Introduction

How are developing countries to react to recent changes in border security procedures that are detrimental to their interests? Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the United States, border measures for goods have become part of the new security environment. Defending against possible attacks on ports and harbors is a difficult challenge when tiny amounts of chemical, biological, or nuclear substances can cause devastating harm. In response to the threat, governments adopted new approaches in border administration. For oceangoing cargo, security inspections are no longer limited to the place of importation but have shifted to the place of export where goods are loaded into large shipping containers and placed onto vessels. Exporting countries are expected to have facilities, equipment, and personnel ready to scan these containers using X-ray and gamma-ray technology, and radiation detection devices.