Having an educational background in Marxian sociology, I have been inspired and affected by the research methodology proposed by Yrjö Engeström for the dialectical study of links between the individual and the society. Drawing on the cultural-historical school of psychology, he has argued for a “radically new methodology” that incorporates historicity and developmental judgment into analyses that might “yet take fully into account the diversity and multiplicity inherent in human activities” (Engeström, 1999a, p. 28). This methodology became identified with a collective learning activity from the very beginning. By introducing the methodology of developmental work research with his colleagues, Engeström broke new ground in the theory of his own disciplinary field of adult education. The aim of developmental work research was to enable workers to become conscious subjects of their own learning activity and to combine independent learning activity with work.

The foundations of the methodology are presented in the book Learning by Expanding (Engeström, 1987) in such a rich way that this text continues to carry forward certain, partly unfulfilled ideas related to how to study individual learning and societal change from the point of view of human development.