In April 1683, John Locke wrote to an agent of the East India Company who was shortly to depart for Cossimbazar, asking for information on India. Published accounts had whetted Locke's appetite and he sought a more ‘exact’ description from an eyewitness whose observations he could direct and whose testimony would answer his curiosity. Locke noted:

Consistent with his long-standing interest in comparative religion and the problem of enthusiasm, Locke went on to express an interest in tales of apparitions and spirits, as well as the religious opinions and ceremonies of Hindus and other sects in the country. But he hoped, in fact, for a thorough ethnography, which would include detail on the languages, learning, government, and manners of the country, together with information on Aurengzib, the famed Mughal emperor.

By framing these inquiries, Locke followed a well-established practice among devotees of the new science. The Royal Society often enlisted the energies of voyagers in describing the physical world. Locke's extension of methods associated with natural history to include the natural history of man provides the focus of this chapter.