Providing equitable access to nutritious and affordable food for a growing world population in the face of multiple environmental changes is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Despite steep increases in agricultural yields beginning in the mid-twentieth century, the global food system is failing to provide nutritious food for much of the world’s population. The food system also imposes a heavy burden on Earth systems; it is a major driver of land use change, biodiversity loss, freshwater depletion, air and water pollution and climate change, as outlined in Chapters 1–3. Current food systems are also grossly inefficient, with, for example, overuse of nitrogen and phosphorus in some regions and underuse in others, together with high levels of food loss and waste, such that about 30% of food produced is never eaten (1). This chapter focuses on potential strategies to improve nutrition and health while reducing the environmental footprint of food systems, with the aim of staying within planetary boundaries.