Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T00:36:38.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

Panteleimon Ekkekakis
Affiliation:
Iowa State University
James A. Russell
Affiliation:
Boston College, Massachusetts
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The Measurement of Affect, Mood, and Emotion
A Guide for Health-Behavioral Research
, pp. 173 - 203
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acevedo, E.O., Dzewaltowski, D.A., Kubitz, K.A., & Kraemer, R.R. (1999). Effects of a proposed challenge on effort sense and cardiorespiratory responses during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 1460–1465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acevedo, E.O., Kraemer, R.R., Haltom, R.W., & Tryniecki, J.L. (2003). Perceptual responses proximal to the onset of blood lactate accumulation. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 267–273.Google ScholarPubMed
Acton, G.S., & Revelle, W. (2002). Interpersonal personality measures show circumplex structure based on new psychometric criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 446–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In Albarracín, D., Johnson, B.T., & Zanna, M.P. (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173–221). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Alpert, M., & Rosen, A. (1990). A semantic analysis of the various ways that the terms “affect,” “emotion,” and “mood” are used. Journal of Communication Disorders, 23, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn., Text revision). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Annesi, J.J. (2006). Preliminary testing of a brief inventory for assessing changes in exercise-induced feeling states. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102, 776–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apolzan, J.W., Flynn, M.G., McFarlin, B.K., & Campbell, W.W. (2009). Age and physical activity status effects on appetite and mood state in older humans. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34, 203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., & Agras, W.S. (1992). Binge eating among the obese: A descriptive study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 155–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., (1995). The Emotional Eating Scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 79–90.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backhouse, S.H., Ali, A., Biddle, S.J.H., & Williams, C. (2007). Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise: Impact on affect and perceived exertion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17, 605–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backhouse, S.H., Biddle, S.J.H., Bishop, N.C., & Williams, C. (2011). Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling. Appetite, 57, 247–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backhouse, S.H., Bishop, N.C., Biddle, S.J.H., & Williams, C. (2005). Effect of carbohydrate and prolonged exercise on affective states and perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 1768–1773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backhouse, S.H., Ekkekakis, P., Biddle, S.J.H., Foskett, A., & Williams, C. (2007). Exercise makes people feel better but people are inactive: Paradox or artifact?Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 498–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, T.B., Piper, M.E., McCarthy, D.E., Majeskie, M.R., & Fiore, M.C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111, 33–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In Pajares, F. & Urdan, T. (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307–337). New York: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Banse, R., & Scherer, K.R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 614–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, J.B., & Linder, D.E. (1998). State anxiety following resistance exercise: The role of gender and exercise intensity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 205–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, J.B., & Miller, B.M. (2002). Affective responses to an aerobic dance class: The impact of perceived performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 301–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartholomew, J.B., Morrison, D., & Ciccolo, J.T. (2005). Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 2032–2037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batson, C.D., Shaw, L.L., & Oleson, K.C. (1992). Differentiating affect, mood, and emotion: Toward functionally based conceptual distinctions. In Clark, M.S. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 294–326). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T., & Clark, D.A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beedie, C.J., Terry, P.C., & Lane, A.M. (2005). Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 847–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P.M. (1969). Semantic space is (approximately) bipolar. Journal of Psychology, 71, 33–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, B.G., & Motl, R.W. (2000). Exercise and mood: A selective review and synthesis of research employing the profile of mood states. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 69–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, I.H., & Eveland, D.C. (1982). State vs trait anxiety: A case study in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 361–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntson, G.G., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2008). The neuroevolution of motivation. In Shah, J.Y. & Gardner, W.L. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 188–200). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Bieling, P.J., Antony, M.M., & Swinson, R.P. (1998). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, trait version: Structure and content re-examined. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 777–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, C.M., Rodgers, W.M., Bell, G., Wilson, P.M., & Gesell, J. (2002). An empirical test of the interaction model of anxiety in an acute exercise setting. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, C.M., Rodgers, W.M., & Gauvin, L. (2004). The influence of exercise duration and cognitions during running on feeling states in an indoor running track environment. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 119–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, C.M., Rodgers, W.M., Spence, J.C., & Courneya, K.S. (2001). Affective responses to acute exercise of high and low intensity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4, 30–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodin, T., & Martinsen, E.W. (2004). Mood and self-efficacy during acute exercise in clinical depression: A randomized, controlled study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 623–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, A., & Lader, M. (1974). The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonke, B., Smorenburg, J.M.J., van der Ent, C.K., & Spielberger, C.D. (1987). Evidence of denial and item-intensity specificity in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 185–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutcher, S.H. (1993). Emotion and aerobic exercise. In Singer, R.N., Murphey, M., & Tennant, L.K. (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 799–814). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Boyle, G.J. (1987). A cross-validation of the factor structure of the Profile of Mood States: Were the factors correctly identified in the first instance?Psychological Reports, 60, 343–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, M.M., Greenwald, M.K., & Hamm, A.O. (1993). Affective picture processing. In Birbaumer, N. & Öhman, A. (Eds.), The structure of emotion (pp. 48–65). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar
Bradley, M.M., & Lang, P.J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brehm, J.W., & Miron, A.M. (2006). Can the simultaneous experience of opposing emotions really occur?Motivation and Emotion, 30, 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breus, M.J., & O’Connor, P.J. (1998). Exercise-induced anxiolysis: A test of the “time out” hypothesis in high anxious females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 1107–1112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Browne, M.W. (1992). Circumplex models for correlation matrices. Psychometrika, 57, 469–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, A., Hutchison, K.E., Seals, D.R., & Allen, D.L. (2007). A transdisciplinary model integrating genetic, physiological, and psychological correlates of voluntary exercise. Health Psychology, 26, 30–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buck, R. (1990). Mood and emotion: A comparison of five contemporary views. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 330–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabanac, M. (1979). Sensory pleasure. Quarterly Review of Biology, 54, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caci, H., Baylé, F.J., Dossios, C., Robert, P., & Boyer, P. (2003). The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety. European Psychiatry, 18, 394–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, J.T., & Berntson, G.G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J.T., & Gardner, W.L. (1999). Emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 191–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, J.T., Gardner, W.L., & Berntson, G.G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, J.T., Gardner, W.L., (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, T.P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J.A. (2007). Negative affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 499–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, L.C., Tompkins, S.A., Schmiege, S.J., Nilsson, R., & Bryan, A. (2010). Affective response to physical activity: Testing for measurement invariance of the physical activity affect scale across active and non-active individuals. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 14, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J.M., Yik, M.S.M., Russell, J.A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). On the psychometric principles of affect. Review of General Psychology, 3, 14–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C.S. (2001). Affect and the functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C.S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009a). Anger and approach: Reply to Watson (2009) and to Tomarken and Zald (2009). Psychological Bulletin, 135, 215–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C.S., (2009b). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 183–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clore, G.L., & Ortony, A. (2008). Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd edn., pp. 628–642). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Clore, G.L., Ortony, A., & Foss, M.A. (1987). The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 751–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortina, J.M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, T., & Mackay, C. (1985). The measurement of self-reported stress and arousal. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 183–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, R.H., Thomas, T.R., Hinton, P.S., & Donahue, O.M. (2004). Effects of acute 60 and 80% VO2max bouts of aerobic exercise on state anxiety of women of different age groups across time. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75, 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cramp, A.G., & Bray, S.R. (2010). Postnatal women’s feeling state responses to exercise with and without baby. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 14, 343–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, J.R., & Henry, J.D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, P.R.E. (1997). A confirmatory factor analysis of the positive affect negative affect schedule (PANAS) with a youth sport sample. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 91–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, P.R., & Grozelle, C. (1991). Reducing induced state anxiety: Effects of acute aerobic exercise and autogenic relaxation. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31, 277–282.Google ScholarPubMed
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L.J., & Shavelson, R.J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruickshank, P.J. (1984). A stress and arousal mood scale for low vocabulary subjects: A reworking of Mackay et al. (1978). British Journal of Psychology, 75, 89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cudeck, R. (1986). A note on structural models for the circumplex. Psychometrika, 51, 143–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, R.J. (1992a). Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain and Cognition, 20, 125–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, R.J. (1992b). Emotion and affective style: Hemispheric substrates. Psychological Science, 3, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, R.J. (1994). On emotion, mood, and related affective constructs. In Ekman, P. & Davidson, R.J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 51–55). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, R.J. (1998). Anterior electrophysiological asymmetries, emotion, and depression: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Psychophysiology, 35, 607–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, R.J. (2003). Seven sins in the study of emotion: Correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 52, 129–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denollet, J. (1993). Emotional distress and fatigue in coronary heart disease: The Global Mood Scale (GMS). Psychological Medicine, 23, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denollet, J., & De Vries, J. (2006). Positive and negative affect within the realm of depression, stress and fatigue: The two-factor distress model of the Global Mood Scale (GMS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 91, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeVellis, R.F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd edn.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Diener, E., & Emmons, R.A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E., & Iran-Nejad, A. (1986). The relationship in experience between various types of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1031–1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiLorenzo, T.M., Bargman, E.P., Stucky-Ropp, R., Brassington, G.S., Frensch, P.A., & LaFontaine, T. (1999). Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Preventive Medicine, 28, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dishman, R.K. (1995). Physical activity and public health: Mental health. Quest, 47, 362–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doan, B.-T.T., Plante, T.G., Digregorio, M.P., & Manuel, G.M. (1995). Influence of aerobic exercise activity and relaxation training on coping with test-taking anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 8, 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, S. (2006). Measuring exercise induced affect in adults with brain injuries. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earleywine, M., & Erblich, J. (1996). A confirmed factor structure for the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egloff, B. (1998). The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1101–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P. (2008). Affect circumplex redux: The discussion on its utility as a measurement framework in exercise psychology continues. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 139–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P. (2012). Affect, mood, and emotion. In Tenenbaum, G., Eklund, R.C., & Kamata, A. (Eds.), Measurement in sport and exercise psychology (pp. 321–332). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., & Backhouse, S.H. (2009). Exercise and psychological well-being. In Maughan, R. (Ed.), Olympic textbook of science in sport (pp. 251–271). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., Backhouse, S.H., Gray, C., & Lind, E. (2008). Walking is popular among adults but is it pleasant? A framework for clarifying the link between walking and affect as illustrated in two studies. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 246–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (1999). Measuring state anxiety in the context of acute exercise using the State Anxiety Inventory: An attempt to resolve the brouhaha. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 205–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., (2005). Evaluation of the circumplex structure of the Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after a short walk. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 83–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., (2008). The relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses demystified: To crack the forty-year-old nut, replace the forty-year-old nutcracker!Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 136–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., Van Landuyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2000). Walking in (affective) circles: Can short walks enhance affect?Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 245–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: Decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Medicine, 41, 641–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2001a). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: III. A conceptual and methodological critique of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 205–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., (2001b). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: II. A conceptual and methodological critique of the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., (2002). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: IV. A conceptual case for the affect circumplex. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkekakis, P., (2004). Affective, but hardly effective: A response to Gauvin and Rejeski (2001). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 135–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P. (1994). Moods, emotions, and traits. In Ekman, P. & Davidson, R.J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 56–58). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E.R., & Friesen, W.V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164, 86–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellsworth, P.C. (2009). Functionalist theories of emotion. In Sander, D. & Scherer, K.R. (Eds.), The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences (pp. 188–189). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ellsworth, P.C., & Smith, C.A. (1988a). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellsworth, P.C., (1988b). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endler, N.S., Cox, B.J., Parker, J.D.A., & Bagby, R.M. (1992). Self-reports of depression and state-trait anxiety: Evidence for differential assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 832–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., Vitelli, R., & Parker, J.D.A. (1989). Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. Anxiety Research, 2, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endler, N.S., Magnusson, D., Ekehammar, B., & Okada, M. (1976). The multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 17, 81–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endler, N.S., Parker, J.D.A., Bagby, R.M., & Cox, B.J. (1991). Multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety: Factor structure of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 919–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evatt, D.P., & Kassel, J.D. (2010). Smoking, arousal, and affect: The role of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 114–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everson, E.S., Daly, A.J., & Ussher, M. (2008). The effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and mood in abstaining young adult smokers. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 1, 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M.G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabrigar, L.R., Visser, P.S., & Browne, M.W. (1997). Conceptual and methodological issues in testing the circumplex structure of data in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 184–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J.A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman Barrett, L., (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman Barrett, L., (2009). Circumplex models. In Sander, D. & Scherer, K.R. (Eds.), The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences (pp. 85–88). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, D.G., & Donatelli, M.J. (1987). A measure of stress and arousal: Factor structure of the Stress Adjective Checklist. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 425–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, D.G., Hansen, R.J., & Zemore, R.W. (1988). Factor structure of the Stress Adjective Checklist: Replicated. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Focht, B.C. (2009). Brief walks in outdoor and laboratory environments: Effects on affective responses, enjoyment, and intentions to walk for exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80, 611–620.Google ScholarPubMed
Focht, B.C., Gauvin, L., & Rejeski, W.J. (2004). The contribution of daily experiences and acute exercise to fluctuations in daily feeling states among older, obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 101–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Focht, B.C., & Hausenblas, H.A. (2003). State anxiety responses to acute exercise in women with high social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 123–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Focht, B.C., (2006). Exercising in public and private environments: Effects on feeling states in women with social physique anxiety. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 11, 147–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Focht, B.C., Knapp, D.J., Gavin, T.P., Raedeke, T.D., & Hickner, R.C. (2007). Affective and self-efficacy responses to acute aerobic exercise in sedentary older and younger adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15, 123–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Focht, B.C., & Koltyn, K.F. (1999). Influence of resistance exercise of different intensities on state anxiety and blood pressure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 456–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, J.R.J., Scherer, K.R., Roesch, E.B., & Ellsworth, P.C. (2007). The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychological Science, 18, 1050–1057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, E. (2008). Emotion science: Cognitive and neuroscientific approaches to understanding human emotions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000). Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 577–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frijda, N.H. (2008). The psychologists’ point of view. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd edn., pp. 68–87). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Frijda, N.H. (2009). Mood. In Sander, D. & Scherer, K.R. (Eds.), The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences (pp. 258–259). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frijda, N.H., & Scherer, K.R. (2009). Emotion definitions (psychological perspectives). In Sander, D. & Scherer, K.R. (Eds.), The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences (pp. 142–144). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gauvin, L., & Brawley, L.R. (1993). Alternative psychological models and methodologies for the study of exercise and affect. In Seraganian, P. (Ed.), Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological processes (pp. 146–171). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Gauvin, L., & Rejeski, W.J. (1993). The Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 403–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauvin, L., (2001). Disentangling substance from rhetoric: A rebuttal to Ekkekakis & Petruzzello (2001). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauvin, L., Rejeski, W.J., Norris, J.L., & Lutes, L. (1997). The curse of inactivity: Failure of acute exercise to enhance feeling states in a community sample of sedentary adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 509–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauvin, L., & Russell, S.J. (1993). Sport-specific and culturally adapted measures in sport and exercise psychology research: Issues and strategies. In Singer, R.N., Murphey, M., & Tennant, L.K. (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 891–900). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gill, D.L. (1997). Measurement, statistics, and research design issues in sport and exercise psychology. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 1, 39–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, J.M., Ramchandani, V.A., Davis, M.B., Bjork, J.M., & Hommer, D.W. (2008). Why we like to drink: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 4583–4591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, M.D., & Strube, M.J. (1994). Independence revisited: The relation between positive and negative affect in a naturalistic setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotlib, I.H. (1984). Depression and general psychopathology in university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlib, I.H., & Meyer, J.P. (1986). Factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List: A separation of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1161–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, E.K., & Watson, D. (2007). Assessing positive and negative affect via self-report. In Coan, J.A. & Allen, J.J.B. (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 171–183). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green, D.P., Goldman, S.L., & Salovey, P. (1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D.P., & Salovey, P. (1999). In what sense are positive and negative affect independent? A Reply to Tellegen, Watson, and Clark. Psychological Science, 10, 304–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D.P., Salovey, P., & Truax, K.M. (1999). Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 856–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, R.F., & Nowlis, V. (1957). A factor analytic study of the domain of mood with independent experimental validation of the factors [abstract]. American Psychologist, 12, 438.Google Scholar
Green, S.B., Lissitz, R.W., & Mulaik, S.A. (1977). Limitations of coefficient alpha as an index of test unidimensionality. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 827–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, S.A. (1995). Journey to the centers of the mind: Toward a science of consciousness. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
Greeno, C.G., Wing, R.R., & Shiffman, S. (2000). Binge antecedents in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregg, V.H., & Shepherd, A.J. (2009). Factor structure of scores on the state version of the Four Dimension Mood Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 146–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J.J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology 2, 271–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grös, D.F., Antony, M.M., Simms, L.J., & McCabe, R.E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Psychological Assessment, 19, 369–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guadagnoli, E., & Mor, V. (1989). Measuring cancer patients’ affect: Revision and psychometric properties of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Psychological Assessment, 1, 150–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurtman, M.B., & Pincus, A.L. (2000). Interpersonal adjective scales: Confirmation of circumplex structure from multiple perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 374–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurtman, M.B., (2003). The circumplex model: Methods and research applications. In Weiner, I.B. (Series Ed.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 407–428). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hagemann, D., Naumann, E., Becker, G., Maier, S., & Bartussek, D. (1998). Frontal brain asymmetry and affective style: A conceptual replication. Psychophysiology, 35, 372–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagemann, D., Naumann, E., Lürken, A., Becker, G., Maier, S., & Bartussek, D. (1999). EEG asymmetry, dispositional mood and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 541–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2002). The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 47–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., (2010). Predicting affective responses to exercise using resting EEG frontal asymmetry: Does intensity matter?Biological Psychology, 83, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, C.J., Stevens, L.C., & Coast, J. R. (2001). Exercise duration and mood state: How much is enough to feel better?Health Psychology, 20, 267–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, C.J., & Rejeski, W.J. (1989). Not what but how one feels: The measurement of affect during exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 304–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity. Biological Psychology, 67, 51–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon-Jones, E. (2007a). Trait anger predicts relative left frontal cortical activation to anger-inducing stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 154–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon-Jones, E. (2007b). Asymmetrical frontal cortical activity, affective valence, and motivational direction. In Harmon-Jones, E. & Winkielman, P. (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior (pp. 137–156). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J.J.B. (1998). Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1310–1316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon-Jones, E., & Sigelman, J. (2001). State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 797–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haslam, N. (1995). The discreteness of emotion concepts: Categorical structure in the affective circumplex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1012–1019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemenover, S.H., & Schimmack, U. (2007). That’s disgusting! …, but very amusing: Mixed feelings of amusement and disgust. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1102–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, M., Johns, M.W., & Doré, C. (1976). Factor analysis of analogue scales measuring subjective feelings before and after sleep. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 49, 373–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herring, M.P., O’Connor, P.J., & Dishman, R.K. (2010). The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 321–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillerås, P.K., Jorm, A.F., Herlitz, A., & Winblad, B. (1998). Negative and positive affect among the very old: A survey on a sample age 90 years or older. Research on Aging, 20, 593–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodes, R.L., Cook, E.W. III, & Lang, P.J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: A conditioned association or conditioned fear?Psychophysiology, 22, 545–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, M.D., & Hoffman, D.R. (2008). Exercisers achieve greater acute exercise-induced mood enhancement than nonexercisers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89, 358–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huelsman, T.J., Furr, R.M., & Nemanick, R.C. Jr. (2003). Measurement of dispositional affect: Construct validity and convergence with a circumplex model of affect. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 655–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huelsman, T.J., Nemanick, R.C. Jr., & Munz, D.C. (1998). Scales to measure four dimensions of dispositional mood: Positive energy, tiredness, negative activation, and relaxation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 804–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulley, A., Bentley, N., Clough, C., Fishlock, A., Morrell, F., O’Brien, J., & Radmore, J. (2008). Active and passive commuting to school: Influences on affect in primary school children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 525–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunsley, J. (1990). Dimensionality of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List – Revised: A comparison of factor analytic procedures. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, K.E., Trombley, R.P., Collins, F.L. Jr., McNeil, D.W., Turk, C.L., Carter, L.E., … Leftwich, M.J.T. (1996). A comparison of two models of emotion: Can measurement of emotion based on one model be used to make inferences about the other?Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 785–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, T.A., Cacioppo, J.T., & Lang, P.J. (1998). Eliciting affect using the international affective picture system: Trajectories through evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 855–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izard, C.E. (1993). Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J.M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 631–641). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Jacob, R.G., Simons, A.D., Manuck, S.B., Rohay, J.M., Waldstein, S., & Gatsonis, C. (1989). The circular mood scale: A new technique of measuring ambulatory mood. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 11, 153–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, R.G., Thayer, J.F., Manuck, S.B., Muldoon, M.F., Tamres, L.K., Williams, D.M., … Gatsonis, C. (1999). Ambulatory blood pressure responses and the circumplex model of mood: A 4-day study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 319–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jerome, G.J., Marquez, D.X., McAuley, E., Canaklisova, S., Snook, E., & Vickers, M. (2002). Self-efficacy effects on feeling states in women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 139–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, M., Hassmén, P., & Jouper, J. (2008). Acute effects of qigong exercise on mood and anxiety. International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, O.P. & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Measurement: Reliability, construct validation, and scale construction. In Reis, H.T. and Judd, C.M. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 339–369). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3–25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58, 697–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karageorghis, C.I., Vlachopoulos, S.P., & Terry, P.C. (2000). Latent variable modelling of the relationship between flow and exercise-induced feelings: An intuitive appraisal perspective. European Physical Education Review, 6, 230–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katula, J.A., Blissmer, B.J., & McAuley, E. (1999). Exercise intensity and self-efficacy effects on anxiety reduction in healthy, older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 233–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keltner, D., & Gross, J.J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerlinger, F.N. (1979). Behavioral research: A conceptual approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
King, A.C., de Wit, H., McNamara, P.J., & Cao, D. (2011). Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 389–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, M.G., Burrows, G.D., & Stanley, G.V. (1983). Measurement of stress and arousal: Validation of the stress/arousal adjective checklist. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 473–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kishi, T., & Elmquist, J.K. (2005). Body weight is regulated by the brain: A link between feeding and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 132–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinginna, P.R. Jr., Kleinginna, A.M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 345–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapen, J., Sommerijns, E., Vancampfort, D., Sienaert, P., Pieters, G., Haake, P., … Peuskens, J. (2009). State anxiety and subjective well-being responses to acute bouts of aerobic exercise in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 756–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koball, A.M., Meers, M.R., Storfer-Isser, A., Domoff, S.E., & Musher-Eizenman, D.R. (2012). Eating when bored: Revision of the Emotional Eating Scale with a focus on boredom. Health Psychology, 31, 521–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koksal, F., & Power, K.G. (1990). Four Systems Anxiety Questionnaire (FSAQ): A self-report measure of somatic, cognitive, behavioral, and feeling components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 534–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G.F. (2008). Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation as a driver of drug-seeking behavior. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, 5, 207–215.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, T.S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd edn.). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1962).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunst-Wilson, W.R., & Zajonc, R.B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010). Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1042–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwan, B.M., & Bryan, A.D. (2010a). In-task and post-task affective response to exercise: Translating exercise intentions into behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 115–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R.S. (2010b). Affective response to exercise as a component of exercise motivation: Attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and temporal stability of intentions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 71–79.Google Scholar
LaCaille, R.A., Masters, K.S., & Heath, E.M. (2004). Effects of cognitive strategy and exercise setting on running performance, perceived exertion, affect, and satisfaction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 461–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, P.J. (1980). Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications. In Sodowski, J.B., Johnson, J.H., & Williams, T.A. (Eds.), Technology in mental health care delivery systems (pp. 119–137). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Larsen, J.T., & McGraw, A.P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095–1110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, J.T., McGraw, A.P., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, J.T., McGraw, A.P., Mellers, B.A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). The agony of victory and thrill of defeat: Mixed emotional reactions to disappointing wins and relieving losses. Psychological Science, 15, 325–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, J.T., Norris, C.J., McGraw, A.P., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2009). The evaluative space grid: A single-item measure of positivity and negativity. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 453–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, R.J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In Clark, M.S. (Ed.), Emotion (pp. 25–59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Larsen, R.J., & Fredrickson, B.L. (1999). Measurement issues in emotion research. In Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 40–60). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R.S. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37, 1019–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, R.S. (1991a). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R.S. (1991b). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 352–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R.S. (1994). The stable and the unstable in emotion. In Ekman, P. & Davidson, R.J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 79–85). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leathwood, P.D., & Pollet, P. (1982/1983). Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrer, P.M., & Woolfolk, R.L. (1982). Self-report assessment of anxiety: Somatic, cognitive, and behavioral modalities. Behavioral Assessment, 4, 167–177.Google Scholar
LePage, M.L., & Crowther, J.H. (2010). The effects of exercise on body satisfaction and affect. Body Image, 7, 124–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, J.S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 473–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, R.W. (2003). Blood, sweat, and fears: The autonomic architecture of emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 348–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebert, R.M., & Morris, L.W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lishner, D.A., Cooter, A.B., & Zald, D.H. (2008). Addressing measurement limitations in affective rating scales: Development of an empirical valence scale. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 180–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochbaum, M.R. (2006). Viability of resting electroencephalograph asymmetry as a predictor of exercise-induced affect: A lack of consistent support. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 315–336.Google Scholar
Lochbaum, M.R., Karoly, P., & Landers, D.M. (2004). Affect responses to acute bouts of aerobic exercise: A test of opponent-process theory. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, 330–348.Google Scholar
Lonigan, C.J., Hooe, E.S., David, C.F., & Kistner, J.A. (1999). Positive and negative affectivity in children: Confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 374–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M. (1989). Models and methods for measurement of mood. In Plutchik, R. & Kellerman, H. (Series Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 4, pp. 37–53). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lorr, M. (1997). The circumplex model applied to interpersonal behavior, affect, and psychotic syndromes. In Plutchik, R. & Conte, H.R. (Eds.), Circumplex models of personality and emotions (pp. 47–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., Daston, P., & Smith, I.R. (1967). An analysis of mood states. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorr, M., McNair, D.M., & Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 432–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M., McNair, D.M., & Heuchert, J.W.P., (2003). Profile of Mood States: Bi-polar manual supplement. Cheektowaga, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., McNair, D.M., & Weinstein, G.J. (1963). Early effects of chlordiazepoxide (librium) used with psychotherapy. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1, 257–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M., McNair, D.M., Weinstein, G.J., Michaux, W.W., & Raskin, A. (1961). Meprobamate and chlorpromazine in psychotherapy: Some effects on anxiety and hostility of outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M., & Shea, T.M. (1979). Are mood states bipolar?Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 468–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M., Shi, A.Q., & Youniss, R.P. (1989). A bipolar multifactor conception of mood states. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 155–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorr, M., & Wunderlich, R.A. (1988). A semantic differential mood scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 33–36.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughead, T.M., Patterson, M.M., & Carron, A.V. (2008). The impact of fitness leader behavior and cohesion on an exerciser’s affective state. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lox, C.L., Jackson, S., Tuholski, S.W., Wasley, D., & Treasure, D.C. (2000). Revisiting the measurement of exercise-induced feeling states: The Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 4, 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lox, C.L., & Rudolph, D.L. (1994). The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES): Factorial validity and effects of acute exercise. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 837–844.Google Scholar
Lox, C.L., & Treasure, D.C. (2000). Changes in feeling states following aquatic exercise during pregnancy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 518–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubin, B., Zuckerman, M., Hanson, P.G., Armstrong, T., Rinck, C.M., & Seever, M. (1986). Reliability and validity of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List – Revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 8, 103–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutter, M., & Nestler, E.J. (2009). Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. Journal of Nutrition, 139, 629–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macht, M. (1999). Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy. Appetite, 33, 129–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, C., Cox, T., Burrows, G., & Lazzerini, T. (1978). An inventory for the measurement of self-reported stress and arousal. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 283–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, G.J., & Neill, J.T. (2010). The effect of “green exercise” on state anxiety and the role of exercise duration, intensity, and greenness: A quasi-experimental study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 238–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, N.J., & Keating, L.J. (1989). The structure of emotions: Canada–United States comparisons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 70–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magid, V., Colder, C.R., Stroud, L.R., Nichter, M., & Nichter, M. (2009). Negative affect, stress, and smoking in college students: Unique associations independent of alcohol and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 973–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markland, D., Emberton, M., & Tallon, R. (1997). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale among children. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 418–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquez, D.X., Jerome, G.J., McAuley, E., Snook, E.M., & Canaklisova, S. (2002). Self-efficacy manipulation and state anxiety responses to exercise in low active women. Psychology and Health, 17, 783–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, G.D., & Zimbardo, P.G. (1979). Affective consequences of inadequately explained physiological arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 970–988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, C.S., Earleywine, M., Musty, R.E., Perrine, M.W., & Swift, R.M. (1993). Development and validation of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 140–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin Ginis, K.A., Burke, S.M., & Gauvin, L. (2007). Exercising with others exacerbates the negative effects of mirrored environments on sedentary women’s feeling states. Psychology and Health, 22, 945–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin Ginis, K.A., Jung, M.E., & Gauvin, L. (2003). To see or not to see: Effects of exercising in mirrored environments on sedentary women’s feeling states and self-efficacy. Health Psychology, 22, 354–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinsen, E.W., & Morgan, W.P. (1997). Antidepressant effects of physical activity. In Morgan, W.P. (Ed.), Physical activity and mental health (pp. 93–106). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Masheb, R.M., & Grilo, C.M. (2006). Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 141–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maslach, C. (1979). Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 953–969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, G., Jones, D.M., & Chamberlain, A.G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 17–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAuley, E., Blissmer, B., Katula, J., & Duncan, T.E. (2000). Exercise environment, self-efficacy, and affective responses to acute exercise in older adults. Psychology and Health, 15, 341–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAuley, E., & Courneya, K.S. (1994). The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES): Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 163–177.Google Scholar
McAuley, E., Mihalko, S.L., & Bane, S.M. (1996). Acute exercise and anxiety reduction: Does the environment matter?Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 408–419.Google Scholar
McAuley, E., & Rudolph, D.L. (1995). Physical activity, aging, and psychological well-being. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 3, 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, I.A., Walkey, F.H., & Taylor, A.J.W. (1985). The stress arousal checklist: An independent analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, C.S., McNamara, J.P.H., Rowe, M.A., Dzierzewski, J.M., Dirk, J., Marsiske, M., & Craggs, J.G. (2008). Sleep and affect in older adults: Using multilevel modeling to examine daily associations. Journal of Sleep Research, 17, 42–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, P.A., de Veber, L.L., & Hearn, M.T. (1985). Multidimensional pain assessment in children. In Fields, H.L., Dubner, R., & Cervero, F. (Eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy (Vol. 9, pp. 387–393). New York: Raven.Google Scholar
McKinney, A. (2010). A review of the next day effects of alcohol on subjective mood ratings. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 3, 88–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinney, A., & Coyle, K. (2006). Alcohol hangover effects on measures of affect the morning after a normal night’s drinking. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41, 54–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, D.M., & Lorr, M. (1964). An analysis of mood in neurotics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 620–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L.F. (1971). Profile of Mood States (POMS) manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., (1992). Profile of Mood States (POMS) manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Meddis, R. (1972). Bipolar factors in mood adjective check lists. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 178–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P.E. (1999). Clarifications about taxometric method. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8, 165–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabian, A. (1995). Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 121, 339–361.Google ScholarPubMed
Mehrabian, A. (1997). Comparison of the PAD and PANAS as models for describing emotions and for differentiating anxiety from depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 19, 331–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J.A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Mermelstein, R., Hedeker, D., & Weinstein, S. (2010). Ecological momentary assessment of mood-smoking relationships in adolescent smokers. In Kassel, J.D. (Ed.), Substance abuse and emotion (pp. 217–236). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Miller, B.M., Bartholomew, J.B., & Springer, B.A. (2005). Post-exercise affect: The effect of mode preference. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 263–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, C.D., Brannan, D., Mohr, J., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2008). Evidence for positive mood buffering among college student drinkers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1249–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mook, J., Kleijn, W.C., & van der Ploeg, H.M. (1991). Symptom-positively and -negatively worded items in two popular self-report inventories of anxiety and depression. Psychological Reports, 69, 551–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mook, J., van der Ploeg, H.M., & Kleijn, W.C. (1992). Symptom-positive and symptom-negative items in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: A comparison and replication. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 5, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, J. & Lee, J.-H. (2011). Predicting cigarette-seeking behavior: How reward sensitivity and positive emotions influence nicotine cravings. Social Behavior and Personality, 39, 737–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, B.A. & O’Donohue, W.T. (2008) Hedonic approach to pediatric and adolescent weight management. In O’Donohue, W.T., Moore, B.A., & Scott, B.J., (Eds.) Handbook of pediatric and adolescent obesity treatment (pp. 143–151). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Morgan, R.L. & Heise, D. (1988). Structure of emotions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 19–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W.P. (1984). Exercise and mental health. In Eckert, H.M. & Montoye, H.J. (Eds.), Exercise and health (pp. 132–145). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Morris, J.D. (1995). SAM: The Self-Assessment Manikin, an efficient cross-cultural measurement of emotional response. Journal of Advertising Research, 35, 63–68.Google Scholar
Morris, W.N. (1992). A functional analysis of the role of mood in affective systems. In Clark, M.S. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 256–293). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Morris, W.N. (1999). The mood system. In Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 169–189). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Morris, L.W., Davis, M.A., & Hutchings, C.H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mossholder, K.W., Kemery, E.R., Harris, S.G., Armenakis, A.A., & McGrath, R. (1994). Confounding constructs and levels of constructs in affectivity measurement: An empirical investigation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 336–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motl, R.W., O’Connor, P.J., & Dishman, R.K. (2004). Effects of cycling exercise on the soleus H-reflex and state anxiety among men with low or high trait anxiety. Psychophysiology, 41, 96–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemanick, R.R. Jr., & Munz, D.C. (1994). Measuring the poles of negative and positive mood using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports, 74, 195–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesse, R.M. (2004). Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B), 359, 1333–1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norcross, J.C., Guadagnoli, E., & Prochaska, J.O. (1984). Factor structure of the Profile of Mood States (POMS): Two partial replications. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1270–1277.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, C.J., Gollan, J., Berntson, G.G., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). The current status of research on the structure of evaluative space. Biological Psychology, 84, 422–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowlis, V. (1965). Research with the mood adjective checklist. In Tomkins, S.S. & Izard, C.E. (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality (pp. 352–389). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Nowlis, V. (1970). Mood: Behavior and experience. In Arnold, M.B. (Ed.), Feelings and emotions: The Loyola symposium (pp. 261–277). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Nowlis, V., & Nowlis, H.H. (1956). The description and analysis of mood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 65, 345–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd edn.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
O’Connor, P.J., Bryant, C.X., Veltri, J.P., & Gebhardt, S.M. (1993). State anxiety and ambulatory blood pressure following resistance exercise in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 516–521.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, P.J., Raglin, J.S., & Martinsen, E.W. (2000). Physical activity, anxiety, and anxiety disorders. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 136–155.Google Scholar
O’Connor, P.J., Petruzzello, S.J., Kubitz, K.A., & Robinson, T.L. (1995). Anxiety responses to maximal exercise testing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J.M. (2006). Understanding emotions (2nd edn.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ong, J.C., Cardé, N.B., Gross, J.J., & Manber, R. (2011). A two-dimensional approach to assessing affective states in good and poor sleepers. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 606–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortony, A., & Turner, T.J. (1990). What’s basic about basic emotions?Psychological Review, 97, 315–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osburn, H.G. (2000). Coefficient alpha and related internal consistency reliability coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5, 343–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osgood, C.E. (1962). Studies on the generality of affective meaning systems. American Psychologist, 17, 10–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osgood, C.E., & Suci, G.J. (1955). Factor analysis of meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 325–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Ostafin, B.D., Marlatt, G.A., & Greenwald, A.G. (2008). Drinking without thinking: An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1210–1219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panksepp, J. (1998). The periconscious substrates of consciousness: Affective states and the evolutionary origins of the self. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5, 566–582.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2005). On the embodied neural nature of core emotional affects. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12, 158–184.Google Scholar
Parfitt, G., Rose, E.A., & Burgess, W.M. (2006). The psychological and physiological responses of sedentary individuals to prescribed and preferred intensity exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 39–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parrott, A.C., Gibbs, A., Scholey, A.B., King, R., Owens, K., Swann, P., … Stough, C. (2011). MDMA and methamphetamine: Some paradoxical negative and positive mood changes in an acute dose laboratory study. Psychopharmacology, 215, 527–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedhazur, E.J., & Pedhazur Schmelkin, L. (1991). Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Peeling, P., & Dawson, B. (2007). Influence of caffeine ingestion on perceived mood states, concentration, and arousal levels during a 75-min university lecture. Advances in Physiology Education, 31, 332–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, K.A., Karelitz, J.L., Conklin, C.A., Sayette, M.A., & Giedgowd, G.E. (2010). Acute negative affect relief from smoking depends on the affect situation and measure but not on nicotine. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 707–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrinjaquet, A., Furrer, O., Usunier, J.C., Cestre, G., & Valette-Florence, P. (2007). A test of the quasi-circumplex structure of human values. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 820–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petruzzello, S.J., Jones, A.C., & Tate, A.K. (1997). Affective responses to acute exercise: A test of opponent-process theory. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 37, 205–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Potter, P.T., Zautra, A.J., & Reich, J.W. (2000). Stressful events and information processing dispositions moderate the relationship between positive and negative affect: Implications for pain patients. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder (2nd edn.). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Pronk, N.P., Crouse, S.F., & Rohack, J.J. (1995). Maximal exercise and acute mood response in women. Physiology and Behavior, 57, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puente, R., & Anshel, M.H. (2010). Exercisers’ perceptions of their fitness instructor’s interacting style, perceived competence, and autonomy as a function of self-determined regulation to exercise, enjoyment, affect, and exercise frequency. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 38–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, A.T. (1982). The structure of activation and emotion. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 221–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rafaeli, E., & Revelle, W. (2006). A premature consensus: Are happiness and sadness truly opposite affects?Motivation and Emotion, 30, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafaeli, E., Rogers, G.M., & Revelle, W. (2007). Affective synchrony: Individual differences in mixed emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 915–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raglin, J.S. (1997). Anxiolytic effects of physical activity. In Morgan, W.P. (Ed.), Physical activity and mental health (pp. 107–126). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Raglin, J.S., Turner, P.E., & Eksten, F. (1993). State anxiety and blood pressure following 30 min of leg ergometry or weight training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 1044–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raglin, J.S., & Wilson, M. (1996). State anxiety following 20 minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise at selected intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, 467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ralevski, E., Perry, E.B. Jr., D’Souza, D.C., Bufis, V., Elander, J., Limoncelli, D., … Petrakis, I. (2012). Preliminary findings on the interactive effects of IV ethanol and IV nicotine on human behavior and cognition: A laboratory study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 596–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K.A., Kondwani, K.A., Bunker, C.H., Melhem, N.M., Ukoli, F.A.M., … Jacob, R.G. (2004). Does nondipping of blood pressure at night reflect a trait of blunted cardiovascular responses to daily activities?Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 131–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddon, J.R., Marceau, R., & Holden, R.R. (1985). A confirmatory evaluation of the Profile of Mood States: Convergent and discriminant item validity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 7, 243–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ree, M.J., French, D., MacLeod, C., & Locke, V. (2008). Distinguishing cognitive and somatic dimensions of state and trait anxiety: Development and validation of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 313–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reich, J.W., & Zautra, A.J. (2002). Arousal and the relationship between positive and negative affect: An analysis of the data of Ito, Cacioppo, and Lang (1998). Motivation and Emotion, 26, 209–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reich, J.W., Zautra, A.J., & Davis, M. (2003). Dimensions of affect relationships: Models and their integrative implications. Review of General Psychology, 7, 66–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisenzein, R. (1994). Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 525–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rejeski, W.J., Hardy, C.J., & Shaw, J. (1991). Psychometric confounds of assessing state anxiety in conjunction with acute bouts of vigorous exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rejeski, W.J., Reboussin, B.A., Dunn, A.L., King, A.C., & Sallis, J.F. (1999). A modified Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory for chronic training and baseline profiles of participants in the Activity Counseling Trial. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 97–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remington, N.A., Fabrigar, L.R., & Visser, P.S. (2000). Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 286–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, R.E., Fiala, B., & Conner, M. (2009). A review and meta-analysis of affective judgments and physical activity in adult populations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 180–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J.D., Lam, C.Y., Carter, B.L., Wetter, D.W., & Cinciripini, P.M. (2012). Negative reinforcement smoking outcome expectancies are associated with affective response to acute nicotine administration and abstinence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120, 196–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, T.E., & Berridge, K.C. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 363, 3137–3146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E.T. (2007). Understanding the mechanisms of food intake and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 8 (Suppl 1), 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roseman, I.J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T.S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, G.S., Irons, J.G., & Correia, C.J. (2011). The reinforcing value of alcohol in a drinking to cope paradigm. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueger, S.Y., McNamara, P.J., & King, A.C. (2009). Expanding the utility of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) and initial psychometric support for the Brief–BAES (B–BAES). Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 916–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1978). Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1152–1168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1989). Measures of emotion. In Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (Series Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 4, pp. 83–111). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1991). In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A. (1997). How shall an emotion be called? In Plutchik, R. & Conte, H.R. (Eds.), Circumplex models of personality and emotions (pp. 205–220). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Russell, J.A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J.A. (2005). Emotion in human consciousness is built on core affect. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12, 26–42.Google Scholar
Russell, J.A., & Bullock, M. (1985). Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: Similarity from preschoolers to adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1290–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., (1986). On the dimensions preschoolers use to interpret facial expressions of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 22, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., & Carroll, J.M. (1999a). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J.A., (1999b). The phoenix of bipolarity: Reply to Watson and Tellegen (1999). Psychological Bulletin, 125, 611–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 805–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J.A., (2009). Core affect. In Sander, D. & Scherer, K.R. (Eds.), The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences (p. 104). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, J.A., & Mehrabian, A. (1974). Distinguishing anger and anxiety in terms of emotional response factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J.A., (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., & Steiger, J.H. (1982). The structure in persons’ implicit taxonomy of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 16, 447–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., Ward, L.M., & Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: A factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior, 13, 259–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.A., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G.A. (1989). Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 493–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan-Harshman, M., Leiter, L.A., & Anderson, G.H. (1987). Phenylalanine and aspartame fail to alter feeding behavior, mood and arousal in men. Physiology and Behavior, 39, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 33–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxon, L., Skagerberg, S., Borg, S., & Hiltunen, A.J. (2010). Should mood during intravenous alcohol administration be studied as a bi- or unipolar phenomenon? A pilot study. Alcohol, 44, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schachter, S., & Singer, J.E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schachter, S., (1979). Comments on the Maslach and Marshall-Zimbardo experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 989–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K.R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In Scherer, K.R. & Ekman, P.E. (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Scherer, K.R. (2005). What are emotions? And how can they be measured?Social Science Information, 44, 695–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmack, U. (2001). Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings: Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive?Cognition and Emotion, 15, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmack, U. (2005). Response latencies of pleasure and displeasure ratings: Further evidence for mixed feelings. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 671–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmack, U., & Crites, S.L. Jr. (2005). The structure of affect. In Albarracín, D., Johnson, B.T., & Zanna, M.P. (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 397–435). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Schimmack, U., & Grob, A. (2000). Dimensional models of core affect: A quantitative comparison by means of structural equation modeling. European Journal of Personality, 14, 325–345.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmack, U., & Reisenzein, R. (2002). Experiencing activation: Energetic arousal and tense arousal are not mixtures of valence and activation. Emotion, 2, 412–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schleicher, H.E., Harris, K.J., Catley, D., & Nazir, N. (2009). The role of depression and negative affect regulation expectancies in tobacco smoking among college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 507–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlosberg, H. (1952). The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlosberg, H. (1954). Three dimensions of emotions. Psychological Review, 61, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmukle, S.C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Exploring bipolarity of affect ratings by using polychoric correlations. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 272–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmukle, S.C., Egloff, B., & Burns, L.R. (2002). The relationship between positive and negative affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 463–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutz, R.W. (1993). Methodological issues and measurement problems in sport psychology. In Serpa, S., Alves, J., Ferreira, V., & Paulo-Brito, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Sport Psychology (pp. 119–131). Lisbon, Portugal: International Society of Sport Psychology.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G.E., Davidson, R.J., & Goleman, D.J. (1978). Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, S.H., & Boehnke, K. (2004). Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 230–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scollon, C.N., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2005). An experience sampling and cross-cultural investigation of the relation between pleasant and unpleasant affect. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 27–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061–1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherwood, R.D., & Westerback, M.E. (1983). A factor analytic study of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory utilized with preservice elementary teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20, 225–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shevlin, M., Miles, J.N.V., Davies, M.N.O., & Walker, S. (2000). Coefficient alpha: A useful indicator of reliability?Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffman, S., & Gwaltney, C.J. (2008). Does heightened affect make smoking cues more salient?Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 618–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S., West, R.J., & Gilbert, D.G. (2004). Recommendations for the assessment of tobacco craving and withdrawal in smoking cessation trials. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 599–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 107–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, J.S., Dvorak, R.D., Batien, B.D., & Wray, T.B. (2010). Event-level associations between affect, alcohol intoxication, and acute dependence symptoms: Effects of urgency, self-control, and drinking experience. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 1045–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjöberg, L., Svensson, E., & Persson, L.-O. (1979). The measurement of mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Smith, C.A., & Ellsworth, P.C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J.C., O’Connor, P.J., Crabbe, J.B., & Dishman, R.K. (2002). Emotional responsiveness after low- and moderate-intensity exercise and seated rest. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 1158–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, R.L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, R.L. (1991). Acquired motivation and affective opponent processes. In Madden IV, J. (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect (pp. 307–347). New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E.J. (2008). “Did you have a nice evening?” A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 674–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C.D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In Spielberger, C.D. (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3–20). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D. (1972a). Anxiety as an emotional state. In Spielberger, C.D. (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 23–49). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D. (1972b). Review of the Profile of Mood States. Professional Psychology, 3, 387–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, C.D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D. (1985). Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues. Southern Psychologist, 2, 6–16.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Golzalez, H.P., Taylor, C.J., Algaze, B., & Anton, W.D. (1978). Examination stress and test anxiety. In Spielberger, C.D. & Sarason, I.G. (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 5, pp. 167–191). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Lushene, R.E., & McAdoo, W.G. (1977). Theory and measurement of anxiety states. In Cattell, R.B. & Dreger, R.M. (Eds.), Handbook of modern personality theory (pp. 239–253). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., & Reheiser, E.C (2004). Measuring anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity as emotional states and personality traits with the STAI, STAXI, and STPI. In Hilsenroth, M.J. & Segal, D.L. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 70–86). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Steiger, J.H. (1979). Multicorr: A computer program for fast, accurate, small-sample testing of correlational pattern hypotheses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 39, 677–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, J.H. (1980). Testing pattern hypotheses on correlation matrices: Alternative statistics and some empirical results. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 15, 335–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, A.A. (1997). Measurement of affective response. In Cohen, S., Kessler, R.C., & Underwood Gordon, L. (Eds.), Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 148–171). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stritzke, W.G.K., Lang, A.R., & Patrick, C.J. (1996). Beyond stress and arousal: A reconceptualization of alcohol-emotion relations with reference to psychophysiological methods. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 376–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroebe, W., Papies, E.K., & Aarts, H. (2008). From homeostatic to hedonic theories of eating: Self-regulatory failure in food-rich environments. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 172–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroth, S., Hille, K., Spitzer, M., & Reinhardt, R. (2009). Aerobic endurance exercise benefits memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 223–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svebak, S., & Murgatroyd, S. (1985). Metamotivational dominance: A multimethod validation of reversal theory constructs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 107–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, E. (1977). Response format and factor structure in mood adjective check lists. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 18, 71–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A., Katomeri, M., & Ussher, M. (2006). Effects of walking on cigarette cravings and affect in the context of Nesbitt’s paradox and the circumplex model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 18–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A.H., & Oliver, A.J. (2009). Acute effects of brisk walking on urges to eat chocolate, affect, and responses to a stressor and chocolate cue: An experimental study. Appetite, 52, 155–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In Tuma, A.H. & Maser, J.D. (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681–706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1999a). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., (1999b). Further support for a hierarchical model of affect: Reply to Green and Salovey. Psychological Science, 10, 307–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenenbaum, G., Furst, D., & Weingarten, G. (1985). A statistical reevaluation of the STAI anxiety questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 239–244.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terracciano, A., McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. Jr. (2003). Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, P. (1995). The efficacy of mood state profiling with elite performers: A review and synthesis. Sport Psychologist, 9, 309–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, P.C., & Lane, A.M. (2000). Normative values for the Profile of Mood States for use with athletic samples. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, P.C., Lane, A.M., Lane, H.J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 861–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, R.E. (1967). Measurement of activation through self-report. Psychological Reports, 20, 663–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, R.E. (1978a). Factor analytic and reliability studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports, 42, 747–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, R.E. (1978b). Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal). Motivation and Emotion, 2, 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, R.E. (1986). Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List: Current overview and structural analysis. Psychological Reports, 58, 607–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, R.E. (1987a). Energy, tiredness, and tension effects of a sugar snack versus moderate exercise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, R.E. (1987b). Problem perception, optimism, and related states as a function of time of day (diurnal rhythm) and moderate exercise: Two arousal systems in interaction. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 19–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, R.E. (1989). The biopsychology of mood and arousal. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, B., & Vacha-Haase, T. (2000). Psychometrics is datametrics: The test is not reliable. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 174–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomarken, A.J., Davidson, R.J., Wheeler, R.E., & Doss, R.C. (1992). Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 676–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomkins, S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness (Vol. 1). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tracey, T.J.G. (2000). Analysis of circumplex models. In Tinsley, H.E.A. & Brown, S.D. (Eds.), Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 641–664). San Diego, CA: Academic.Google Scholar
Treasure, D.C., & Newbery, D.M. (1998). Relationship between self-efficacy, exercise intensity, and feeling states in a sedentary population during and following an acute bout of exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuccitto, D.E., Giacobbi, P.R. Jr., & Leite, W.L. (2010). The internal structure of positive and negative affect: A confirmatory factor analysis of the PANAS. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 125–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vagg, P.R., Spielberger, C.D., & O’Hearn, T.P. Jr. (1980). Is the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory multidimensional?Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 207–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandekerckhove, M., Weiss, R., Schotte, C., Exadaktylos, V., Haex, B., Verbraecken, J., & Cluydts, R. (2011). The role of presleep negative emotion in sleep physiology. Psychophysiology, 48, 1738–1744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Schuur, W.H., & Kiers, H.A.L. (1994). Why factor analysis often is the incorrect model for analyzing bipolar concepts, and what model to use instead. Applied Psychological Measurement, 18, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Schuur, W. H., & Kruijtbosch, M. (1995). Measuring subjective well-being: Unfolding the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Social Indicators Research, 36, 49–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Västfjäll, D., Friman, M., Gärling, T., Kleiner, M. (2002). The measurement of core affect: A Swedish self-report measure derived from the affect circumplex. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 19–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Västfjäll, D., & Gärling, T. (2007). Validation of a Swedish short self-report measure of core affect. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 233–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vautier, S., & Raufaste, E. (2003). Measuring dynamic bipolarity in positive and negative activation. Assessment, 10, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlachopoulos, S., Biddle, S., & Fox, K. (1996). A social-cognitive investigation into the mechanisms of affect generation in children’s physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 174–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vocks, S., Hechler, T., Rohrig, S., & Legenbauer, T. (2009). Effects of a physical exercise session on state body image: The influence of pre-experimental body dissatisfaction and concerns about weight and shape. Psychology and Health, 24, 713–728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, M.P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 168–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardell, J.D., Read, J.P., Curtin, J.J., & Merrill, J.E. (2012). Mood and implicit alcohol expectancy processes: Predicting alcohol consumption in the laboratory. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warr, P., Barter, J., & Brownbridge, G. (1983). On the independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 644–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. (1988). The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. (2002). Positive affectivity: The disposition to experience positive emotional states. In Snyder, C.R. & Lopez, S.J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 106–119). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2009). Locating anger in the hierarchical structure of affect: Comment on Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009). Psychological Bulletin, 135, 205–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., (1992). Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 489–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., (1994a). Emotions, moods, traits, and temperaments: Conceptual distinctions and empirical findings. In Ekman, P. & Davidson, R.J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 89–93). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, D., (1994b). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Expanded Form). Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Watson, D., (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., & Kendall, P.C. (1989). Understanding anxiety and depression: Their relation to negative and positive affective states. In Kendall, P.C. & Watson, D. (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 3–26). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., (1999). Issues in the dimensional structure of affect – effects of descriptors, measurement error, and response formats: Comment on Russell and Carroll (1999). Psychological Bulletin, 125, 601–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., & Vaidya, J. (2003). Mood measurement: Current status and future directions. In Schinka, J.A. & Velicer, W.F. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 351–375). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, C.K., Jamner, L.D., Henker, B., & Delfino, R.J. (2001). Smoking and moods in adolescents with depressive and aggressive dispositions: Evidence from surveys and electronic diaries. Health Psychology, 20, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, C.K., Jamner, L.D., Henker, B., Delfino, R.J., & Lozano, J.M. (2002). The ADHD spectrum and everyday life: Experience sampling of adolescent moods, activities, smoking, and drinking. Child Development, 73, 209–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiers, R.W. (2008). Alcohol and drug expectancies as anticipated changes in affect: Negative reinforcement is not sedation. Substance Use and Misuse, 43, 429–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiggins, J.S., Steiger, J.H., & Gaelick, L. (1981). Evaluating circumplexity in models of personality. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 263–289.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D.M. (2008). Exercise, affect, and adherence: An integrated model and a case for self–paced exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 471–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (2008). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th Rev., Vol. 1). Geneva: Switzerland: Author.Google Scholar
Wundt, W. (1912). An introduction to psychology (Pintner, R., Trans.). London: George Allen. (Original work published 1911)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yik, M.S.M., & Russell, J.A. (2003). Chinese affect circumplex: I. Structure of recalled momentary affect. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 185–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yik, M.S.M., Russell, J.A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yik, M., & Russell, J.A., & Steiger, J.H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11, 705–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, P.T. (1959). The role of affective processes in learning and motivation. Psychological Review, 66, 104–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youngstedt, S.D. (2010). Comparison of anxiolytic effects of acute exercise in older versus younger adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29, 251–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youngstedt, S.D., O’Connor, P.J., Crabbe, J.B., & Dishman, R.K. (1998). Acute exercise reduces caffeine-induced anxiogenesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 740–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajonc, R.B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zautra, A.J., Berkhof, J., & Nicolson, N.A. (2002). Changes in affect interrelations as a function of stressful events. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 309–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zautra, A.J., Potter, P.T., & Reich, J.W. (1998). The independence of affects is context-dependent: An integrative model of the relationship between positive and negative affect. In Lawton, M.P. (Series Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 17, pp. 75–103). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Zautra, A.J., Reich, J.W., Davis, M.C., Potter, P.T., & Nicolson, N.A. (2000). The role of stressful events in the relationship between positive and negative affects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality, 68, 927–951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zevon, M.A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1960). The development of an affect adjective check list for the measurement of anxiety. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 457–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. & Lubin, B. (1965a). Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. & Lubin, B. (1965b). Normative data for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports, 16, 438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M., Lubin, B., & Rinck, C.M. (1983). Construction of new scales for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Lubin, B., Vogel, L., & Valerius, E. (1964). Measurement of experimentally induced affects. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 418–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Iowa State University
  • Foreword by James A. Russell, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book: The Measurement of Affect, Mood, and Emotion
  • Online publication: 05 March 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511820724.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Iowa State University
  • Foreword by James A. Russell, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book: The Measurement of Affect, Mood, and Emotion
  • Online publication: 05 March 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511820724.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Iowa State University
  • Foreword by James A. Russell, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book: The Measurement of Affect, Mood, and Emotion
  • Online publication: 05 March 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511820724.013
Available formats
×