The grand beginning

Let us summarize the initial events in their chronological order. First, we can imagine a quantum fluctuation in the void, which began everything. The perfect symmetry of the little bubble of pure energy is unstable and breaks up spontaneously. We follow it at the instant when it is still smaller than a proton. It inflates exponentially while creating its space–time dimensions and, after 10-32 second, it is already larger than the present Solar System. This exponential ‘inflation’ (see Appendix F) creates all the matter and all the radiation still present in the Universe.

After that, the phase transition ends. The change of state has forever broken the initial symmetry. From now on, only the nuclear forces will remain confined between the quarks, whereas the forces of gravity and electromagnetism now act at a distance. The Universe will continue its expansion in an almost linear manner, restrained merely by gravitation, right up to the present.

But where did all this energy come from, with its ability to create the enormous bulk of matter and radiation that we see in the stars and the galaxies?