Austin, J. L. How To Do Things With Words, Oxford University Press, 1962
Beardsley, Monroe C. Practical Logic, Prentice Hall, 1950, p. 558
Blair, J. Anthony and Johnson, Ralph H. (eds.). Informal Logic: The First International Symposium, Edgepress, 1980
Boulding, Kenneth. Foreword to Malthus's Population: The First Essay, University of Michigan Press, 1959
Butterfield, Herbert. The Origins of Modern Science 1300–1800, G. Bell & Sons, 1949, p. 32 and Chapter 3
Cornman, James W., Lehrer, Keith and Pappas, George S. Philosophical Problems and Argument: An Introduction, 3rd edn, Collier Macmillan, 1982, pp. 85f
Crombie, A. C.Augustine to Galileo, Falcon Educational Books (first published 1952), Heinemann, 1980, Vol. II, pp. 221–38
Dawkins, Richard. Review of Swinburne's Is There a God?, in The Sunday Times, 4 February 1996
Everitt, Nicholas and Fisher, Alec. Modern Epistemology: A New Introduction, McGraw-Hill, 1995
Fogelin, Robert J. Understanding Arguments, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978, p. 96
Hacker, P. M. S. Insight and Illusion, Oxford University Press, 1972, p. 304
Meek, Ronald L. (ed.). Marx and Engels on Malthus, Lawrence and Wishart, 1953, pp. 59, 63
Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action, Harvard University Press, 1965, pp. 2, 3
Popper, Sir Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (translated by the author with the assistance of Dr Julius Freed and Lan Freed), Hutchinson & Co., 1959, Appendix xi, pp. 442f
Putnam, Hilary. ‘The Corroboration of Theories’ in Schlipp, Paul A. (ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Open Court Publishing Co., 1974, Vol. II, pp. 221–40, §4
Quine, W. V. and Ullian, J. S.The Web of Belief, Random House, 1970, p. 62
Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1967, p. 63
Samuelson, Paul A. Economics: An Introductory Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1980
Scriven, Michael. Reasoning, McGraw-Hill, 1976
Strawson, P. F. Introduction to Logical Theory, Methuen, 1952
Swinburne, Richard. Is There A God?, Oxford University Press, 1996
Thomas, Stephen. Practical Reasoning in Natural Language, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, 1981, pp. 156, 296–323
Practical Reasoning in Natural Language, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, 1986
Toulmin, Stephen. The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, 1958