The decorative scheme of the Baroncelli chapel in the church of Santa Croce in Florence (Fig. 9.1) – including frescoes on the walls depicting the life of the Virgin, frescoes in the vault with allegorical representations of the virtues, stained glass with images of saints, sculpture at the entrance to the chapel, and Giotto’s altarpiece of the Coronation of the Virgin (Plate XII) – can be said to have at least two registers of meaning. On one level, the iconographical programme reflects the Baroncelli family’s concerns with salvation. Overlaying this relatively straightforward reading, however, is a more complex Franciscan theology that weaves together divine revelation, angelic visitation, and light in reference to salvation. The purpose of this chapter is to revisit these layers of meaning, and to suggest more specifically that the chapel’s iconographic scheme reflects Franciscan views on the Beatific Vision controversy, which reached its peak between 1331 and 1336, with implications for both our reading of the chapel’s imagery and the dating of its decoration.

The controversy was the most prominent theological dispute of the time and centred on whether the saved attained the Beatific Vision – the full and unmediated vision of God in heaven – immediately after death, or whether this would only occur after the resurrection of the body at the Last Judgement. In a series of sermons delivered in 1331–32, Pope John XXII (Jacques Duese, r. 1316–34) proposed that souls could not enjoy the sight of God until Judgement Day. These views met with great resistance among Dominican thinkers and also Spiritual Franciscans, who were already at odds with the Pope over the Poverty Controversy. Other Franciscans, however, agreed with John, or at least took a more nuanced view of the afterlife in which the Beatific Vision was gradually attained and perfected. The iconography of the Baroncelli chapel – which insists on the importance of the resurrected body – reflects the Franciscan idea of the gradual attainment of perfect vision, and of the body perfecting the vision of God, ideas moreover aligned with Bonaventure’s writings about spiritual seeing and the ascent of the soul to God beginning during life.