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Chapter 18 - Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Children

from Section III - Hepatitis and Immune Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2021

By
Hong-Yuan Hsu  and
Mei-Hwei Chang
Edited by
Frederick J. Suchy ,
Ronald J. Sokol  and
William F. Balistreri
Edited in association with
Jorge A. Bezerra ,
Cara L. Mack  and
Benjamin L. Shneider
Frederick J. Suchy
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
Ronald J. Sokol
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
William F. Balistreri
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
Jorge A. Bezerra
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
Cara L. Mack
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
Benjamin L. Shneider
Affiliation:
Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston
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Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major global health problem [1]. HBV infection may cause acute, fulminant, or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although complications occur mainly during adult life, most primary HBV infection occurs during early childhood [1]. To control HBV infection and its complications, it is mandatory to understand the transmission mode and natural history starting from childhood. The age of primary infection is an important factor affecting the outcome. HBV infection during infancy and early childhood leads to high rates of persistent infection. Perinatal transmission from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers to their infants is an important route of transmission leading to chronicity in endemic areas. Before the era of universal HBV vaccination, perinatal transmission accounted for 40–50% of HBsAg carriers in Asia. Maternal HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status affect the outcome of HBV infection in their infants. Around 90% of infants of HBeAg seropositive carrier mothers become HBsAg carriers. Horizontal transmission from highly infectious family members, improperly sterilized syringes or other contaminated instruments may also occur. HBV vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection and its complications. Despite the availability of HBV vaccine leading to decreasing incidence of HBV infections, WHO estimates that in 2015, 257 million people were living with chronic HBV infection [2].

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Chapter
Information
Liver Disease in Children , pp. 285 - 303
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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