Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-27T12:44:20.839Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Society and Early Child Development: Developmental Health Disparities in the Nature-and-Nurture Paradigm

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2011

By
Daniel P. Keating
Edited by
Daniel P. Keating
Daniel P. Keating
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Daniel P. Keating
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

The long-standing nature versus nurture debate has generated many controversies and was in turn fueled by them. The question of whether differences among individuals should be attributed to their genes or their environment, their inheritance or their circumstances, has been – and remains – central to how policy makers and the public alike think about major issues concerning social arrangements. It has become so fundamental to public discourse that it is hard to see beyond this legacy and grasp the full implications of the emerging nature-and-nurture paradigm captured in the preceding chapters of this volume. On the evidence presented in this volume, and continuing to accumulate rapidly in research centers around the world as developmental scientists use new tools and technologies to explore the new paradigm, the impact of this shift in thinking will be profound.

The greatest impact may well be in an area that has always been among the most controversial in the long nature-nurture standoff: What accounts for individual differences in competence and health? There is overwhelming evidence that individual differences in the full range of developmental outcomes – cognitive, behavioral, and social competence, along with physical and mental health, an aggregate for which we have used the term “developmental health” (Keating & Hertzman, 1999) – are not random but rather patterned by socioeconomic circumstances (Keating, 2009b).

Type
Chapter
Information
Nature and Nurture in Early Child Development , pp. 245 - 292
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, D. S., Bar-Oz, G., Belfer-Cohen, A., & Bar-Yosef, O. (2006). Ahead of the game – Middle and upper palaeolithic hunting behaviors in the southern Caucasus. Current Anthropology 47(1), 89–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, N. E., & Newman, K. (2002). Socioeconomic disparities in health: Pathways and policies. Health Affairs, 21(2), 60–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Lindell, S., Shannon, C., Champoux, M., Lesch, K. P., Suomi, S. J., Goldman, D., & Higley, J. D. (2004). Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variation and rearing condition in alcohol preference and consumption in female primates. General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckfield, J. (2004). Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 231–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoaf, S. E., Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., Linnoila, M. V., & Higley, J. D. (2002). Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 118–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M., & Bradley, R. (2003). Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M., & Sawyer, J. (2006). Family systems. In Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development (pp. 381–98). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., & Keating, D. P. (2004). Should we intervene to improve childhood circumstances? In Kuh, D. & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (Eds.), A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brulle, R. J., & Pellow, D. N. (2006). Environmental justice: Human health and environmental inequalities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 103–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, C. S. (2003). Developmental consequences of oxytocin. Physiology and Behavior, 79(3), 383–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I., Harrington, H. L., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., & Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301(5631), 386–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cauffman, E., Shulman, E. P., Steinberg, L., Claus, E., Banich, M. T., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2010). Age differences in affective decision making as indexed by performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 193–207.CrossRef
Champoux, M., Bennett, A., Shannon, C., Higley, J. D., Lesch, K. P., & Suomi, S. J. (2002). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Molecular Psychiatry, 7,1058–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., & Hallett, D. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of Native and Nonnative North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2), vii–130.Google Scholar
Coe, C. L. (1999). Psychosocial factors and psychoneuroimmunology. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Corwyn, R., & Bradley, R. (2005). Socioeconomic status and childhood externalizing behaviors: A structural equation framework. In Sourcebook of Family Theory and Research (pp. 469–92). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Deaton, A. (2002). Policy implications of the gradient of health and wealth. Health Affairs, 21(2), 13–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deaton, A., & Lubotsky, D. (2003). Mortality, inequality, and race in American cities and states. Social Science and Medicine, 56(6), 1139–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dolinoy, D. C., & Jirtle, R. L. (2008). Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 49, 4–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donald, M. (2001). A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. (1996). Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. (2004). The Human Story. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. R., Burgess, B., & Ross, N. A. (2005). Income distribution, public services expenditures, and all cause mortality in U.S. States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(9), 768–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J. R., Frohlich, K. L., Ross, N. A., Curtis, L. J., & Sanmartin, C. (2006). Role of geography in inequalities in health and human development. In Heymann, J., Hertzman, C., Barer, M. L., & Evans, R. G. (Eds.), Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Engle, P. J., Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., deMello, M. C., Gertler, P. J. et al. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet, 369, 229–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., Goldstein, L. H., Armstrong, J. M., Kraemer, H. C., & Kupfer, D. J. (2002). The confluence of mental, physical, social, and academic difficulties in middle childhood: II. Developing the MacArthur Health & Behavior Questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 588–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Febo, M., Numan, M., & Ferris, C. F. (2005). Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows oxytocin activates brain regions associated with mother-pup bonding during suckling. Journal of Neuroscience 25(50), 11637–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiscella, K., & Franks, P. (2000). Quality, outcomes, and satisfaction. Individual income, income inequality, health, and mortality: What are the relationships? Health Services Research, 35(1), 307–15.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. (2003). Secular trends in physiological capital: Implications for equity in health care. In National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 9771.Google Scholar
Geoffroy, M., Côté, S., Parent, S., & Séguin, J. (2006). Daycare attendance, stress, and mental health. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 51(9), 607–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedd, J. N. (2008). The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 335–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedd, J. N., Schmitt, J. E., & Neale, M. C. (2007). Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric twins. Human Brain Mapping, 28(6), 474–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G., & Willoughby, M. T. (2006). Probabilistic epigenesis of psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002). Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1–2), 199–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, P. A., & Lamont, M. (Eds.) (2009). Successful Societies: Institutions, Cultural Repertoires, and Health. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardaway, C., & McLoyd, V. (2009). Escaping poverty and securing middle-class status: How race and socioeconomic status shape mobility prospects for African Americans during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 242–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatch, S. L. (2005). Conceptualizing and identifying cumulative adversity and protective resources: Implications for understanding health inequalities. Journal of Gerontology (B). 60, 130–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hertzman, C. (1999). Population health and human development. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hertzman, C. (2001). Health and human society. American Scientist, 89(6), 538–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertzman, C., & Frank, J. (2006). Biological pathways linking social environment, development, and health. In Heymann, J., Hertzman, C., Barer, M. L., & Evans, R. G. (Eds.), Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hertzman, C., & Power, C. (2006). A life-course approach to health and human development. In Heymann, J., Hertzman, C., Barer, M. L., & Evans, R. G. (Eds.), Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hertzman, C., & Siddiqi, A. (2009). Population health and the dynamics of collective development. In Hall, P. A. & Lamont, M. (Eds.), Successful Societies: Institutions, Cultural Repertoires, and Health. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hu, H., Shine, J., & Wright, R. O. (2007). The challenge posed to children's health by mixtures of toxic waste: The Tar Creek superfund site as a case study. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 54, 155–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, A. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39(1), 1–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, D. P. (1990). Charting pathways to the development of expertise. Educational Psychologist, 25, 243–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, D. P. (1998). Human development in the learning society. In Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M., & Hopkins, D. (Eds.), International Handbook of Educational Change. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2001). Definition and selection of competencies from a human development perspective. In Additional DeSeCo Expert Opinions. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2004). Cognitive and brain development. In Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2008). Developmental science and giftedness: An integrated lifespan framework. In Horowitz, F., Matthews, D., & Subotnik, R. (Eds.), The Development of Giftedness and Talent across the Life Span. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2009a). National Differences in Developmental Health: Levels and Inequalities. Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado (April).Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2009b). Social interactions in human development: Pathways to health and capabilities. In Hall, P. A. & Lamont, M. (Eds.), Successful Societies: Institutions, Cultural Repertoires, and Health. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P., & Hertzman, C. (Eds.) (1999). Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Keating, D. P., & Simonton, S. Z. (2008). Health effects of human development policies. In House, J., Schoeni, R., Pollack, A., & Kaplan, G. (Eds.), Making Americans Healthier. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Kraemer, H. C., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., & Kupfer, D. (2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(6), 848–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuh, D., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (Eds.) (2004). A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, M. (2009). Responses to racism, health, and social inclusion as a dimension of successful societies. In Hall, P. A. & Lamont, M. (Eds.), Successful Societies: Institutions, Cultural Repertoires, and Health. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Landrigan, P. J., Trasande, L., Thorpe, L. E., Gwynn, C., Lioy, P. J., D'Alton, M. E., Lipkind, H. S., Swanson, J., Wadhwa, P. D., Clark, E. B., Rauh, V. A., Perera, F. P., & Susser, E. (2006). The National Children's Study: A 21-year prospective study of 100,000 American children. Pediatrics, 118, 2173–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2005). Fundamental sources of health inequalities. In Mechanic, D., Rogut, L. B., & Colby, D. C. (Eds.), Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Luecken, L. J., & Lemery, K. S. (2004). Early caregiving and physiological stress responses. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(2), 171–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, J. W., Smith, G. D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G. A., & Wolfson, M. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. The Milbank Quarterly, 82, 1–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M. (2004). The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2005). Stressed or stressed out: What is the difference? Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 30(5), 315–18.Google ScholarPubMed
McLoyd, V. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meaney, M. J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meaney, M. J., Szyf, M., & Seckl, J. R. (2007). Epigenetic mechanisms of perinatal programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and health. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 13(7), 269–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, H. D., Sutherland, H. G. E., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1999). Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse. Nature Genetics, 23, 314–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noble, K., McCandliss, B., & Farah, M. (2007). Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science, 10(4), 464–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offord, D. R., Kraemer, H. C., Kazdin, A. E., Jensen, P. S., Harrington, R., & Gardner, J. S. (1999). Lowering the burden of suffering: Monitoring the benefits of clinical, targeted, and universal approaches. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Pihl, R. O., & Benkelfat, C. (2005). Neuromodulators in the development and expression of inhibition and aggression. In Tremblay, R. E., Hartup, W. W., & Archer, J. (Eds.), Developmental Origins of Aggression. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Power, C., & Hertzman, C. (1999). Health, well-being, and coping skills. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Reik, W. (2007). Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Nature, 447, 425–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., Griem, A., Kovacs, M., Ott, J., & Merikangas, K. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(23), 2462–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. L. (1995). The links between education and health. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, N., Wolfson, M., Kaplan, G. A., Dunn, J. R., Lynch, J., & Sanmartin, C. (2006). Income inequality as a determinant of health. In Heymann, J., Hertzman, C., Barer, M. L., & Evans, R. G. (Eds.), Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Thapar, A. & Pickles, A. (2009). Gene-environment interactions: Biologically valid pathway or artifact? Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1287–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M. (2005). The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science, 308(5722), 648–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnittker, J. (2004). Education and the changing shape of the income gradient in health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 286–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shea, J. J. (2003). Neanderthals, competition, and the origin of modern human behavior in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 173–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherry, D. F. (2006). Neuroecology. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 167–97.CrossRef
Simonton, S. (2008). Social inequalities in childhood obesity. Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence, Vol 1: Medical, Biological, and Social Issues (pp. 61–91). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Smedley, B. D., Syme, S. L., & Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health. (2001). Promoting health: Intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. American Journal of Health Promotion, 15(3), 149–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28(1), 78–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. D., Dahl, R., Keating, D. P., Kupfer, D., Masten, A., & Pine, D. (2006). Adolescent psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (1999). Developmental trajectories, early experiences, and community consequences. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (2000). A biobehavioral perspective on development psychopathology. In Sameroff, A., Lewis, M., & Miller, S. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, 2nd Edition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szyf, M., Weaver, I. C., Champagne, F. A., Diorio, J., & Meaney, M. J. (2005). Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat. Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology, 26(3–4), 139–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, T. D. (2009). Models linking nutritional deficiencies to maternal and child mental health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(3), 935S–939S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, G., & Fowler, B. A. (2008). Roles of biomarkers in evaluating interactions among mixtures of lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 233, 92–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R. (2005). Patterns and causes of disparities in health. In Mechanic, D., Rogut, L. B., & Colby, D. C. (Eds.), Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Willms, J. D. 1999. The effects of families, schools, and communities. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds.), Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Willms, J. D. (2003). Ten Hypotheses about Socioeconomic Gradients and Community Differences in Children's Developmental Outcomes. Quebec, Canada: Human Resources Development Canada.Google Scholar
Worthman, C. M., & Kuzara, J. (2005). Life history and the early origins of health differentials. American Journal of Human Biology, 17(1), 95–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfson, M., Kaplan, G. A., Lynch, J., Ross, N., & Backlund, E. (1999). Relation between income inequality and mortality: Empirical demonstration. British Medical Journal, 319, 953–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, R. O., & Baccarelli, A. (2007). Metals and neurotoxicology. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 2809–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yancey, A., & Kumanyika, S. (2007). Bridging the gap: Understanding the structure of social inequities in childhood obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4), S172–S174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×