Introduction

Participation in musical activities has been shown to enhance social cohesion, enjoyment, personal development and empowerment (Sixsmith and Gibson, 2007; Hallam et al, 2017). Many benefits have been reported for older people (Creech et al, 2013a), with research on singing demonstrating how it contributes to increased energy; reduction in stress; enhanced self-perceived wellbeing, self-confidence and sense of purpose; stimulation of a range of cognitive capacities (attention, concentration, memory and learning); and improved health (Stacey et al, 2002; Clift et al, 2008, 2010). Lower mortality rates are also evident among those who make music or sing in a choir (Byrgen et al, 1996). In the US, Cohen and colleagues (2006, 2007) carried out non-randomised controlled studies with 166 participants with a mean age of 80 who participated in 30 singing workshops and 10 performances over one year. The participants reported fewer health issues, fewer falls, fewer doctor's visits and less use of medication than control groups. Their morale was higher, there was less reported loneliness and evidence of increased activity. In the UK, Hillman (2002) surveyed 75 retired participants who had, during retirement, participated in a community singing project. Long-term benefits attributed to participation in music included overall improvements to the quality of life and no overall deterioration in physical health.

There is also evidence of the power of music from intergenerational research. Saarikallio (2011) carried out group interviews with 21 Finnish adults aged 21-70, investigating the use of music (listening and active participation) for emotional self-regulation. For the oldest participants, singing or participating in instrumental ensembles offered opportunities for alleviating loneliness and coping with the challenges of ageing, providing opportunities for progression and enjoyment and adding meaning to life. Focusing on instrumental ensembles, Gembris (2008) used questionnaires to explore the function of amateur music making among a group of 308 adults aged 40-97. Participants attributed enjoyment, happiness and community belongingness to their musical engagement. Although many reported age-related constraints, they also identified compensatory strategies and generally maintained a strong musical self-concept.

Aims of the Music for Life project

Between 2009 and 2011, a team from the Institute of Education and the Guildhall School of Music & Drama carried out research investigating whether there were any benefits of community music making among older people.