Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T22:02:51.138Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Early Developments: 1861–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2023

Marco Malvestio
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
Stefano Serafini
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Get access

Summary

In the period between 1861 and 1914, two major interlinked traumas caused the fracture that led to the proliferation and multiplication of Gothic discourses. The first, of a historical and political nature, was national unification, which initiated a long and controversial process of state-building that eventually revealed the fragmented character of a country in which extremely diverse regions had been forcibly integrated into a single political entity. Rapid and invasive processes of industrialisation and urbanisation dramatically changed the texture of cities, particularly the largest ones, such as Milan, Florence and Naples; they also exacerbated social and economic disparities, caused a sharp increase in crime and generated strong concerns among Italians. The Gothic, as I will show, arises as an acknowledgement of such disquiet. The second trauma, of a social and historical nature, was the result of significant advancements in the fields of science, medicine and technology, which paradoxically aided or mirrored the resurgence of occult beliefs and practices.

In fact, far from being a monolithic discourse founded on purely rational and empirical thinking or a coherent set of methods and approaches, what scholars refer to as science at the fin de siècle was, rather, an extremely diverse series of stances, knowledges and practices (mesmerism, spiritualism and psychical research) that blurred the binary distinctions between natural and supernatural. Although many questioned the scientific status of occult practices, ‘there was no unequivocal position’, as Martin Willis remarks, ‘from which these beliefs could be denied a place within the scientific hierarchy’ (11). Both telegraphy and spiritualism, as Richard Noakes points out, permitted invisible communication from a distance (422). While inventions such as laryngoscopes and stomach illuminations allowed physicians to explore the inside of the living body, clairvoyants claimed to be capable of identifying dis-eases through their gaze. Photography broadened the realm of the visible and proved to be an instrumental tool in distributing scientific knowledge, such as bacteriology, but it also became a crucial resource for spiritualists, who saw it as proof of psychic phenomenology.

Type
Chapter
Information
Italian Gothic
An Edinburgh Companion
, pp. 48 - 62
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×