. and Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 18, CD003388.Google Scholar
Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 2028.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 3. Loss – Sadness and Depression. London: The Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, E., Sinclair, L., Greenbaum, R. (2012). Trauma and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: interprofessional clinical and service perspectives. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 5, 3346.Google Scholar
Brickell, C. and Munir, K. (2008). Grief and its complications in individuals with intellectual disability. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 16(1), 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, R.A. (2011). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 233239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, R.A., Friedman, M.J., Spiegel, D., Ursano, R., Strain, J. (2011). A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28 (9), 802817.Google Scholar
Dodd, P. and Guerin, S. (2009) Grief and bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22 (5), 442446.Google Scholar
Dodd, P., Dowling, S., Hollins, S. (2005). A review of the emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses to bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 537543.Google Scholar
Dodd, P., Guerin, S., McEvoy, J., et al. (2008). A study of complicated grief symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 52, 415425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esbensen, A.J. and Benson, B.A. (2006). A prospective analysis of life events, problem behaviours and depression in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 5158.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability (DM-ID): A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Guerin, S., Lockhart, K., McEvoy, J., Dodd, P. (2014). Fit for purpose? Examining the occurance of persistent complex bereavement related disorder in persons with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27 (4), 327.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D., Sutherland, G., Iacono, T. (2005). Further examination of relationships between life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 839844.Google Scholar
Harper, D.C. and Wadsworth, J.S. (1993). Grief in adults with mental retardation: preliminary findings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 313330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, R., Hatton, C., Taylor, J., Maddison, C. (2004). Life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 4246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatton, C. and Emerson, E. (2004). The relationship between life events and psychopathology amongst children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 109117.Google Scholar
Hollins, S. and Esterhuyzen, A. (1997). Bereavement and grief in adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 497502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollins, S. and Sinason, V. (2000). Psychotherapy, learning disabilities and trauma: new perspectives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 3236.Google Scholar
Hulbert-Williams, L., Hastings, R., Owen, D.M., et al. (2014). Exposure to life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: a longitudinal design. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58, 4860.Google Scholar
Hurley, A.D., Folstein, M.F., Lam, N. (2003). Patients with and without intellectual disabilities seeking outpatient psychiatric services: diagnoses and prescribing pattern. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 3950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lannen, P., Wolfe, J., Prigerson, H.G., Onelov, E. (2008). Unresolved grief in a national sample of bereaved parents: impaired medical and physical health 4–9 years later. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 58705876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitas, A. and Gilson, S.F. (2001). Predictable crises in the lives of persons with mental retardation. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 4, 89100.Google Scholar
Lunsky, Y. and Elserafi, J. (2011). Life events and emergency department visits in response to crisis in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55 (7), 714718.Google Scholar
MacHale, R., McEvoy, J., Tierney, E. (2009). Caregiver perceptions of the understanding of death and need for bereavement support in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22, 6, 574581.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in people with learning disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 163169.Google Scholar
McEvoy, J., Reid, Y., Guerin, S. (2002). Emotion recognition and concept of death in people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48, 8389.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. and Clegg, J. (2005). Is post-traumatic stress disorder a helpful concept for adults with intellectual disability? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 552559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Costello, H., et al. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS–ADD Checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 173183.Google Scholar
Murphy, G.H., O’Callaghan, A.C., Clare, I.C.H. (2007). The impact of alleged abuse on behaviour in adults with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 741749.Google Scholar
O’Keeffe, L., Dodd, P., Guerin, S., Lockhart, K., McEvoy, J. (2012). Developing a self-report measure of complicated grief in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 56, 663.Google Scholar
Owen, D.M., Hastings, R.P., Noone, S.J., et al. (2004). Life events as correlates of problem behaviour and mental health in a residential population of adults with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 309320.Google Scholar
Parkes, C.M. (2006). Love and Loss: The Roots of Grief and its Complications. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pocket Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. (2013). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prigerson, H., Shear, K., Jacobs, S., Reynolds, C., Maciejewski, P. (1999). Consensus criteria for traumatic grief: a preliminary empirical test. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 6773.Google Scholar
Prigerson, H., Horowitz, M.J., Jacobs, S.C., et al. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raitasuo, S., Taiminen, T., Salokangas, R.K. (1999). Characteristics of people with intellectual disability admitted for psychiatric inpatient treatment. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(2), 112118.Google Scholar
Reiss, S., Levitan, G.W., Szyszko, J. (1982). Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: diagnostic overshadowing. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 567574.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder in persons with developmental disability. Community Mental Health Journal, 30 (1), 4554.Google Scholar
Sequeira, H. and Hollins, S. (2003). Clinical effects of sexual abuse on people with learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 1319.Google Scholar
Speece, M.W. and Brent, S.B. (1984). Children’s understanding of death: a review of three components of the death concept. Child Development, 55, 16711686.Google Scholar
Sturmey, P., Newton, J.T., Cowley, A., et al. (2005). The PAS-ADD Checklist: independent replication of its psychometric properties in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 319323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennant, C. (2002). Life events, stress, and depression: a review of the findings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 173182.Google Scholar
Tomasulo, D.J. and Razza, N.J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C. (eds.), Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability (DM-ID): A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Turk, V. and Browne, H. (1993). The sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities: results of a two year incidence study. Mental Handicap Research, 6 (3), 193216.Google Scholar
Weathers, F.W. and Keane, T.M. (2007). The Criterion A problem revisited: controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigham, S., Hatton, C., Taylor, J.L. (2011a). The effects of traumatizing life events on people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Mental Health in Intellectual Disabilities, 4, 1939.Google Scholar
Wigham, S., Hatton, C., Taylor, J.L. (2011b). The Lancaster and Northgate Trauma Scales (LANTS): the development and psychometric properties of a measure of trauma for people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 26512659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigham, S., Taylor, J.L., Hatton, C. (2014). A prospective study of the relationship between adverse life events and trauma in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(12), 11311140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1906). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459482.Google Scholar

References

Alexander, R.T. and Cooray, S. (2003). Diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(44), S28S31.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.T., Piachaud, J., Odebiyi, L., Gangadharan, S.K. (2002). Referrals to a forensic service in the psychiatry of learning disability. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 4, 2933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R.T., Crouch, K., Halstead, S., Pichaud, J. (2006). Long-term outcome from a medium secure service for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 305315.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.T., Green, F.N., O’Mahony, B., et al. (2010). Personality disorders in offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison of clinical, forensic and outcome variables and implications for service provision. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 650658.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.T., Chester, V., Gray, N.S., Snowden, R.J. (2012). Patients with personality disorders and intellectual disability – closer to personality disorders or intellectual disability? A three-way comparison. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 23(4), 435451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballinger, B.R. and Reid, A.H. (1987). A standardised assessment of personality in mental handicap. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 108109.Google Scholar
Berry, D.T.R., Bagby, M.R., Smerz, J., et al. (2001). Effectiveness of the NEO-PI-R research validity scales for discriminating analog malingering and genuine psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(3), 496517.Google Scholar
Blackburn, R. (2000). Classification and assessment of personality disorders in mentally disordered offenders: a psychological perspective. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10(Special Suppl.), S8S32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Renwick, S.J.D., Donnelly, J.P. (2005). Higher order dimensions of personality disorder: hierarchical and relationships with the Five Factor Model, the interpersonal circle and psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 597623.Google Scholar
Bouras, N. and Holt, G. (eds.) (2007). Psychiatric and Behavioural Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caperton, J.D., Edens, J.F., Johnson, J.K. (2004). Predicting sex offender institutional adjustment and treatment compliance using the Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 16, 187191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R.B. (1946). Confirmation and clarification of primary personality factors. Psychometrika, 12, 197220.Google Scholar
Corbett, J.A. (1979). Psychiatric Illness in Mental Handicap. London: Gaskell Press.Google Scholar
Costa, P.T. Jr. and McCrae, R.R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Costa, P.T. Jr. and McCrae, R.R. (1995). Domains and facets: hierarchical personality assessment using the revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), 2150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earl, C.J.C. (1961). Subnormal Personalities: Their Clinical Investigation and Assessment. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox.Google Scholar
Eaton, I.F. and Menolascino, F.J. (1982). Psychiatric disorders in the mentally retarded: types, problems and challenges. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 12971303.Google Scholar
Edens, J.F. (2009). Interpersonal characteristics of male criminal offenders: personality, psychopathological and behavioural correlates. Psychological Assessment, 21, 8998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmons, R.A. (1995). Levels and domains in personality: an introduction. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 342364.Google Scholar
Fazel, S. and Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder among 23,000 prisoners: systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 16, 545550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, A., Mathews, H., Hollins, S. (2002). Validity of the diagnosis of personality disorder in adults with learning disability and severe behaviour problems. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 543546.Google Scholar
Goldberg, B., Gitta, M.Z., Puddephatt, A. (1995). Personality and trait disturbance in an adult mental retardation population: significance for psychiatric management. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 284294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, L.R. (1981). Language and individual differences: the search for universals in personality lexicons. In Wheeler, L. (ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 2. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Gostasson, R. (1987). Psychiatric illness among the mildly mentally retarded. Journal of Medical Science, 44(Suppl.), 115124.Google Scholar
Hare, R.D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi Health Systems.Google Scholar
Hogue, T.E., Steptoe, L., Taylor, J.L., et al. (2006). A comparison of offenders with intellectual disability across three levels of security. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 16, 1328.Google Scholar
Khan, A., Cowan, C., Roy, A. (1997). Personality disorders in people with learning disabilities: a community survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 324330.Google Scholar
Lindsay, W.R., Gabriel, S., Dana, L., Dosen, A., Young, S. (2005). Personality disorders. In Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C. (eds.), Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability (DM-ID): A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Lindsay, W.R., Hogue, T., Taylor, J.T., et al. (2006). Two studies on the prevalence and validity of personality disorder in three forensic learning disability samples. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17, 485506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, W.R., Rzepecka, H., Law, J. (2007). An exploratory study into the use of the Five Factor Model of Personality with People with Intellectual Disabilities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 428437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, W.R., Taylor, J., Hogue, T., et al. (2010). The relationship between assessed emotion, personality, personality disorder and risk. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 17, 385397.Google Scholar
Mann, A.H., Jenkins, R., Cutting, J.C., Cowan, P.J. (1981). The development and use of an assessment of abnormal personality. Psychological Medicine, 11, 839847.Google Scholar
Mason, J. (2007). Personality assessment in offenders with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 9(1) 3139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the Five Factor Model of Personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 8190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1991). The NEO Personality Inventory: using the Five Factor Model in counselling. Journal of Counselling and Development, 69(4), 367373.Google Scholar
Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Silver, E., et al. (2001). Re-thinking Risk Assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morey, L.C. (1988). The categorical representation of personality disorder: a cluster analysis of DSM III-R personality features. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 314321.Google Scholar
Morrissey, C. and Ingamells, B. (2011). Adapted dialectical behaviour therapy for male offenders with intellectual disability in a high secure environment: six years on. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 2, 1117.Google Scholar
Morrissey, C., Mooney, P., Hogue, T., Lindsay, W.R., Taylor, J.L. (2007). Predictive validity of psychopathy in offenders with intellectual disabilities in a high security hospital: treatment progress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 32, 125133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naik, B.I., Gangadharan, S.K., Alexander, R.T. (2002). Personality disorders in learning disability – the clinical experience. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 48, 95100.Google Scholar
Norman, W.T. (1963). Towards an adequate taxonomy of, personality attributes: replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piedmont, R.L. and Weinstein, H.P. (1993). A psychometric evaluation of the new NEO-PI-R facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(2), 302318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, S.W., Christiansen, N.D., Wagner, S.H., McNulty, J.L. (2003). On the usefulness of normal measures of personality for clinical assessment: evidence of the incremental validity of the revised NEO personality inventory. Psychological Assessment, 15, 311325.Google Scholar
Reid, A.H., Lindsay, W.R., Law, J., Sturmey, P. (2004). The relationship of offending behaviour and personality disorder in people with developmental disabilities. In Lindsay, W.R., Taylor, J.L., Sturmey, P. (eds.), Offenders with Developmental Disabilities. Chichester, UK: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. and Havercamp, S.H. (1997). The sensitivity theory of motivation: why functional analysis is not enough. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101, 553566.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. and Havercamp, S.H. (1998). Towards a comprehensive assessment of functional motivation: factor structure of the Reiss profiles. Psychological Assessment, 10, 97106.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S.K., and Clark, L.A. (2001). Predicting dimensions of personality from domains and facets of the Five Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 69, 199222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roepke, S., McAdams, L.A., Lindamer, L.A., et al. (2001). Personality profiles among normal aged individuals as measured by the NEO-PI-R. Aging and Mental Health, 5(2), 159165.Google Scholar
Sakdalan, J.A., Shaw, J., Collier, V. (2010). Staying in the here-and-now: a pilot study on the use of dialectical behaviour therapy group skills training for forensic clients with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 568572.Google Scholar
Schinka, J.A., Kinder, B.N., Kremer, T. (1997). Research validity scales for the NEO-PI-R: development and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 127138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Switzky, H.N. (2001). Personality and Motivational Differences in Persons with Mental Retardation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Switzky, H.N. and Haywood, H.C. (1991). Self-reinforcement schedules in persons with mild mental retardation. Effects of motivational orientation and instructional demands. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 35, 221230.Google Scholar
Switzky, H.N. and Haywood, H.C. (1992). Self-reinforcement schedules in young children: effects of motivational orientation and instructional demands. Learning and Individual Differences, 4, 5971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widiger, T.A. and Frances, A.J. (1989). Epidemiology, diagnosis and comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. In Tasman, A., Hales, R.F., Frances, A.J. (eds.), Review of Psychiatry, Vol. 8. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Zigler, E. (2001). Looking back 40 years and still seeing the person with mental retardation as a whole person. In Switzky, H.N. (ed.), Personality and Motivational Differences in Persons with Mental Retardation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Zigler, E., Bennett-Gates, D., Hodapp, R., Henrich, C.C. (2002). Assessing personality traits of individuals with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 181193.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. (1999). The Vulnerability to Psychopathology: A Biosocial Model. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Bakken, T.L. (2014). Psychosis and disorganized behavior in adults with autism and intellectual disability: case identification and staff–patient interaction. In Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Martin, C.R. (eds.), Comprehensive Guide to Autism. New York, NY: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Bakken, T.L. and Høidal, S.H. (2013). Asperger syndrome or schizophrenia, or both? Case identification of 12 adults in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 60(4), 215225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakken, T.L. and Martinsen, H. (2013). Adults with intellectual disabilities and mental illness in psychiatric inpatient units. Empirical studies of patient characteristics and psychiatric diagnoses from 1996–2011. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(3), 179190.Google Scholar
Bakken, T.L., Eilertsen, D.E., Smeby, N.A., Martinsen, H. (2008a). Effective communication related to psychotic disorganised behaviour in adults with intellectual disability and autism. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research and Clinical Studies, 28(88), 913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakken, T.L., Foss, N.E., Helverschou, S.B., et al. (2008b). Mental Illness in Adults with Autism and ID – Experiences from 19 Case Management Projects. Oslo: The National Autism Unit, Oslo University Hospital.Google Scholar
Bakken, T.L., Eilertsen, D.E., Smeby, N.A., Martinsen, H. (2009). The validity of disorganised behaviour as an indicator of psychosis in adults with autism and intellectual disability: a single case study. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 12(1), 1722.Google Scholar
Bakken, T.L., Helverschou, S.B., Eilertsen, D.E., et al. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and adults with autism and intellectual disability: a representative study in one county in Norway. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 16691677.Google Scholar
Bakken, T.L., Kildahl, A.N., Gjersoe, V., et al. (2014). PTSD in adults with intellectual disabilities: stabilisation during inpatient stay. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), 237247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, E., Lunsky, Y., Palucka, A., Homitidis, S. (2011). Recognition of intellectual disabilities and autism in psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 5(6), 418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cholemkery, H., Mojica, L., Rohrmann, S., et al. (2014). Can autism spectrum disorder and social anxiety disorders be differentiated by the social responsiveness scale in children and adolescents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 11681182.Google Scholar
Colvin, G. and Sheehan, M.R. (2014). Managing the Cycle of Meltdown for Students with Autism. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing.Google Scholar
Geurts, H.M. and Jansen, M.D. (2011). A retrospective chart study: the pathway to a diagnosis for adults referred for ASD assessment. Autism, 16(3), 299305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaziuddin, M. (2005). Mental Health Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Gillott, A. and Stranden, P.J. (2007). Levels of anxiety and sources of stress in adults with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 359370.Google Scholar
Green, S.A., Ben-Sasson, A., Soto, T.W., Carter, A.S. (2012). Anxiety and sensory over-responsivity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: bidirectional effects across time. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 11121119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helverschou, S.B. (2006). Structure, predictability and manual sign teaching as strategies in regulation of emotions and anxiety. In von Tetzchner, S., Grindheim, E., Johannessen, J., et al. (eds.), Biological Presuppositions to Culturalization. Oslo: The Autism Society and University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B. (2010). Identification of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism and intellectual disability. PhD thesis. Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B. and Martinsen, H. (2011). Anxiety in people diagnosed with autism and intellectual disability: recognition and phenomenology. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 377387.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B., Bakken, T.L. Martinsen, H. (2008). Identifying symptoms of psychiatric disorders in people with autism and intellectual disability: an empirical conceptual analysis. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 11(4), 105115.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B., Bakken, T.L., Martinsen, H. (2009). The Psychopathology in Autism Checklist (PAC): a pilot study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 179195.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B., Bakken, T.L., Martinsen, H. (2011). Psychiatric disorders in people with autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and recognition. In Matson, J.L. and Sturmey, P. (eds.), International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Helverschou, S.B., Utgaard, K., Wandaas, P.C. (2013). The challenges of applying and assessing cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals on the autism spectrum in a clinical setting: a case study series. Good Autism Practice, 14(1), 1727.Google Scholar
Hill, E. and Frith, U. (2003). Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 358, 281289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howlin, P. and Moss, P. (2012). Adults with autism spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 275283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutton, J., Goode, S., Murphy, M., et al. (2008). New-onset psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism. Autism, 12, 373390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joshi, G., Petty, C., Wozniak, J., et al. (2010). The heavy burden of psychiatric comorbidity in youth with autism spectrum disorders: a large comparative study of a psychiatrically referred population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 13611370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, A.E., Young, R.L., Baker, A.E.Z., Angley, M.T. (2010). Sensory processing subtypes in autism: association with adaptive behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 112122.Google Scholar
MacNeil, B.M., Lopes, V.A., Minnes, P.M. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConachie, H., Hoole, S., Le Couteur, A.S. (2011). Improving mental health transitions for young people with autism spectrum disorder. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(6), 764766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J. and Cervantes, P.E. (2014). Commonly studied comorbid psychopathologies among persons with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 952962.Google Scholar
Matson, J.L. and Nebel-Schwalm, M.S. (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 341352.Google Scholar
Melville, C.A., Cooper, S.A., Morrison, J., et al. (2008). The prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health in adults with autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 16761688.Google Scholar
Mohiuddin, S., Bobak, A., Gih, D., Ghaziuddin, M. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders: comorbid psychopathology and treatment. In Matson, J.L. and Sturmey, P. (eds.), International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Morgan, K. (2006). Is autism a stress disorder? What studies of nonautistic populations can tell us. In Baron, M.G., Groden, J., Groden, G., Lipsitt, L.P. (eds.), Stress and Coping in Autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reese, R.M., Richman, D.M., Belmont, J.M., Morse, P. (2005). Functional characteristics of disruptive behaviour in developmental disabled children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 419428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, A.C., Phillips, J.M., Parker, K.J. (2014). Emotion dysregulation and the core features of autism spectrum disorder Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 17661772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scahill, L., McDougle, C.J., Williams, S., et al. (2006). Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 11141123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaaf, R.C., Benevides, T., Mailloux, Z., et al. (2014). An inventory for sensory difficulties in children with autism: a randomized trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 14931506.Google Scholar
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., et al. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonoff, E., Jones, C.R.G., Pickles, A., et al. (2012). Severe mood problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(11), 11571166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonoff, E., Jones, C.R.G., Baird, G., et al. (2013). The persistence and stability of psychiatric problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 186194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skokauskas, N. and Gallagher, L. (2010). Psychosis, affective disorders and anxiety in autistic spectrum disorder: prevalence and nosological considerations. Psychopathology, 43, 816.Google Scholar
Stachnik, J. and Nunn-Thompson, C. (2007). Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of autistic disorder. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41, 626634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steensel, F.J.A., Bögels, S.M., Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Review, 14, 302317.Google Scholar
Tsakanikos, E., Costello, H., Holt, G., et al. (2006). Psychopathology in adults with autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 11231129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tveter, A.L., Bakken, T.L., Bramness, J.G., Røssberg, J.I. (2014). Adjustment of the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale for adults with intellectual disabilities. A pilot study. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), 260267.Google Scholar
Underwood, L., McCarthy, J., Tsakanikos, E. (2011). Assessment of comorbid psychopathology. In Matson, J.L. and Sturmey, P. (eds.), International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Volkmar, F. (2014). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(2), 237257.Google Scholar
White, S., Ollendick, T., Albanmo, A.M. (2013). Randomized controlled trial: multimodal anxiety and social skill intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 382394.Google Scholar
Wood, J.J. Ehrenreich-May, J., Alessandri, M., et al. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for early adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and clinical anxiety: a randomized, controlled trial, behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 719.Google Scholar

References

Aman, M.G., Buican, B., Arnold, L.E. (2003). Methylphenidate treatment in children with borderline IQ and mental retardation: analysis of three aggregated studies. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 2940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Antshel, K.M., Fremont, W., Roizen, N.J., et al. (2006a). ADHD, major depressive disorder, and simple phobias are prevalent psychiatric conditions in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 596603.Google Scholar
Antshel, K.M., Phillips, M.H., Gordon, M., et al. (2006b). Is ADHD a valid disorder in children with intellectual delays? Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 555572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, B.L., Neece, C.L., Fenning, R.M., Crnic, K.A., Blacher, J. (2010). Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: focus on ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 492505.Google Scholar
Barry, R.J., Leitner, R.P., Clarke, A.R., Einfeld, S.L. (2005). Behavioral aspects of Angelman syndrome: a case control study. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 132, 812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, J., Petty, C.R., Evans, M., Small, J., Faraone, S.V. (2010). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research, 177, 299304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckley, S., Dodd, P., Burke, A., et al. (2006). Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with and without learning disability. Psychiatric Bulletin, 30, 251253.Google Scholar
Burack, J.A., Evans, D.W., Klaiman, C., Iarocci, G. (2001). The mysterious myth of attention deficits and other defect stories: contemporary issues in the developmental approach to mental retardation. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 24, 299320.Google Scholar
Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance. (2011). Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines, third edition. Toronto, ON: Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance.Google Scholar
Carmeli, E., Klein, N., Sohn, M. (2007). The implications of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in male adolescents with intellectual disability. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19, 209214.Google Scholar
Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 2735.Google Scholar
Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., Allan, L.M., et al. (2009a). Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of self‐injurious behaviour, and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 200216.Google Scholar
Cooper, S.A., Smiley, E., Jackson, A., et al. (2009b). Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of aggressive behaviour and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 217232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correia Filho, A.G., Bodanese, R., Silva, T.L., et al. (2005). Comparison of risperidone and methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with moderate mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 748755.Google Scholar
De Vries, P.J., Hunt, A., Bolton, P.F. (2007). The psychopathologies of children and adolescents with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 1624.Google Scholar
Deb, S., Dhaliwal, A.J., Roy, M. (2008). The usefulness of Conners’ Rating Scales – Revised in screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 950965.Google Scholar
Deutsch, C.K., Dube, W.V., McIlvane, W.J. (2008). Attention deficits, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14, 285292.Google Scholar
Di Nuovo, S.F. and Buono, S. (2007). Psychiatric syndromes comorbid with mental retardation: differences in cognitive and adaptive skills. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 795800.Google Scholar
Einfeld, S.L. and Tonge, B.J. (2002). Manual for the Developmental Behaviour Checklist, second edition – primary carer version (DBC-P) and teacher version (DBC-T). Sydney and Melbourne: The University of New South Wales and Monash University.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., et al. (eds.) (2007). Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.Google Scholar
Fox, R.A. and Wade, E.J. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among adults with severe and profound mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 275280.Google Scholar
Frazier, T.W., Demaree, H.A., Youngstrom, E.A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18, 543.Google Scholar
Gargaro, B., May, T., Tonge, B., et al. (2014). Using the DBC-P Hyperactivity Index to screen for ADHD in young people with autism and ADHD: a pilot study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 10081015.Google Scholar
Hagerman, R.J. (2002). The physical and behavioral phenotype. In Hagerman, R.J. and Cronister, A. (eds.), Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Research. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Handen, B.L., Janosky, J., McAuliffe, S. (1997). Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 287295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handen, B.L., Feldman, H.M., Lurier, A., Murray, P.J.H. (1999). Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 805812.Google Scholar
Hastings, R.P., Beck, A., Daley, D., Hill, C. (2005). Symptoms of ADHD and their correlates in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 456468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, A.M., Matthews, J.M., Gavidia-Payne, S.T., et al. (2003). Evaluation of an intervention system for parents of children with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 238249.Google Scholar
Jensen, P.S., Hinshaw, S.P., Kraemer, H.C., et al. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 147158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jou, R., Handen, B., Hardan, A. (2004). Psychostimulant treatment of adults with mental retardation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Australasian Psychiatry, 12, 376379.Google Scholar
Leyfer, O.T., Woodruff-Borden, J., Klein-Tasman, B.P., Fricke, J.S., Mervis, C.B. (2006). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in 4 to 16-year-olds with Williams syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 141, 615622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, S.D., Calhoun, S.L., Crowell, E.W. (2000). Learning disabilities and ADHD overlapping spectrum disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, 417424.Google Scholar
Miller, M.L., Fee, V.E., Jones, C.J. (2004a). Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation II: validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 477492.Google Scholar
Miller, M.L., Fee, V.E., Netterville, A.K. (2004b). Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation I: reliability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 459476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Guideline [CG 72]. At http://www.nice.org.uk/CG72Google Scholar
Neece, C.L., Baker, B.L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K.A. (2011). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: an examination across time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55, 623635.Google Scholar
Neece, C.L., Baker, B.L., Crnic, K., Blacher, J. (2013a). Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: clinical presentation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 597612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neece, C.L., Baker, B.L., Lee, S.S. (2013b). ADHD among adolescents with intellectual disabilities: pre-pathway influences. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 22682279.Google Scholar
O’Brien, G. (2000). Learning disability. In Gillberg, C. and O’Brien, G. (eds.), Developmental Disability and Behaviour. London: MacKeith Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, D.A. and Aman, M.G. (1994). Ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices: should clinicians correct for developmental level? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 395411.Google Scholar
Pearson, D.A., Santos, C.W., Roache, J.D., et al. (2003). Treatment effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 209216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reilly, C. and Holland, N. (2011). Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with intellectual disability: a review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24, 291309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, E., Bramham, J., Young, S., Paliokostas, E., Xenitidis, K. (2009). Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with comorbid ADHD and borderline/mild intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 496502.Google Scholar
Rowles, B.M. and Findling, R.L. (2010). Review of pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD-like symptoms in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 16, 273282.Google Scholar
Royal Australian College of Physicians. (2009). Guidelines on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Draft). Sydney: Royal Australian College Of Physicians.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Seager, M.C. and O’Brien, G. (2003). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: review of ADHD in learning disability: the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation[DC-LD] criteria for diagnosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(Suppl. 1), 2631.Google Scholar
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Wood, N., Gringras, P., Chadwick, O. (2007). ADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 591600.Google Scholar
Simonoff, E., Taylor, E., Baird, G., et al. (2013). Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 54, 527535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strømme, P. and Diseth, T.H. (2000). Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: data from a population-based study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 266270.Google Scholar
Tellegen, C.L. and Sanders, M.R. (2013). Stepping Stones Triple P – positive parenting program for children with disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 15561571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (1992).The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Mental disorders
  • Edited by Colin Hemmings, Nick Bouras, Institute of Psychiatry, London
  • Book: Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
  • Online publication: 05 March 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588714.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Mental disorders
  • Edited by Colin Hemmings, Nick Bouras, Institute of Psychiatry, London
  • Book: Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
  • Online publication: 05 March 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588714.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Mental disorders
  • Edited by Colin Hemmings, Nick Bouras, Institute of Psychiatry, London
  • Book: Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
  • Online publication: 05 March 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588714.006
Available formats
×