This chapter presents and analyses the application of Brazilian results of two questions from the report ‘Rescuing Darwin’ which was originally developed and submitted in the United Kingdom. The issues discussed relate to two views about the origin of life and biological evolution: the hypotheses of Young Earth creationism and intelligent design. The data obtained in Brazil were compared with the British results. Two categories were considered in the analysis of the respondents: religion and education.

The conflict between science and religion has resurfaced in many areas of the globe. Consequently, the clash between creationists and evolutionists has also re-emerged. In Latin America, this phenomenon coincides with major changes in the pattern of religiosity of the population. It is no different in Brazil: the data from the last census indicate an increase in the number of Evangelical Church members (as they call themselves) whose practices are closer to preaching a literal interpretation of the Bible. In contrast, the number of Catholics has fallen steadily in recent years. Catholics constitute a religious group known for not having a strong engagement with readings and analysis based on a literal biblical approach, despite also having subdivisions that enable this. However, these same Brazilian census data show a consistent and significant increase in the number of those who call themselves non-religious. This group hypothetically could include atheists, agnostics and those who believe in a deity but do not follow a doctrine.