Holder, GE. Pattern electroretinography (PERG) and an integrated approach to visual pathway diagnosis. Prog Ret Eye Res 2001; 20: 531–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holder, GE, Gale, RP, Acheson, JF, Robson, AG. Electrodiagnostic assessment in optic nerve disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22: 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Halliday, AM, McDonald, WI, Mushin, J. Delayed visual evoked response in optic neuritis. Lancet 1972; i: 982–5.Google Scholar

Fahle, M, Bach, M. Origin of the visual evoked potentials. In: Heckenlively, JR, Arden, GB, editors. Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision. Cambridge: The Mit Press 2006. p. 207–234.Google Scholar

Jones, SJ, Brusa, A. Neurophysiological evidence for long-term repair of MS lesions: implications for axon protection. J Neurolog Sci 2003; 206: 193–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Waxman, SG. Altered distributions and functions of multiple sodium channel subtypes in multiple sclerosis and its models. In: Waxman, SG, editor. Multiple sclerosis as a neuronal disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005.Google Scholar

Klistorner, A, Graham, SL, Fraser, C, Garrick, R, Nguyen, T, Paine, M, et al. Electrophysiological evidence for heterogeneity of lesions in optic neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48: 4549–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brusa, A, Jones, SJ, Plant, GT. Long-term remyelination after optic neuritis. Brain. 2001; 124: 468–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yiannikas, C, Walsh, JC. The variation of the pattern shift visual evoked response with the size of the stimulus field. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 1983; 55: 427–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Halliday, AM, Darbett, G, Blumhardt, LD, Kriss, A. The macular and submacular subcomponents of the pattern evoked response. In: LDaG, B, editor. Human evoked potentials. New York: Plenum Publishing; 1979. p. 135–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klistorner, AI, Graham, SL, Grigg, JR, Billson, FA. Multifocal topographic visual evoked potential: improving objective detection of local visual field defects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39(6): 937–50.Google ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Fraser, C, Garrick, R, Graham, SL, Arvind, H. Correlation between full-field and multifocal VEPs in optic neuritis. Doc Ophthal. 2008; 116: 19–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hood, DC, Odel, JG, Zhang, X. Tracking the recovery of local optic nerve function after optic neuritis: a multifocal VEP study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 4032–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Graham, SL, Klistorner, A, Goldberg, I. Clinical Application of objective perimetry using multifocal VEP in Glaucoma Practice. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 729–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laron, M, Cheng, H, Xhang, B, Schiffman, JS, Tang, RA, Frishman, LJ. Assessing visual pathway function in multiple sclerosis patients with multifocal visual evoked potentials. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 1431–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fredericksen, JL, Petrera, J. Serial visual evoked potentials in 90 untreated patients with acute optic neuritis. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 44: S54–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghezzi, A, Martinelli, V, Torri, V et al. Long-term follow-up of isolated optic neuritis: the risk of developing multiple sclerosis, its outcome, and the prognostic role of paraclinical tests. J Neurol 1999; 246: 770–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hickman, SJ, Toosy, AT, , SJJ, Altman, DR, Mizszkiel, KA, MacManus, DG, et al. A serial MRI study following optic nerve mean area in acute optic neuritis. Brain 2004; 127: 2498–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Youl, BD, Turano, G, Miller, DH, Towell, AD, MacManus, DG, Moore, SG, et al. The pathophysiology of acute optic neuritis. An association of gadolinium leakage with clinical and electrophysiological deficits. Brain 1991; 114: 2437–50.Google ScholarPubMed

Miller, DH. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: when do axons degenerate? In: Waxman, SG, editor. Multiple sclerosis as a neuronal disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2005. p. 185–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frohman, EM, Fujimoto, JG, Frohman, TC, Calabresi, PA, Cutter, GR, Balcer, LJ. Optical coherence tomography: a window into the mechanisms of multiple sclerosis. Nature Neurol 2008; 4: 664–775.Google ScholarPubMed

Parisi, V, Manni, G, Centofanti, M, Gandolfi, SA, Olzi, D, Bucci, MG. Correlation between optical coherence tomography, pattern electroretinogram, and visual 7evoked potentials in open-angle glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 2001; 108(5): 905–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trip, A, Schlottmann, PG, Jones, SJ, Altman, DR, Garway-Heath, DF, Thompson, AJ, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer loss and visual disfunction in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 383–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pueyo, V, Martin, J, Fernandez, J, Almarcegui, C, Ara, J, Egea, C, et al. Axonal loss in the retinal fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scer 2008; 14: 609–14.Google ScholarPubMed

Almarcegui, C, Dolz, I, Pueyo, V, Garcia, E, Fernandez, FJ, Martin, J, et al. Correlation between functional and structural assessments of the optic nerve and retina in multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 40: 129–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Arvind, H, Nguyen, T, Garrick, R, Paine, M, Graham, S, et al. Inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss in post-acute optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 2008; 61: 325–31.Google Scholar

Klistorner, A, Arvind, H, Nguyen, T, Garrick, R, Paine, M, Graham, S, et al. Multifocal VEP and OCT in optic neuritis: a topographical study of the structure–function relationship. Doc Ophthal 2009; 118: 129–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, KJ, Waxman, SG. The conduction properties of demyelinated and remyelinated axons. In: Waxman, SG, editor. Multiple sclerosis as neuronal disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005, p. 85–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lassmann, H. New Concepts on progressive multiple sclerosis. Cur Neurol Neurosci Reports 2007; 7: 239–44.Google ScholarPubMed

Foster, RE, Whalen, CC, Waxman, SG. Reorganisation of the axonal membrane of demyelinated nerve fibres: morphological evidence. Science 1980; 210: 661–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bostock, H, Sears, TA. The internodal axon membrane: electrical excitability and continious conduction in segmental demyelination. J Physiol (London) 1978; 280: 273–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shrager, P, Simon, W, Kazarinova-Noyes, K. Na+ channel reorganisation in demyelinated axons. In: SG, W, editor. Multiple sclerosis as a neuronal disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005.Google Scholar

Peterson, J, Kidd, D, Trapp, BD. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: the histopathological evidence. In: Waxman, SG, editor. Multiple sclerosis as a neuronal disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. p. 165–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pro, MJ, Pons, ME, Liebmann, JM, Ritch, R, Zafar, S, Lefton, D, et al. Imaging of the optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer in acute optic neuritis. J Neurolog Sci. 2006; 250: 114–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Petzold, A, de Boer, JF, Schippling, S, Vermersch, P, Kardon, R, Green, A, et al. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet (Neurol) 2010; 9: 921–32.Google ScholarPubMed

Talman, LS, Bisker, ER, Sackel, BS, Long, DA, Galetta, KM, Ratchford, JN, et al. Longitudinal study of vision and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 749–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Arvind, H, Garrick, R, Graham, SL, Paine, M, Yiannikas, C. Interrelationship of optical coherence tomography and multifocal visual-evoked potentials after optic neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51(5): 2770–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Garrick, R, Paine, M, Graham, SL, Arvind, H, Van Der Walt, A, et al. Relationship between chronic demyelination of the optic nerve and short term axonal loss. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011; Epub ahead of print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klistorner, A, Garrick, R, Barnett, MH, Graham, SL, Arvind, H, Sriram, P, et al. Axonal loss in non-optic neuritis eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis linked to delayed visual evoked potential. Neurol 2013; 15: 242–5.Google Scholar

Bruck, W. Inflammatory demyelination is not central to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2005; 252(Suppl 5): V/10-V/5.Google ScholarPubMed

Patrikios, P, Stadelmann, C, Kutzelnigg, A, Rauschka, H, Schmidbauer, M, Laursen, H, et al. Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 2006; 129: 3165–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prineas, JW, Barnard, RO, Kwon, EE, Sharer, LR, Cho, ES. Multiple sclerosis: remyelination of nascent lesions. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 137–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Prineas, JW, Kwon, EE, Goldenberg, PZ, Ilyas, AA, Quarles, RH, Benjamins, JA, et al. Multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation in fresh lesions. Lab Invest 1989; 61: 489–503.Google ScholarPubMed

Blakemore, WF, Chari, DM, Gilson, JM, Crang, AJ. Modelling large areas of demyelination in the rat reveals the potential and possible limitations of transplanted glial cells for remyelination in the CNS. Glia 2002; 38: 155–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Arvind, H, Garrick, R, Yiannikas, C, Graham, SL. Remyelination of optic nerve lesions: spatial and temporal factors. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 786–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klistorner, A, Arvind, H, Nguyen, T, Garrick, R, Paine, M, Graham, S, et al. Axonal loss and myelin in early ON loss in postacute optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 2008; 64(3): 325–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

You, Y, Klistorner, A, Thie, J, Graham, SL. Latency delay of visual evoked potential is a real measurement of demyelination ina rat model of optic neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 6911–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raz, N, Chokron, S, Ben-Hur, T, Levin, N. Temporal reorganization to overcome monocular demyelination. Neurology. August 20, 2013; 81(8): 702–9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a1aa3e. Epub July 19, 2013. PubMed PMID: 23873970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Costello, F, Hodge, W, Pan, YI, Eggenberger, E, Coupland, S, Kardon, R. Tracking retinal nerve fiber layer loss after optic neuritis: a prospective study using optical coherence tomography. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 893–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hickman, SJ, Brierley, CMH, Brex, PA, MacManus, DG, Scolding, NJ, Compston, DAS, et al. Continuing optic nerve atrophy following optic neuritis: a serial MRI study. Multiple sclerosis 2002; 8: 339–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Toosy, AT, Hickman, SJ, Mizszkiel, KA, Jones, SJ, Plant, GT, Altman, DR, et al. Adaptive cortical plasticity in higher visual areas after optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 622–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Raz, N, Dotan, S, Benoliel, T, Chokron, S, Ben-Hur, T, Levin, N. Sustained motion perception deficit following optic neuritis: Behavioral and cortical evidence. Neurology. June 14, 2011; 76(24): 2103–11. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821f4602. PubMed PMID: 21670440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Korsholm, K, Madsen, KH, Fredericksen, JL, Skimmingr, A, Lund, TE. Recovery from optic neuritis: anROI-based analysis of LGN and visual cortical areas. Brain 2007; 130: 1244–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Werring, DJ, Bullmore, ET, Toosy, AT, Miller, DH, Barker, GJ, MacManus, DG, et al. Recovery from optic neuritis is associated with a change in the distribution of cerebral response to visual stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2000; 68(4): 441–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Archibald, NK, Clarke, MP, Mosimann, UP, Burn, DJ. The retina in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2009; 132: 1128–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tagliati, M, Bodis-Wollner, I, Yahr, MD. The pattern electroretinogram in Parkinson’s disease reveals lack of retinal spatial tuning. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 100: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kirbas, S, Turkyilmaz, K, Tufekci, A, Durmus, M. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Parkinson disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2013; 33: 62–t5.Google ScholarPubMed

Adam, CR, Shrier, E, Ding, Y, Glazman, S, Bodis-Wollner, I. Correlation of inner retinal thickness evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nowacka, B, Lubinski, W, Karczewicz, D. Ophthalmological and electrophysiological features of Parkinson’s disease. Klin Oczna 2010; 112: 247–52.Google ScholarPubMed

Moschos, MM, Tagaris, G, Markopoulos, I, Margetis, I, Tsapakis, S, Kanakis, M, et al. Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss. 2011; 21: 2429.Google Scholar

Kirbas, S, Turkyilmaz, K, Anlar, O, Tufekci, A, Durmus, M. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2013; 33: 58–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moschos, MM, Markopoulos, I, Chatziralli, I, Rouvas, A, Papageorgiou, SG, Ladas, I, et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9: 782–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meier-Ruge, W. Drug induced retinopathy. CRC Toxicol 1972; 1: 325–60.Google Scholar

Lyons, JS, Severns, ML. Using multifocal ERG ring ratios to detect and follow Plaquenil retinal toxicity: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 2009; 118: 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marmor, MF, Kellner, U, Lai, TY, Lyons, JS, Mieler, WF. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 415–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kjellstrom, U, Andreasson, S, Ponjavic, V. Attenuation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and reduced retinal function assessed by optical coherence tomography and full-field electroretinography in patients exposed to vigabatrin medication. Acta Ophthalmol 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tjoa, CW, Benedict, RH, Dwyer, MG, Carone, DA, Zivadinov, R. Regional specificity of magnetization transfer imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging April 2008; 18(2): 130–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00198.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gallo, A, Rovaris, M, Benedetti, B, Sormani, MP, Riva, R, Ghezzi, A, et al. A brain magnetization transfer MRI study with a clinical follow up of about four years in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. January 2007; 254(1): 78–83. Epub February 14, 2007. PubMed PMID: 17508141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tortorella, P, Rocca, MA, Mezzapesa, DM, Ghezzi, A, Lamantia, L, Comi, G, et al. MRI quantification of gray and white matter damage in patients with early-onset multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. July 2006; 253(7): 903–7. Epub March 6, 2006. PubMed PMID: 16511645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Deloire-Grassin, MS, Brochet, B, Quesson, B, Delalande, C, Dousset, V, Canioni, P, et al. In vivo evaluation of remyelination in rat brain by magnetisation transfer imaging. J Neurol Sci 2000; 178: 10–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zaaraoui, W, Deloire, M, Merie, M, Girard, C, Raffard, G, Biran, M, et al. Monitoring demyelination and remyelination by magnetization transfer imaging in the mouse brain at 9.4 T. Magn Res Mat Phys. 2008; 21: 357–62.Google Scholar

Klistorner, A, Chaganti, J, Garrick, R, Moffat, K, Yiannikas, C. Magnetisation transfer ratio in optic neuritis is associated with axonal loss, but not with demyelination. Neuroimage 2011; 56(1): 21–6.Google Scholar