Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gq7q9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T16:19:43.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Monastic Estates in Byzantine Arabia and Palaestina (Fourth–Ninth Centuries)

from I. - The Monastic Estate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2023

By
Basema Hamarneh
Edited by
Louise Blanke  and
Jennifer Cromwell
Louise Blanke
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Jennifer Cromwell
Affiliation:
Manchester Metropolitan University
Get access

Summary

This chapter explores aspects of the transformation of the spatial and built environment of monasteries in the Southern Levant, with a focus on Arabia and Palaestina. Literary sources and archaeological excavations provide tangible evidence of the development of monasteries into productive units in the context of a larger rural economy. The success of the management model and its integration into the social and economic fabric are testified by the growing number of minor monastic structures equipped with wine and olive oil production units, cisterns, and terraced fields. The rise of monasticism reflects the importance of the Church in daily life, the agency and jurisdiction of local bishops – as evidenced by the mosaic inscriptions – and mutual contacts with adjacent villages. Papyri and other written sources combine to produce a picture of a well-structured economy aimed at intensive production, especially in the sixth and seventh centuries, even in the wake of critical conditions such as pandemics, climatic downturns, and political changes.

Keywords

Southern Levantmonasteriesagricultural landscapeeconomic productionrural economy
Type
Chapter
Information
Monastic Economies in Late Antique Egypt and Palestine , pp. 41 - 75
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abudnah, F. ‘Settlement Patterns and Military Organisation in the Region of Udhruh (Southern Jordan) in the Roman and Byzantine Periods I–II’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2006.Google Scholar
‘Amr, K., al-Momani, A., al-Nawafleh, N., and al-Nawafleh, S. ‘Summary Results of the Archaeological Project at Khirbat an-Nawafla/Wadi Musa’, Annual of the Department of Archaeology of Jordan, 44 (2000), 231–55.Google Scholar
Arjava, A., and Lehtinen, M. ‘Draft or Annotations’ in Arjava, A., Frösén, J., and Kaimio, J. (eds.), The Petra Papyri V (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2018), pp. 103–8.Google Scholar
Armstrong, G. T. ‘Imperial Church Building in the Holy Land in the Fourth Century’, Biblical Archaeologist, 30 (1967), 90–102.Google Scholar
Armstrong, G. T. ‘Fifth and Sixth Century Church Buildings in the Holy Land’, The Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 14.1 (1969), 17–30.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, J. ‘Holy Man Versus Monk. Village and Monastery in the Late Antique Levant: Between Hagiography and Archaeology’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 57 (2014), 745–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashkenazi, J. and Aviam, M. ‘Monasteries and Villages: Rural Economy and Religious Interdependency in Late Antique Palestine’, Vigiliae Christianae, 71 (2017), 117–33.Google Scholar
Avi-Yonah, M. ‘The Economics of Byzantine Palestine’, Israel Exploration Journal, 8 (1958), 39–51.Google Scholar
Avni, G. The Byzantine–Islamic Transition in Palestine. An Archaeological Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. Egypt in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar, D. ‘Population, Settlement and Economy in Late Roman and Byzantine Palestine (70–641 AD)’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 67.3 (2004), 307–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastiaensen, A. A. R. and Smit, J. W. Vita di Martino; Vita di Ilarione; In memoria di Paola (Milan: Mondadori, 1975).Google Scholar
Binns, J. Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ. The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Blànquez Pérez, C. ‘Bar Sauma Versus Dushara: The Christianisation of Petra and its Surroundings’ in de Francisco Heredero, A., Hernàndez, D. de la Fuente, S. Torres Prieto, (eds.), New Perspectives on Late Antiquity in the Eastern Roman Empire (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2014), pp. 32–47.Google Scholar
Bowersock, G. W. ‘Polytheism and Monotheism in Arabia and the Three Palestines’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 51 (1997), 1–10.Google Scholar
Bowersock, G. W., Brown, P., and Grabar, O. (eds.) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Bowman, B. Christian Monastic Life in Early Islam (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broshi, M. ‘The Diet of Palestine in the Roman Period – Introductory Notes’, The Israel Museum News, 5 (1986), 41–56.Google Scholar
Brown, P. ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies, 61 (1971), 80–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. ‘The Saint as Exemplar in Late Antiquity’, Representations, 2 (1983), 1–25.Google Scholar
Bujard, J. Kastron Mefaa, un bourg a l’époque byzantine travaux de la Mission archéologique de la fondation Max van Berchem a Umm al-Rasas, Jordanie (1988–1997) (Fribourg: Fondation Max van Berchem, 2016).Google Scholar
Charles, M. P. ‘Introductory Remarks on the Cereals’, Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture, 1 (1984), 17–31.Google Scholar
Corbo, V. Gli scavi di Khirbet Siyar al-Ghanam (Campo dei pastori) e i monasteri dei dintorni (Jerusalem: Franciscan Press 1995).Google Scholar
Cotelerius, J. B. Ecclesiae Graecae Monumenta, I (Paris: Luteciae Parisiorum, 1677).Google Scholar
Dar, S. ‘Food and Archaeology in Romano-Byzantine Palestine’ in Wilkins, J., Harvey, D., and Dobson, M. (eds.), Food in Antiquity (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1995), pp. 326–35.Google Scholar
Dauphin, C. ‘Mosaic Pavements as an Index of Prosperity and Fashion’, Levant, 12 (1980), 112–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dauphin, C. ‘Une propriété monastique byzantine en Phénicie Maritime: le domaine agricole de Shelomi’ in Kremmydas, V., Maltezou, C. A., and Panagiōtakēs, N. M. (eds.), Aphieroma ston Niko Svorono (Mélanges Nicolas Svoronos) I (Rethymno: Panepistēmio tēs Krētēs, 1986), pp. 36–50.Google Scholar
Dauphin, C. ‘A Byzantine Ecclesiastical Farm at Shelomi’ in Tsafrir, Y. (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1993), pp. 43–8.Google Scholar
Dauphin, C. Eucharistic Bread or Thistles? The Diet of the Desert Fathers in Late Antique Egypt and Palestine (Lampeter: Trivium Publications, University of Wales, 2009).Google Scholar
Dauphin, C. and Kingsley, S. A. ‘Ceramic Evidence for the Rise and Fall of a Late Antique Ecclesiastical Estate at Shelomi in Phoenicia Maritima’ in Bottini, C. G., Di Segni, L., and Chrupcala, L. D. (eds.), One Land – Many Cultures. Archaeological Studies in Honour of S. Loffreda (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 2003), pp. 61–74.Google Scholar
Decker, M. Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Dembinska, M. ‘A Comparison of Food Consumption between Some Eastern and Western Monasteries in the 4th–12th Centuries’, Byzantion, 55 (1985), 431–62.Google Scholar
Deycks, F. Ludolphi, rectoris ecclesiae parochialis in Suchem De itinere Terrae sanctae liber (Stuttgart: Litterarischer Verein, 1851).Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. Nel deserto accanto ai fratelli. Vite di Gerasimo e di Giorgio di Choziba (Magnano: Edizioni Qiqajon, 1991).Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘The Greek Inscriptions’ in Piccirillo, M. and Alliata, E. (eds.), Mount Nebo. New Archaeological Excavations 1967–1997 (Jerusalem: Stadium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1998), pp. 425–67.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘Epigraphic Documentation on Building in the Provinces of Palaestinae and Arabia 4th–7th c.’ in Humphrey, J. H. (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol. 2: Some Recent Archaeological Research, special edition of Journal of Roman Archaeology, 31 (1999), 149–78.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘The Inscriptions’ in Hirschfeld, Y. (ed.), The Early Byzantine Monastery at Khirbet ed-Deir in the Judaean Desert: The Excavations in 1981–1987, Qedem, 38 (Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999), pp. 97–106.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘Monk and Society’ in Patrich, J. (ed.), The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present (Leuven: Peeters, 2001), pp. 31–6.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘Monastery, City and Village in Byzantine Gaza’, Proche-Orient Chrétien, 55 (2005), 24–51.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘Varia Arabica. Greek Inscriptions from Jordan’, Liber Annuus, 56 (2006), 578–92.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘The Greek Inscriptions from Tel Ashdod: A Revised Reading’, ‘Atiqot, 58 (2008), 31–6.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. ‘Late Antique Inscriptions in the Provinces of Palaestina and Arabia: Realities and Change’ in Bolle, K., Machado, C., and Witschel, C. (eds.), The Epigraphic Cultures of Late Antiquity (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2017), pp. 287–615.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. and Tsafrir, Y. ‘The Ethnic Composition of Jerusalem’s Population in the Byzantine Period (312–638 CE)’, Liber Annuus, 62 (2012), 405–54.Google Scholar
Elter, R. and Hassoune, A. ‘Un complex de continuité entre del IVe et VIIIe siècles: le cas du monastère de Saint-Hilarion à Tell Umm er-‘Amr’ in Borrut, A., Debié, M., Papaconstantinou, A., Pieri, D., and Sodini, J. P. (eds.), Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbassides. Peuplement et dynamiques spatiales (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011), pp. 187–204.Google Scholar
Ewing, W. ‘Greek and Other Inscriptions Collected in the Hauran’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 27.1 (1895), 246–54.Google Scholar
Feissel, D. Chroniques d’épigraphie byzantine 1987–2004 (Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 2006).Google Scholar
Feissel, D. and Gatier, P.-L. ‘Bulletin Epigraphique 2005–2015. Syrie, Phenicie, Palestine, Arabie’, Revue des études grecques, 129 (2016), available online: https://igls.mom.fr/be-2005-2015.Google Scholar
Festugière, A. J. Antioche païenne et chrétienne, Libanius, Chrysostome, et les moines de Syrie (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1959).Google Scholar
Festugière, A. J. Les moines d’orient, culture ou sainteté. Introduction au monachisme oriental (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1961).Google Scholar
Festugière, A. J. Les moines d’orient 3,1. Les moines de Palestine: Cyrille le Scythopolis, Vie de Saint Euthyme (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1962).Google Scholar
Figueras, P., ‘Monks and Monasteries in the Negev Desert’, Liber Annuus, 45 (1995), 401–50.Google Scholar
Fisher, G., Lewin, A., and Whately, C. ‘The Fourth Centuries: Allies and Enemies’ in Fisher, G. (ed.), Arabs and Empires Before Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 74–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankfurter, D. ‘Iconoclasm and Christianization in Late Antique Egypt: Christian Treatments of Space and Image’ in Hahn, J., Emmel, S., and Gotter, U. (eds.), From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity (Leiden: Brill 2008), pp. 135–59.Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C. ‘Monks and the End of Greco-Roman Paganism in Syria and Egypt’, Cristianesimo nella storia, 11 (1990), 469–84.Google Scholar
Frey, J. B. Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum 2 vols (Vatican City: Pontificio Ist., 1936–52).Google Scholar
Frösén, J. ‘The Petra Papyri: Information and Significance’ in Frösen, J. and Fiema, Z. (eds.), Petra. A City Forgotten and Rediscovered (Helsinki: Amos Anderson Art Museum, 2002), pp. 18–24.Google Scholar
Frösén, J. ‘Gift after Death’ in Arjava, A., Frösén, J., and Kaimio, J. (eds.), The Petra Papyri V (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2018), pp. 108–36.Google Scholar
Frösén, J., Fiema, Z. T., Haggrén, H., Koistinen, K., Lavento, M., and Peterman, G. L. ‘The Finnish Jabal Harun Project Report on the 1997 Season’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 42 (1998), 483–502.Google Scholar
Frösén, J. and Miettunen, P. H. ‘Aaron in Religious Literature, Myth and Legend’ in Frösén, J. and Fiema, Z. T. (eds.), Petra: The Mountain of Aaron I. The Church and the Chapel (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2008), pp. 5–26.Google Scholar
Gagos, T. and Frösén, J. ‘Petra Papyri’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 42 (1998), 473–81.Google Scholar
Gatier, P. L. ‘Exploration, épigraphie et histoire’ in Humbert, J. B. and Desreumaux, A. (eds.), Fouilles de Khirbet es-Samra en Jordanie. La voie romaine, le cimetière. Les documents èpigraphiques (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 361–431.Google Scholar
Granic, B. ‘Die Rechtliche Stellung und Organisation der Griechischen Kloster nach dem Justinianischen Recht’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 29 (1929), 6–34.Google Scholar
Griffith, S. H. ‘Mayfa’ah: un sito dimenticato nella primitiva tradizione islamica’ in Piccirillo, M. and Alliata, E. (eds.), Umm al-Rasas Mayfa’ah I. Gli scavi del complesso di Santo Stefano (Jerusalem: Stadium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1994), pp. 51–3.Google Scholar
Griffith, S. H. ‘The Mansur Family and St. John of Damascus: Christians and Muslims in Umayyad Times’ in Borrut, A. and Donner, F. M. (eds.), Christians and Others in the Umayyad State (Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016), pp. 29–51.Google Scholar
Hamarneh, B. Topografia cristiana ed insediamenti rurali nel territorio dell’odierna Giordania nelle epoche bizantina ed islamica: V–VIII sec. (Vatican City: Pontificio Istituto di Archaeologia Cristiana, 2003).Google Scholar
Hamarneh, B. ‘Monasteries in Rural Context in Byzantine Arabia and Palaestina Tertia: A Reassessment’ in Chrupcała, L. D. (ed.), Christ Is Here! Studies in Biblical and Christian Archaeology in Memory of Fr Michele Piccirillo ofm. (Milan: Edizioni Terra Santa, 2012), pp. 275–96.Google Scholar
Hamarneh, B. ‘Il fenomeno rupestre nell’Oriente Bizantino: il caso delle province di Arabia e di Palaestina Tertia’ in Lopéz-Quiroga, J. and Tejera, A. (eds.), In concavis petrarum habitaverunt. El fenómeno rupestre en el Mediterráneo Medieval: De la investigación a la puesta en valor (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2014), pp. 361–74.Google Scholar
Hamarneh, B. ‘Between Hagiography and Archaeology: Pilgrimage and Monastic Communities on the Banks of the River Jordan’ in Daim, F., Pahlitzsch, J., Patrich, J., Rapp, C., and Seligman, J. (eds.), Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Journeys, Destinations, Experiences across Times and Cultures (Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2020), pp. 41–56.Google Scholar
Hartranft, C. D. The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1890–1900).Google Scholar
Hill, G. F. The Life of Porphyry Bishop of Gaza by Mark the Deacon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913).Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. ‘List of the Byzantine Monasteries in the Judaean Desert’ in Bottini, G. C., Di Segni, L., and Corbo, V. C. (eds.), Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land New Discoveries (Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press, 1990), pp. 1–89.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. The Judaean Desert Monasteries in the Byzantine Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. ‘Euthymius and His Monastery in the Judean Desert’, Liber Annuus, 43 (1993), 339–71.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. The Early Byzantine Monastery at Khirbet Ed-Deir in the Judean Desert: The Excavations in 1981–1987 (Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999).Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. ‘Deir Qal’a and the Monasteries of Western Samaria’ in Humphrey, J. (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol. 2 (Ann Arbor: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002), pp. 155–89.Google Scholar
Hoppé, C. ‘The Macroscopic Plant Remains’ in Politis, K. D. (ed.), Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan. Excavations 1988–2003 (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2012), pp. 518–22.Google Scholar
Hunt, E. D. Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, AD 312–460 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Jacquat, C. and Martinoli, D. ‘Vitis vinifera L.: Wild or Cultivated? Study of the Grape Pips Found at Petra, Jordan; 150 B.C.–A.D. 40’, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 8 (1999), 25–30.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, 3 vols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964).Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. Les propriétés de la couronne et de l’église dans l’empire byzantin (Ve–VIe siècles) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, M. Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du 6 au 11 siècle (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karasneh, W. ‘Excavations of the Church of Khirbet Dariya/az-Za’tara/Samad 1995’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 41 (1997), 21–35 [in Arabic].Google Scholar
Karg, S. ‘Pflanzenreste aus den nabatäischen und spätrömischen Schihcten’ in Bignasca, A., Desse-Berset, N., Fellmann Brogli, R., Glutz, R., Karg, S., Keller, D., Kolb, B., Kramar, C., Peter, M., Schmid, S. G., Schneider, C., Stucky, R. A., Studer, J., and Zanoni, I. (eds.), Petra ez Zantur I. Ergebnisse der Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinischen Ausgrabungen 1988–1992 (Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1996), pp. 355–8.Google Scholar
Kislinger, E. ‘Christians of the East. Rules and Realities of the Byzantine Diet’ in Sonnenfeld, A. (ed.), Food. A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 194–205.Google Scholar
Klostermann, E. Das Onomastikon der Biblischen Ortsnamen (Eusebius Werke III,1) (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrich, 1904).Google Scholar
Koenen, L., Kaimio, J., Kaimio, M., and Daniel, R. W. ‘Introduction. Terms Pertaining to Dwellings and Agriculture’ in Koenen, L., Kaimio, J., Kaimio, M., and Daniel, R. W. (eds.), The Petra Papyri II (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2013), pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Kouki, P. ‘Production Sites’ in Kouki, P. and Lavento, M. (eds.), Petra: The Mountain of Aaron III. The Archaeological Survey (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2013), pp. 247–51.Google Scholar
Lavento, M. and Huotari, M. ‘A Water Management System around Jabal Harûn, Petra – Its Design and Significance’ in Ohlig, C., Peleg, Y., and Tsuk, T. (eds.), Cura Aquarum in Israel. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Israel 7–12 May 2001 (Siegburg: Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft, 2002), pp. 93–106.Google Scholar
Lavento, M., Huotari, M., Jansson, H., Silvonen, S., and Fiema, Z. T. ‘Ancient Water Management System in the Area of Jabal Haroun, Petra’ in Bienert, H. D. and Häser, J. (eds.), Men of Dikes and Canals (Berlin: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 2004), pp. 163–72.Google Scholar
Lavento, M., Kouki, P., Silvonen, S., Ynnilä, H., and Huotari, M. ‘Terrace Cultivation in the Jabal Harun Area and Its Relationship to the City of Petra in Southern Jordan’, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 9 (2007), 145–56.Google Scholar
Lavento, M., Silvonen, S., and Kouki, P. ‘Runoff Cultivations and Hydraulic Structures’ in Kouki, P. and Lavento, M. (eds.), Petra: The Mountain of Aaron III. The Archaeological Survey (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2013), pp. 212–29.Google Scholar
Layton, B. ‘Social Structure and Food Consumption in an Early Christian Monastery’, Le Muséon, 115 (2002), 25–55.Google Scholar
Lefort, J. ‘The Rural Economy 7th–12th Centuries’ in Laiou, A. E. (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), pp. 231–310.Google Scholar
Levy-Rubin, M. and Kedar, B. Z. ‘A Spanish Source on Mid-Ninth-Century Mar Saba and a Neglected Sabaite Martyr’ in Patrich, J. (ed.), The Sabaite Heritage: The Sabaite Factor in the Orthodox Church – Monastic Life, Theology, Liturgy, Literature, Art and Archaeology (5th Century to the Present) (Leuven: Peeters, 2001), pp. 63–72.Google Scholar
Magen, Y. and Talgam, R. ‘The Monastery of Martyrius at Ma’ale Adummim (Khirbet el-Murassas) and its Mosaics’ in Bottini, G. C., Alliata, E., and Di Segni, L. (eds.), Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land. New Discoveries. Archaeological Essays in Honour of Virgilio C. Corbo (Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press, 1990), pp. 91–152.Google Scholar
Markschies, C. ‘Stadt und Land. Beobachtungen zu Ausbreitung und Inkulturation des Christentums in Palästina’ in Cancik, H. and Rüpke, J. (eds.), Römische Reichsreligion und Provinzialreligion (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998), pp. 265–97.Google Scholar
Mattingly, K. and Burgh, T. W. ‘Lintel Inscription from Tall Hisban, Field M, Square 5, 2001’, Andrews University Seminary Studies, 43.2 (2005), 247–60.Google Scholar
Mayerson, P. ‘The Ancient Agricultural Regime of Nessana and the Central Negeb’ in Colt, H. D. (ed.), Excavations at Nessana, I (London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1962), pp. 211–69.Google Scholar
Meimaris, Y. E. Sacred Names, Saints, Martyrs and Church Officials in the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Pertaining to the Christian Church of Palestine (Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, 1986).Google Scholar
Meimaris, Y. E. and Kritikakou-Nikolaropoulou, K. I. Inscriptions from Palaestina Tertia, Ia: The Greek Inscriptions from Ghor es-Safi (Byzantine Zoora) (Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, 2005).Google Scholar
Meimaris, Y. E. and Kritikakou-Nikolaropoulou, K. I. ‘The Greek Inscriptions’ in Politis, K. D. (ed.), Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2012), pp. 393–416.Google Scholar
Millar, F. ‘Christian Monasticism in Roman Arabia at the Birth of Mahomet’, Semitica et Classica, 2 (2009), 97–115.Google Scholar
Mouton, J. M. and Popescu-Belis, A. ‘La fondation du monastère Sainte Catherine du Sinaï selon deux documents de sa bibliothèque: codex Arabe 692 et rouleau Arabe 955’, Collectanea Christiana Orientalia, 2 (2005), 141–205.Google Scholar
Nassau, W. (ed.) The Conquest of Syria, Commonly Ascribed to Abou ’Abd Allah Mohammad b. ’Omar al-Waqidi, 3 vols (Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1854–60).Google Scholar
Nau, F. ‘Deux épisodes de l’histoire juive sous Théodose II (423 et 438) d’après la vie de Barsauma le Syrien’, Revue des études juives, 83 (1927), 184–206.Google Scholar
Neary, D. ‘Constantinople and the Desert City: Imperial Patronage of the Judaean Desert’ in Matheou, N. S. M., Kampianaki, T., and Bondioli, L. M. (eds.), From Constantinople to the Frontier. The City and the Cities (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 142–58.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A. Sbornik palestinskoĭ i siriiskoĭ agiologii (St Petersburg: Izd. Imp. pravoslavnago palestinskago ob-va, 1907).Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. ‘The Byzantine Period: An Empire’s New Holy Land’, Near Eastern Archaeology, 62.3 (1999), 135–80.Google Scholar
Patlagean, E. ‘À Byzance: ancienne hagiographie et histoire sociale’, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 23e année, N. 1 (1968), 106–26.Google Scholar
Patlagean, E. Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4e–7e siècles (Paris and La Haye: De Gruyter Mouton, 1977).Google Scholar
Patrich, J. ‘Church, State and the Transformation of Palestine – the Byzantine Period (324–640 CE)’ in Levy, T. E. (ed.), The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (New York: Facts on File, 1995), pp. 470–87.Google Scholar
Patrich, J. Sabas. Leader of Palestinian Monasticism. A Comparative Study in Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 1995).Google Scholar
Patrich, J. ‘The Impact of the Muslim Conquest on Monasticism in the Deser of Jerusalem’ in Borrut, A., Debié, M., Papaconstantinou, A., Pieri, D., and Sodini, J.P. (eds.), Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbaside: peuplement et dynamiques spatiales (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011), pp. 205–18.Google Scholar
Patrich, J. ‘Daily Life in the Desert of Jerusalem’ in Delouise, O. and Mossakowska-Gaubert, M. (eds.), La vie quotidienne des moines en Orient et en Occident (IVe–IXe siècle), vol. I: L’état des sources (Cairo: l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale IFAO, 2015), pp. 125–50.Google Scholar
Perrone, L. ‘Monasticism in the Holy Land: From the Beginnings to the Crusaders’, Proche-Orient Chrétien, 45 (1995), 31–63.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Campagna archeologica a Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (città di Nebo)’, Liber Annuus, 23 (1973), 322–58.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. Chiese e mosaici della Giordania settentrionale (Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Le chiese di Quweismeh – Amman’, Liber Annuus, 34 (1984), 329–40.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. Chiese e mosaici di Madaba (Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Monks and Monasteries in Jordan from the Byzantine to the Abbassid Period’, Al-Liqa’ Journal, 1 (1992), 17–30.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Le due iscrizioni della cappella della Theotokos nel wadi Ayn al-Kanisah – Monte Nebo’, Liber Annuus, 44 (1994), 521–38.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘La strada romana Esbus-Livias’, Liber Annuus, 46 (1996), 285–300.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘The Monastic Presence’ in Piccirillo, M. and Alliata, E. (eds.), Mount Nebo: New Archaeological Excavations 1967–1997 (Jerusalem: Stadium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1998), pp. 193–219.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Pilgrims’ Texts’ in Piccirillo, M. and Alliata, E. (eds.), Mount Nebo: New Archaeological Excavations 1967–1997 (Jerusalem: Stadium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1998), pp. 71–83.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. L’Arabia Cristiana. Dalla Provincia imperiale al primo periodo islamico (Milan: Jaca Book, 2002).Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Gregorio Magno e le Province orientali di Palestina e Arabia’, Liber Annuus, 54 (2004), 321–41.Google Scholar
Piccirillo, M. ‘Dall’archeologia alla storia. Nuove evidenze per una rettifica di luoghi comuni riguardanti le province di Palestina e di Arabia nei secoli IV-VIII d.C.’ in Quintavalle, A. C. (ed.), Medioevo Mediterraneo: l’Occidente, Bisanzio e l’Islam dal Tardoantico al secolo XII. VII Convegno Internazionale di Studi (Milan: Electa, 2007), pp. 95–111.Google Scholar
Pirone, B. Leonzio di Damasco. Vita di santo Stefano Sabaita (Cairo and Jerusalem: Franciscan Centre of Christian Oriental Studies, 1991).Google Scholar
Politis, K. D. ‘Excavations at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata 1988’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 33 (1989), 227–33.Google Scholar
Politis, K. D. ‘The Basketry and Cordage’ in Politis, K. D. (ed.), Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2012), pp. 375–7.Google Scholar
Price, R. M. Cyril of Scythopolis: The Lives of the Monks of Palestine (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1991).Google Scholar
Rapp, C. ‘For Next to God You Are My Salvation: Reflections on the Rise of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’ in Howard-Johnston, J. and Hayward, P. A. (eds.), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Essays on the Contribution of Peter Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 63–82.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. Food, Virtue, and the Shaping of Early Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Rousselle, A. Porneia. On Desire and the Body in Antiquity (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988).Google Scholar
Aquileia, Rufus, Historia Monachorum Seu Liber De Vitis Patrum, 1, Joanne, De Sancto, ed. Migne, J. P., Patrologiae Latinae 21 (Paris: Garnier, 1849).Google Scholar
Saller, S. The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo, 2 vols (Jerusalem: Franciscan Press, 1941).Google Scholar
Saradi, H. The Byzantine City in the Sixth Century. Literary Image and Historical Reality (Athens: Distributed by the Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, 2006).Google Scholar
Schachner, L. A. ‘“I Greet You and Thy Brethren. Here Are Fifteen Shentasse of Wine”: Wine-Production in the Early Monasteries of Egypt and the Levant’, Aram, 17 (2005), 157–84.Google Scholar
Schwartz, E. Kyrillos von Skythopolis (Leipzig: Hinrichs Verlag, 1939).Google Scholar
Ševčenko, I. ‘The Early Period of the Sinai Monastery in the Light of Its Inscriptions’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 28 (1966), 255–64.Google Scholar
Shahid, I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies, vol. 2.1 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002).Google Scholar
Shoemaker, S. J. Three Christian Martyrdoms from Early Islamic Palestine (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Sivan, H. ‘Pilgrimage, Monasticism, and the Emergence of Christian Palestine in the 4th Century’ in Ousterhout, R. (ed.), The Blessings of Pilgrimage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), pp. 54–65.Google Scholar
Stemberger, G. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century, trans. R. Tuschling (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2000).Google Scholar
Stone, M. ‘Holy Land Pilgrimage of Armenians before the Arab Conquest’, Revue Biblique, 93.1 (1986), 93–110.Google Scholar
Tenhunen, T. ‘FJHP 2000: Macrofossil Analysis. The 1998–2000 Finnish Harûn Project: Specialized Reports’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 45 (2001), 386–7.Google Scholar
Tenhunen, T. ‘The Macrofossil Analysis: Evidence for Dietary and Environmental Conditions’ in Fiema, Z. T., Frösén, J., and Holappa, M. (eds.), Petra: The Mountain of Aaron II. The Nabataean Sanctuary and the Byzantine Monastery (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2016), pp. 454–77.Google Scholar
Till, W. C. Die koptischen Rechtsurkunden aus Theben (Vienna: Kommissionsverlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1964).Google Scholar
Tzaferis, V. ‘Early Christian Monasticism in the Holy Land and Archaeology’ in Patrich, J. (ed.), The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present (Leuven: Peeters, 2001), pp. 317–21.Google Scholar
Usener, H. (ed.) Der heilige Theodosius, Schriften des Theodoros und Kyrillos (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890).Google Scholar
van Alfen, P. G. ‘New Light on the 7th-c. Yassı Ada Shipwreck: Capacities and Standard Sizes of LRA1 Amphoras’, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 9 (1996), 189–213.Google Scholar
Veilleux, A., Pachomian koinonia: The Lifes, Rules and Other Writings of Saint Pachomius and His Disciples. Pachomian Chronicles and Rules, vol. 2 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981).Google Scholar
Villeneuve, F. ‘L’économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans le Hauran antique (Ier siècle avant J.C.–VIème siècle après J.C.): une approche’ in Dentzer, J. M. (ed.), Hauran I. Recherches archéologiques sur la Syrie du Sud a l’époque hellénistique et romaine (Damascus: Bibliotheque Archeologique Et Historique, 1985), pp. 63–136.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, F. ‘Dharih (Jordanie Méridionale): village chrétien puis musulman (IVe–Ixe siècles) dans les ruines d’un sanctuaire nabatéen’ in Borrut, A., Debié, M., Papaconstantinou, A., Pieri, D., and Sodini, J. P. (eds.), Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbassides. Peuplement et dynamiques spatiales (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011), pp. 315–27.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, F. and Al-Muheisen, Z. ‘Nouvelles recherches à Khirbet edh-Dharih (Jordanie du Sud, 1996–1999)’, Comptes-Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 144. 4 (2000), 1525–63.Google Scholar
Weingarten, S. The Saint’s Saints. Hagiography and Geography in Jerome (Leiden: Brill, 2005).Google Scholar
Whiting, M. ‘Appendix. Monastery Hostels in the Byzantine Near East’ in Fiema, Z. T., Frösén, J., and Holappa, M. (eds.), Petra: The Mountain of Aaron II. The Nabataean Sanctuary and the Byzantine Monastery (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2016), pp. 108–13.Google Scholar
Whittaker, C. R. ‘Late Roman Trade and Traders’ in Garnsey, P., Hopkins, K. and Whittaker, C. R. (eds.), Trade in the Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 163–211.Google Scholar
Wilken, R. L. ‘Byzantine Palestine – Christian Holy Land’, The Biblical Archaeologist, 51.4 (1988), 214–37.Google Scholar
Wilken, R. L. The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Wilkinson, J. ‘Christian Pilgrims in Jerusalem during the Byzantine Period’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 108 (1976), 75–101.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, J. Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 2002).Google Scholar
Wood, P. ‘Miaphysite Mission in the Jazira: The Life of Ahudemmeh’ in Fisher, G. (ed.), Arabs and Empires before Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 350–7.Google Scholar
Wood, P. ‘The Monks of Palestine’ in Fisher, G. (ed.), Arabs and Empires before Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 302–11.Google Scholar
Wortley, J. (ed.) The Spiritual Meadow (Pratum Spirituale) by John Moschus (Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Zerbini, A. ‘The Area II Inscription’ in Rothe, U., Zerbini, A., and Kenkel, F. (eds.), Excavations in Area III on Tall Zar’a, edition of Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 58 (2017), 268–70.Google Scholar
Zohary, M. Plants of the Bible. A Complete Handbook to All the Plants with 200 Full-Color Plates in the Natural Habitat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×