AS BOTH GERMAN STATES tried to set up a new theater culture in the years following the end of the Second World War, theater directors and dramaturges had to consider to what extent the German stage could continue to rely on pre-war traditions and to what extent new models needed to be developed. By the late 1950s, the two German states had made “two very different attempts to translate pre-war German theater to the contemporary situation.” While theater directors, writers, and dramaturges in the East were concerned primarily with a specific form of re-education that would help viewers develop class consciousness and a strong identification with a specifically Marxist form of antifascism, Western theater during the first decade and a half of the postwar period tended to stress an ahistorical “essential humanity in its spectators.” Nonetheless, both states laid claim to certain aspects of the German dramatic tradition and strategically disavowed others. Both stressed the fostering of a cultural legacy as a means of signifying the rebirth, on their own respective soil, of a “better Germany,” but also deemed certain aspects of the pre-war theater unsuitable for theirpurposes. Particularly contentious were those forms associated with the Volk.