The chapter considers the different levels of power, starting with the family and the extended family (the clan) and the local articulations of the state (communes, provinces, regions). The federalist state (a lively tradition in Italy, since Cattaneo) is opposed to the centralist state (the French Napoleonic model). In the globalized economy, multinational enterprises play an important role, occasionally up to the point of conditioning statal policies; the attitude towards them changes over time. State confederations, such as the European Union, and alliances, such as NATO, are also important. Political confrontations in the international arena involve different elements, from the traditional East–West opposition to the so-called clash of civilizations (i.e. religions). Migrations are also considered. The evolution of the international monetary system and the growing role of the European Union are also illustrated.