Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T19:22:53.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Network Assembly

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2022

Cang Hui
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
David Richardson
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Get access

Summary

To assess community assembly via natural colonisation and the potential ceiling of species richness in local communities, Wilson and Simberloff (1969) fumigated nine red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) islands in Florida Bay, United States. This exemplifies the need in ecology to elucidate the concepts regarding community succession and assembly. New species arrive at a site predominantly via chance and dispersal, while resident species interact with each other via eco-evolutionary games (Chapter 2). Biotic interactions act as engineers to form ecological networks. Together with filters and forces from environmental and disturbance gradients, these ecological interaction networks define realised ecological niches and mediate community assembly rules and trajectories, thereby building an ecological house on the hill. With limited space and resource and the inevitable minimum sustainable size required for a viable population to survive stochasticity and disturbance, there must be an upper bound on the number and kinds of species that can be accommodated in a community, either via natural or human-mediated colonisation of both regional endemics and alien species. For this reason, questions pertaining to the ways in which an ecological community absorbs new arrivals have been on the agenda of community ecology since its inception. Despite progress on that front, making precise predictions about the trajectory of community assembly, the characteristics of the eventual resident species and the realised number of resident species in a local community remains a formidable challenge.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerly, DD, Cornwell, WK (2007) A trait-based approach to community assembly: Partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components. Ecology Letters 10, 135145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agosta, SJ (2006) On ecological fitting, plant–insect associations, herbivore host shifts, and host plant selection. Oikos 114, 556565.Google Scholar
Agosta, SJ, Klemens, JA (2008) Ecological fitting by phenotypically flexible genotypes: implications for species associations, community assembly and evolution. Ecology Letters 11, 11231134.Google Scholar
Agrawal, AA, et al. (2005) Enemy release? An experiment with congeneric plant pairs and diverse above- and belowground enemies. Ecology 86, 29792989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitchison, J, Brown, JAC (1957) The Lognormal Distribution with Special Reference to Its Uses in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aizen, MA, et al. (2008) Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. PLoS Biology 6, e31.Google Scholar
Albert, R, Barabási, A (2002) Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of Modern Physics 74, 4797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, M (2014) Consequences of plant invasions on compartmentalization and species’ roles in plant–pollinator networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, 20140773.Google Scholar
Alcántara, JM, Rey, PJ (2012) Linking topological structure and dynamics in ecological networks. The American Naturalist 180, 186199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allesina, S, Tang, S (2012) Stability criteria for complex ecosystems. Nature 483, 205208.Google Scholar
Almeida-Neto, M, et al. (2008) A consistent metric for nestedness analysis in ecological systems: reconciling concept and measurement. Oikos 117, 12271239.Google Scholar
Almeida-Neto, M, Ulrich, W (2011) A straightforward computational approach for measuring nestedness using quantitative matrices. Environmental Modelling & Software 26, 173178.Google Scholar
Andow, DA, Imura, O (1994) Specialization of phytophagous arthropod communities on introduced plants. Ecology 75, 296300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atmar, W, Patterson, BD (1993) The measure of order and disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat. Oecologia 96, 373382.Google Scholar
Atmar, W, Patterson, BD (1995) The Nestedness Temperature Calculator: A Visual Basic Program, Including 294 Presence Absence Matrices AICS Res. Chicago: NM and the Field Museum.Google Scholar
Bai, R, et al. (2017) Microbial community and functional structure significantly varied among distinct types of paddy soils but responded differently along gradients of soil depth layers. Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 116.Google Scholar
Bais, HP, et al. (2003) Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science 301, 13771380.Google Scholar
Baiser, B, et al. (2010) Connectance determines invasion success via trophic interactions in model food webs. Oikos 119, 19701976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banašek-Richter, C, et al. (2009) Complexity in quantitative food webs. Ecology 90, 14701477.Google Scholar
Barabási, A, Albert, R (1999) Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509––512.Google Scholar
Bartomeus, I, et al. (2008) Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant–pollinator networks. Oecologia 155, 761770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bascompte, J, Jordano, P (2007) Plant-animal mutualistic networks: the architecture of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, 567593.Google Scholar
Bascompte, J, Jordano, P (2014) Mutualistic Networks. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bascompte, J, et al. (2003) The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 93839387.Google Scholar
Bascompte, J, et al. (2006) Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance. Science 312, 431433.Google Scholar
Bastolla, U, et al. (2009) The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and increases biodiversity. Nature 458, 10181020.Google Scholar
Beckage, B, et al. (2011) The limits to prediction in ecological systems. Ecosphere 2, a125.Google Scholar
Bell, G (2001) Neutral macroecology. Science 293, 24132418.Google Scholar
Bellay, S, et al. (2011). A host-endoparasite network of Neotropical marine fish: Are there organizational patterns? Parasitology 138, 1945.Google Scholar
Berlow, E (1999) Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398, 330334.Google Scholar
Berlow, E, et al. (2004) Interaction strengths in food webs: Issues and opportunities. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 585598.Google Scholar
Bever, JD (2002) Negative feedback within a mutualism: Host–specific growth of mycorrhizal fungi reduces plant benefit. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269, 25952601.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, C, et al. (2016) Nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in invasive legume nodules and associated soils are similar across introduced and native range populations in Australia. Journal of Biogeography 43, 16311644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, TM, et al. (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, 333339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blossey, B, Notzold, R (1995) Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: A hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 83, 887889.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, D, et al. (2009) Synergy between pathogen release and resource availability in plant invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106, 78997904.Google Scholar
Blüthgen, N, et al. (2006) Measuring specialization in species interaction networks. BMC Ecology 6, 9.Google Scholar
Boccaletti, S, et al. (2006) Complex networks: Structure and dynamics. Physics Reports 424, 175308.Google Scholar
Bossdorf, O, et al. (2005) Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia 144, 111.Google Scholar
Bramon, MB, et al. (2020) Untangling the seasonal dynamics of plant-pollinator communities. Nature Communications 11, 4086.Google Scholar
Broido, AD, Clauset, A (2019) Scale-free networks are rare. Nature Communications 10, 1017.Google Scholar
Brown, G, Sanders, JW (1981) Lognormal genesis. Journal of Applied Probability 18, 542547.Google Scholar
Bruno, R, et al. (2005) Mesh networks: commodity multihop ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 43, 123131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadotte, MW, et al. (2006) Ecological patterns and biological invasions: Using regional species inventories in macroecology. Biological Invasions 8, 809821.Google Scholar
Cagnolo, L, et al. (2011) Network topology: Patterns and mechanisms in plant-herbivore and host-parasitoid food webs. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, 342351.Google Scholar
Callaway, RM, Aschehoug, ET (2000) Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290, 521523.Google Scholar
Callaway, RM, Ridenour, WM (2004) Novel weapons: Invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, 436443.Google Scholar
Camacho, J, et al. (2002) Robust patterns in food web structure. Physical Review Letters 88, 228102.Google Scholar
Campbell, C, et al. (2015) Plant–pollinator community network response to species invasion depends on both invader and community characteristics. Oikos 124, 406413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CaraDonna, PJ, Waser, NM (2020) Temporal flexibility in the structure of plant–pollinator interaction networks. Oikos 129, 13691380.Google Scholar
Carpenter, D, Cappuccino, N (2005) Herbivory, time since introduction and the invasiveness of exotic plants. Journal of Ecology 93, 315321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, SP, et al. (2005) And the beak shall inherit: Evolution in response to invasion. Ecology Letters 8, 944951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catford, JA, et al. (2009) Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and Distributions 15, 2240.Google Scholar
Cattin, MF, et al. (2004) Phylogenetic constraints and adaptation explain food-web structure. Nature 427, 835839.Google Scholar
Chase, JM (2003) Community assembly: When should history matter? Oecologia 136, 489498.Google Scholar
Chase, JM, et al. (2018) Embracing scale-dependence to achieve a deeper understanding of biodiversity and its change across communities. Ecology Letters 21, 17371751.Google Scholar
Chesson, P (2000) Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, 343366.Google Scholar
Clark, JS (2012) The coherence problem with the unified neutral theory of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, 198202.Google Scholar
Clements, FE (1916) Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar
Cohen, JE, Briand, F (1984) Trophic links of community food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81, 41054109.Google Scholar
Cohen, JE, Newman, CM (1985) A stochastic theory of community food webs I: Models and aggregated data. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 224, 421448.Google Scholar
Cohen, JE, et al. (1990) Community Food Webs: Data and Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colautti, R, et al. (2014) Quantifying the invasiveness of species. NeoBiota 21, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colautti, RI, et al. (2004) Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis? Ecology Letters 7, 721733.Google Scholar
Colautti, RI, et al. (2017) Invasions and extinctions through the looking glass of evolutionary ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, 20160031.Google Scholar
Condit, R (1998) Tropical Forest Census Plots. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Connell, JH (1990) Apparent versus “Real” competition in plants. In Grace, J, Tilman, D (eds.) Perspectives on Plant Competition, pp. 926. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Connor, EF, Simberloff, D (1979) The assembly of species communities: Chance or competition? Ecology 60, 11321140.Google Scholar
Connor, EF, Simberloff, D (1983) Interspecific competition and species co-occurrence patterns on islands: Null models and the evaluation of evidence. Oikos 41, 455465.Google Scholar
Cornwell, WK, Schwilk, DW, Ackerly, DD (2006) A trait-based test for habitat filtering: Convex hull volume. Ecology 87, 14651471.Google Scholar
Costello, CJ, Solow, AR (2003) On the pattern of discovery of introduced species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 33213323.Google Scholar
Cottingham, K, Brown, B, Lennon, J (2001) Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems. Ecology Letters 4, 7285.Google Scholar
Coutts, SR, Helmstedt, KJ, Bennett, JR (2018) Invasion lags: The stories we tell ourselves and our inability to infer process from pattern. Diversity and Distributions 24, 244251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuddington, K, Hastings, A (2016) Autocorrelated environmental variation and the establishment of invasive species. Oikos 125 , 10271034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, MRT, Fortin, M-J (2021) Quantitative Analysis of Ecological Networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Andrea, R, Gibbs, T, O’Dwyer, JP (2020) Emergent neutrality in consumer-resource dynamics. PLoS Computational Biology 16, e1008102.Google Scholar
Davies, KF, et al. (2005) Spatial heterogeneity explains the scale dependence of the native–exotic diversity relationship. Ecology 86, 16021610.Google Scholar
Delmas, E, et al. (2019) Analysing ecological networks of species interactions. Biological Reviews 94, 1636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, JM (1975) Assembly of species communities. In Diamond, JM, Cody, ML (eds.) Ecology and Evolution of Communities, pp. 342344. Boston: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dormann, CF, Strauβ, R (2014) A method for detecting modules in quantitative bipartite networks. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5, 9098.Google Scholar
Dornelas, M, et al. (2014) Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 344, 296299.Google Scholar
Drake, JA (1990) The mechanics of community assembly and succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology 147, 213233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drossel, B, et al. (2001) The influence of predator–prey population dynamics on the long-term evolution of food web structure. Journal of Theoretical Biology 208, 91107.Google Scholar
Duncan, R, Williams, P (2002) Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis challenged. Nature 417, 608609.Google Scholar
Dunne, JA, et al. (2002) Network structure and biodiversity loss in food webs: Robustness increases with connectance. Ecology Letters 5 , 558567.Google Scholar
Dupont, YL, Olesen, JM (2012) Stability of modular structure in temporal cumulative plant–flower-visitor networks. Ecological Complexity 11, 8490.Google Scholar
Egas, M, et al. (2005) Evolution of specialization and ecological character displacement of herbivores along a gradient of plant quality. Evolution 59, 507520.Google Scholar
Egler, FE (1954) Vegetation science concepts I: Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development with 2 figs. Vegetatio Acta Geobot 4, 412417.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, PR, Raven, PH (1964) Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18, 586608.Google Scholar
Elton, CS (1958) The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London: Metheun.Google Scholar
Epanchin-Niell, RS, Hastings, A (2010) Controlling established invaders: Integrating economics and spread dynamics to determine optimal management. Ecology Letters 13, 528541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eppinga, MB, et al. (2006) Accumulation of local pathogens: A new hypothesis to explain exotic plant invasions. Oikos 114, 168176.Google Scholar
Erdős, P, Rényi, A (1959) On Random Graphs. I. Publicationes Mathematicae 6, 290297.Google Scholar
Euler, L (1736) Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinenti. Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae 8, 128140.Google Scholar
Fakami, T (2015) Historical contingency in community assembly: Integrating niches, species pools, and priority effects. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46, 123.Google Scholar
Fargione, JE, Tilman, D (2005) Diversity decreases invasion via both sampling and complementarity effects. Ecology Letters 8, 604611.Google Scholar
Farji-Brener, AG, Amador-Vargas, S (2014) Hierarchy of hypotheses or cascade of predictions? A comment on Heger et al. (2013). Ambio 43, 11121114.Google Scholar
Ferrer-Paris, JR, et al. (2013) Congruence and diversity of butterfly-host plant associations at higher taxonomic levels. PLoS ONE 8, e63570.Google Scholar
Fontaine, C, et al. (2011) The ecological and evolutionary implications of merging different types of networks. Ecology Letters 14, 11701181.Google Scholar
Fortuna, MA, et al. (2010) Nestedness versus modularity in ecological networks: Two sides of the same coin? Journal of Animal Ecology 79, 811817.Google Scholar
Fossette, S, et al. (2012) Does prey size matter? Novel observations of feeding in the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) allow a test of predator–prey size relationships. Biology Letters 8, 351354.Google Scholar
Fricke, EC, Svenning, J (2020) Accelerating homogenization of the global plant–frugivore meta-network. Nature 585, 7478.Google Scholar
Frost, CM, et al. (2019) Using network theory to understand and predict biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34, 831843.Google Scholar
Gaertner, M, et al. (2009). Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Progress in Physical Geography 33, 319338.Google Scholar
Gaertner, M, et al. (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: Identifying high-priority invaders that alter feedback relationships. Diversity and Distributions 20, 733744.Google Scholar
Galiana, N, et al. (2014) Invasions cause biodiversity loss and community simplification in vertebrate food webs. Oikos 123, 721728.Google Scholar
Galiana, N, et al. (2018) The spatial scaling of species interaction networks. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 782790.Google Scholar
García-Callejas, D, et al. (2018) Multiple interactions networks: Towards more realistic descriptions of the web of life. Oikos 127, 522.Google Scholar
Gaston, KJ (2003) The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gause, GF (1934) Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence. Science 79, 1617.Google Scholar
Gauzens, B, et al. (2015) Trophic groups and modules: Two levels of group detection in food webs. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 12, 20141176.Google Scholar
Genini, J, et al. (2012) Mistletoes play different roles in a modular host–parasite network. Biotropica 44, 171178.Google Scholar
Getz, WM, et al. (2018) Making ecological models adequate. Ecology Letters 21, 153166.Google Scholar
Gilljam, D, Curtsdotter, A, Ebenman, B (2015) Adaptive rewiring aggravates the effects of species loss in ecosystems. Nature Communications 6, 8412.Google Scholar
Gilpin, M, Hanski, I (eds.) (1991) Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Girvan, M, Newman, MEJ (2002) Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 78217826.Google Scholar
Gleason, HA (1927) Further views on the succession concept. Ecology 8, 299326.Google Scholar
Gotelli, NJ (2000) Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology 81, 26062621.Google Scholar
Gotelli, NJ, Graves, GR (1996) Null Models in Ecology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Götzenberger, L, et al. (2012) Ecological assembly rules in plant communities: Approaches, patterns and prospects. Biological Reviews 87, 111127.Google Scholar
Graham, SP, et al. (2009) Nestedness of ectoparasite-vertebrate host networks. PLoS ONE 4, e7873.Google Scholar
Gravel, D, et al. (2006), Reconciling niche and neutrality: the continuum hypothesis. Ecology Letters 9, 399409.Google Scholar
Guimarães, PR Jr, et al. (2011) Evolution and coevolution in mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters 14, 877885.Google Scholar
Guimarães, PR, Guimarães, P (2006) Improving the analyses of nestedness for large sets of matrices. Environmental Modelling & Software 21, 15121513.Google Scholar
Guimerà, R, Amaral, LAN (2005) Cartography of complex networks: Modules and universal roles. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2, P02001.Google Scholar
Haak, DM, et al. (2017) Coupling ecological and social network models to assess ‘transmission’ and ‘contagion’ of an aquatic invasive species. Journal of Environmental Management 190, 243251.Google Scholar
Hansen, BB, et al. (2020) The Moran effect revisited: Spatial population synchrony under global warming. Ecography 43, 15911602.Google Scholar
Hanski, I (1982) Dynamics of regional distribution: The core and satellite species hypothesis. Oikos 38, 210221.Google Scholar
Harrison, JA, et al. (1997) The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa.Google Scholar
Havens, K (1992) Scale and structure in natural food webs. Science 257, 11071109.Google Scholar
Hayes, KR, Barry, SC (2008) Are there any consistent predictors of invasion success? Biological Invasions 10, 483506.Google Scholar
Heger, T, et al. (2019) Towards an integrative, eco-evolutionary understanding of ecological novelty: Studying and communicating interlinked effects of global change. BioScience 69, 888899.Google Scholar
Hesse, H (1943) Das Glasperlenspiel. New York: Henry Holt and Company.Google Scholar
Hierro, JL, et al. (2005) A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: The importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range. Journal of Ecology 93, 515.Google Scholar
Hillebrand, H, et al. (2018) Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends: Consequences for conservation and monitoring. Journal of Applied Ecology 55, 169184.Google Scholar
HilleRisLambers, J, et al. (2012) Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 43, 227248.Google Scholar
Hinz, HL, Schwarzlaender, M (2004) Comparing invasive plants from their native and exotic range: What can we learn for biological control? Weed Technology 18, 15331541.Google Scholar
Hobbs, RJ, et al. (2014), Managing the whole landscape: Historical, hybrid, and novel ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 557564.Google Scholar
Hocutt, CH, et al. (1978) Fishes of the Greenbrier River, West Virginia, with drainage history of the Central Appalachians. Journal of Biogeography 5, 5980.Google Scholar
Hokkanen, HMT, Pimentel, D (1989) New associations in biological control: Theory and practice. Canadian Entomologist 121, 829840.Google Scholar
Holland, JN, DeAngelis, DL (2010) A consumer-resource approach to the density-dependent population dynamics of mutualism. Ecology 91, 12861295.Google Scholar
Holland, JN, Okuyama, T, DeAngelis, DL (2006) Comment on ‘Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance’. Science 313, 1887.Google Scholar
Holling, CS (1959) Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canadian Entomologist 91, 385398.Google Scholar
Hubbell, SP (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hubbell, SP, Condit, R, Foster, RB (2005) Barro Colorado Forest Census Plot Data. Panama City: Center for Tropical Forest Science.Google Scholar
Hubbell, SP, et al. (1999) Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a Neotropical forest. Science 283, 554557.Google Scholar
Hui, C (2012) Scale effect and bimodality in the frequency distribution of species occupancy. Community Ecology 13, 3035.Google Scholar
Hui, C (2021) Introduced species shape insular mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 118, e2026396118.Google Scholar
Hui, C, McGeoch, MA (2014) Zeta diversity as a concept and metric that unifies incidence-based biodiversity patterns. The American Naturalist 184, 684694.Google Scholar
Hui, C, Richardson, DM (2017) Invasion Dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hui, C, Richardson, DM (2019) Network invasion as an open dynamical system: Response to Rossberg and Barabás. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34, 386387.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2006) A spatially explicit approach to estimating species occupancy and spatial correlation. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 140147.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2010) Measures perceptions and scaling patterns of aggregated species distributions. Ecography 33, 95102.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2011) Macroecology meets invasion ecology: Linking the native distributions of Australian acacias to invasiveness. Diversity and Distributions 17, 872883.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2012) Flexible dispersal strategies in native and non-native ranges: Environmental quality and the ‘good-stay, bad-disperse’ rule. Ecography 35, 10241032.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2013) Increasing functional modularity with residence time in the co-distribution of native and introduced vascular plants. Nature Communications 4, 2454.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2014) Macroecology meets invasion ecology: Performance of Australian acacias and eucalypts around the world revealed by features of their native ranges. Biological Invasions 16, 565576.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2015) Adaptive diversification in coevolutionary systems. In Pontarotti, P (ed.) Evolutionary Biology: Biodiversification from Genotype to Phenotype, pp. 167186. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2016) Defining invasiveness and invasibility in ecological networks. Biological Invasions 18, 971983.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2017) Ranking of invasive spread through urban green areas in the world’s 100 most populous cities. Biological Invasions 19, 35273539.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2018) Ecological and Evolutionary Modelling. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Hui, C, et al. (2020) The role of biotic interactions in invasion ecology: Theories and hypotheses. In Traveset, A, Richardson, DM (eds.) Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions, pp. 2644. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Hulme, PE (2009) Trade, transport and trouble: Managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. Journal of Applied Ecology 46, 1018.Google Scholar
Janzen, DH (1985) On ecological fitting. Oikos 45, 308310.Google Scholar
Jaramillo, P, et al. (2013) CDF Checklist of Galápagos Vascular Plants: Charles Darwin Foundation Galápagos Species Checklist. Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.Google Scholar
Jarosz, AM, Davelos, AL (1995) Effects of disease in wild plant populations and the evolution of pathogen aggressiveness. New Phytologist 129, 371387.Google Scholar
Jeschke, JM (2014) General hypotheses in invasion ecology. Diversity and Distribution 20, 12291234.Google Scholar
Jeschke, JM, Strayer, DL (2006) Determinants of vertebrate invasion success in Europe and North America. Global Change Biology 12, 16081619.Google Scholar
Jeschke, M, Heger, T (eds)(2018) Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence. Oxfordshire: CAB International.Google Scholar
Jonsson, LM, et al. (2001) Context dependent effects of ectomycorrhizal species richness on tree seedling productivity. Oikos 93 , 353364.Google Scholar
Jordano, P (1987) Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: Connectance, dependence asymmetries, and coevolution. The American Naturalist 129, 657677.Google Scholar
Jordano, P, et al. (2003) Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant–animal interactions. Ecology Letters 6, 6981.Google Scholar
Joshi, J, Vrieling, K (2005) The enemy release and EICA hypothesis revisited: Incorporating the fundamental difference between specialist and generalist herbivores. Ecology Letters 8, 704714.Google Scholar
Kaiser-Bunbury, CN, et al. (2010) The robustness of pollination networks to the loss of species and interactions: A quantitative approach incorporating pollinator behaviour. Ecology Letters 13, 442452.Google Scholar
Kauffman, SA (2019) A World Beyond Physics: The Emergence and Evolution of Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keane, RM, Crawley, MJ (2002) Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 164170.Google Scholar
Kimbrell, T, Holt, RD (2005) Individual behaviour, space and predator evolution promote persistence in a two-patch system with predator switching. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7, 5371.Google Scholar
King, GE, Howeth, JG (2019) Propagule pressure and native community connectivity interact to influence invasion success in metacommunities. Oikos 128, 15491564.Google Scholar
Klironomos, JN (2003) Variation in plant response to native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 84, 22922301.Google Scholar
Knevel, IC, et al. (2004) Release from native root herbivores and biotic resistance by soil pathogens in a new habitat both affect the alien Ammophila arenaria in South Africa. Oecologia 141, 502510.Google Scholar
Kondoh, M (2003) Foraging adaptation and the relationship between food-web complexity and stability. Science 299, 13881391.Google Scholar
Kondoh, M, Kato, S, Sakato, Y (2010) Food webs are built up with nested subwebs. Ecology 91, 31233130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraft, NJB, et al. (2008) Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest. Science 322, 580582.Google Scholar
Krasnov, BR, et al. (2012) Phylogenetic signal in module composition and species connectivity in compartmentalized host-parasite networks. The American Naturalist 179, 501511.Google Scholar
Křivan, V, et al. (2001) Alternative food, switching predators, and the persistence of predator-prey systems. The American Naturalist 157, 512524.Google Scholar
Kueffer, C, et al. (2013) Integrative invasion science: Model systems, multi-site studies, focused meta-analysis and invasion syndromes. New Phytologist 200, 615633.Google Scholar
Kuussaari, M, et al. (2009) Extinction debt: A challenge for biodiversity conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 564571.Google Scholar
Laliberté, E, Legendre, P (2010) A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91, 299305.Google Scholar
Landi, P, Piccardi, C (2014) Community analysis in directed networks: In-, out-, and pseudocommunities. Physical Review E 89, 012814.Google Scholar
Landi, P, et al. (2018) Complexity and stability of ecological networks: A review of the theory. Population Ecology 60, 319345.Google Scholar
Latombe, G, et al. (2015) Beyond the continuum: A multi-dimensional phase space for neutral–niche community assembly. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, 20152417.Google Scholar
Latombe, G, et al. (2018) Drivers of species turnover vary with species commonness for native and alien plants with different residence times. Ecology 99, 27632775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latombe, G, et al. (2019) A four-component classification of uncertainties in biological invasions: Implications for management. Ecosphere 10, e02669.Google Scholar
Latombe, G, et al. (2020) The effect of cross-boundary management on the trajectory to commonness in biological invasions. NeoBiota 62, 241267.Google Scholar
Latombe, G, et al. (2021) Mechanistic reconciliation of community and invasion ecology. Ecosphere 12, e03359.Google Scholar
Le Roux, JJ (2020) Molecular ecology of plant-microbial interactions during invasions: progress and challenges. In Traveset, A, Richardson, DM (eds.) Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions, pp. 340362. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Le Roux, JJ, et al. (2017) Co-introduction vs ecological fitting as pathways to the establishment of effective mutualisms during biological invasions. New Phytologist 215, 13541360.Google Scholar
Le Roux, JJ, et al. (2020) Biotic interactions as mediators of biological invasions: Insights from South Africa. In van Wilgen, BW, et al. (eds.) Biological Invasions in South Africa. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Legault, G, Fox, JW, Melbourne, BA (2019) Demographic stochasticity alters expected outcomes in experimental and simulated non-neutral communities. Oikos 128, 17041715.Google Scholar
Lehman, CL, Tilman, D (2000) Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities. The American Naturalist 156, 534552.Google Scholar
Leibold, MA, Chase, JM (2017) Metacommunity Ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levine, JM (2000) Species diversity and biological invasions: Relating local process to community pattern. Science 288, 852854.Google Scholar
Levine, JM, et al. (2004) A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecology Letters 7, 975989.Google Scholar
Loeuille, N, Loreau, M (2005) Evolutionary emergence of size-structured food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 57615766.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, WM (1999) Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80, 15221536.Google Scholar
Lopezaraiza–Mikel, ME, et al. (2007) The impact of an alien plant on a native plant–pollinator network: An experimental approach. Ecology Letters 10, 539550.Google Scholar
Lurgi, M, et al. (2014) Network complexity and species traits mediate the effects of biological invasions on dynamic food webs. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2, 111.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R, Levins, R (1967) The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 101, 377385.Google Scholar
MacArthur, RH (1972) Strong, or weak, interactions. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 44, 177188.Google Scholar
MacDougall, AS, Gilbert, B, Levine, JM (2009) Plant invasions and the niche. Journal of Ecology 97, 609615.Google Scholar
Mack, RN (1996) Predicting the identity and fate of plant invaders: Emergent and emerging approaches. Biological Conservation 72, 107121.Google Scholar
Maron, JL, et al. (2004) Rapid evolution of an invasive plant. Ecological Monographs 74, 261280.Google Scholar
Maron, JL, Vilà, M (2001) When do herbivores affect plant invasion? Evidence for the natural enemies and biotic resistance hypotheses. Oikos 95, 361373.Google Scholar
Martinez, ND (1992) Constant connectance in community food webs. The American Naturalist 139, 12081218.Google Scholar
May, RM (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature 238, 413414.Google Scholar
McCullagh, P, Nelder, JA (1983) Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
McGeoch, MA, et al. (2019) Measuring continuous compositional change using decline and decay in zeta diversity. Ecology 100, e02832.Google Scholar
McGill, BJ, et al. (2006) Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 178185.Google Scholar
McGill, BJ, et al. (2007) Species abundance distributions: Moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecology Letters 10, 9951015.Google Scholar
McGrannachan, CM, McGeoch, MA (2019) Multispecies plant invasion increases function but reduces variability across an understorey metacommunity. Biological Invasions 21, 11151129.Google Scholar
McKane, AJ (2004) Evolving complex food webs. European Physical Journal B 38, 287295.Google Scholar
Mello, MAR, et al. (2011) The modularity of seed dispersal: Differences in structure and robustness between bat–and bird–fruit networks. Oecologia 167, 131140.Google Scholar
Memmott, J (1999) The structure of a plant-pollinator food web. Ecology Letters 2, 276280.Google Scholar
Memmott, J, Waser, NM (2002) Integration of alien plants into a native flower–pollinator visitation web. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269, 23952399.Google Scholar
Meskens, C, et al. (2011) Host plant taxonomy and phenotype influence the structure of a Neotropical host plant-hispine beetle food web. Ecological Entomology 36, 480489.Google Scholar
Miele, V, et al. (2019) Non-trophic interactions strengthen the diversity: Functioning relationship in an ecological bioenergetic network model. PLoS Computational Biology 15, e1007269.Google Scholar
Milgram, S (1967) The small world problem. Psychology Today 2, 6067.Google Scholar
Minoarivelo, HO, et al. (2014) Detecting phylogenetic signal in mutualistic interaction networks using a Markov process model. Oikos 123, 12501260.Google Scholar
Minoarivelo, HO, Hui, C (2016a) Trait-mediated interaction leads to structural emergence in mutualistic networks. Evolutionary Ecology 30, 105121.Google Scholar
Minoarivelo, HO, Hui, C (2016b) Invading a mutualistic network: To be or not to be similar. Ecology and Evolution 6, 49814996.Google Scholar
Minoarivelo, HO, Hui, C (2018) Alternative assembly processes from trait-mediated co-evolution in mutualistic communities. Journal of Theoretical Biology 454, 146153.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C, Power, A (2003) Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature 421, 625627.Google Scholar
Mitchell, CE and Power, AG (2006) Disease dynamics in plant communities. In Collinge, SK, Ray, C (eds.) Disease Ecology: Community Structure and Pathogen Dynamics, pp. 5872. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mlinarić, A, et al. (2017) Dealing with the positive publication bias: Why you should really publish your negative results. Biochemia Medica 27, 447452.Google Scholar
Molontay, R, Nagy, M (2019) Two decades of network science: As seen through the co-authorship network of network scientists. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM ‘19). New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 578–583.Google Scholar
Montoya, JM, Solé, RV (2002) Small world patterns in food webs. Journal of Theoretical Biology 214, 405412.Google Scholar
Moore, J, Hunt, WH (1988) Resource compartmentation and the stability of real ecosystems. Nature 333, 261263.Google Scholar
Mora, BB, et al. (2020) Untangling the seasonal dynamics of plant-pollinator communities. Nature Communications 11, 4086.Google Scholar
Morales, CL, Traveset, A (2009) A meta-analysis of impacts of alien vs. native plants on pollinator visitation and reproductive success of co-flowering native plants. Ecology Letters 12, 716728.Google Scholar
Morton, RD, Law, R (1997) Regional species pools and the assembly of local ecological communities. Journal of Theoretical Biology 187, 321331.Google Scholar
Mougi, A, Kondoh, M (2016) Food-web complexity, meta-community complexity and community stability. Scientific Reports 6, 24478.Google Scholar
Müller-Schärer, H, et al. (2004) Evolution in invasive plants: Implications for biological control. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 417422.Google Scholar
Murdoch, WW (1969) Switching in general predators: Experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecological Monographs 39, 335354.Google Scholar
Neutel, A, et al. (2002) Stability in real food webs: Weak links in long loops. Science 296, 11201123.Google Scholar
Newman, MEJ (2003) The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 45, 167256.Google Scholar
Newman, MEJ, Girvan, M (2004) Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Physical Review E 69, 026113.Google Scholar
Nnakenyi, CA, et al. (2019) Fine-tuning the nested structure of pollination networks by adaptive interaction switching, biogeography and sampling effect in the Galápagos Islands. Oikos 128, 14131423.Google Scholar
Novella-Fernandez, R, et al. (2019) Interaction strength in plant–pollinator networks: Are we using the right measure? PLoS ONE 14, e0225930.Google Scholar
Novoa, A, et al. (2020) Invasion syndromes: A systematic approach for predicting biological invasions and facilitating effective management. Biological Invasions 22, 18011820.Google Scholar
Nowak, M, Sigmund, KA (1993) Strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Nature 364, 5658.Google Scholar
Nuismer, SL, et al. (2010) When is correlation coevolution? The American Naturalist 175, 525537.Google Scholar
Nuwagaba, S, Hui, C (2015) The architecture of antagonistic networks: Node degree distribution compartmentalization and nestedness. Computational Ecology and Software 5, 317327.Google Scholar
Nuwagaba, S, et al. (2015) A hybrid behavioural rule of adaptation and drift explains the emergent architecture of antagonistic networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, 20150320.Google Scholar
Nuwagaba, S, et al. (2017) Robustness of rigid and adaptive networks to species loss. PLoS ONE 12, e0189086.Google Scholar
Okuyama, T, Holland, JN (2008) Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic communities. Ecology Letters 11, 208216.Google Scholar
Olesen, JM, et al. (2007) The modularity of pollination networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 1989119896.Google Scholar
Olesen, JM, Jordano, P (2002) Geographic patterns in plant–pollinator mutualistic networks. Ecology 83, 24162424.Google Scholar
Padrón, B, et al. (2009) Impact of alien plant invaders on pollination networks in two archipelagos. PLoS ONE 4, e6275.Google Scholar
Paine, R (1992) Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength. Nature 355, 7375.Google Scholar
Parker, IM, Gilbert, GS (2004) The evolutionary ecology of novel plant-pathogen interactions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35, 675700.Google Scholar
Parker, JD, et al. (2020) Biotic resistance to plant invasions. In Traveset, A, Richardson, DM (eds.) Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions, pp. 177191. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Parker, JD, Hay, ME (2005) Biotic resistance to plant invasions? Native herbivores prefer non-native plants. Ecology Letters 8, 959967.Google Scholar
Patterson, BD, et al. (2009) Nested distributions of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) on Neotropical bats: Artifact and specificity in host-parasite studies. Ecography 32, 481487.Google Scholar
Pauchard, A, et al. (2018) Biodiversity assessments: Origin matters. PLoS Biology 16, e2006686.Google Scholar
Pearson, DE, et al. (2018) Community assembly theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, 313325.Google Scholar
Perkins, LB, Nowak, RS (2013) Invasion syndromes: Hypotheses on relationships among invasive species attributes and characteristics of invaded sites. Journal of Arid Land 5, 275283.Google Scholar
Piazzon, M, et al. (2011) Are nested networks more robust to disturbance? A test using epiphyte-tree, comensalistic networks. PLoS ONE 6, e19637.Google Scholar
Pigliucci, M (2010) Genotype–phenotype mapping and the end of the ‘genes as blueprint’ metaphor. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, 557566.Google Scholar
Pires, MM, et al. (2011) The nested assembly of individual-resource networks. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, 896903.Google Scholar
Raimundo, RLG, et al. (2018) Adaptive networks for restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, 664675.Google Scholar
Ramirez, KS, et al. (2018) Network analyses can advance above-belowground ecology. Trends in Plant Science 23, 759768.Google Scholar
Ramos-Jiliberto, R, et al. (2012) Topological plasticity increases robustness of mutualistic networks. Journal of Animal Ecology 81, 896904.Google Scholar
Ramsay-Newton, C, et al. (2017) Species, community, and ecosystem-level responses following the invasion of the red alga Dasysiphonia japonica to the western North Atlantic Ocean. Biological Invasions 19, 537547.Google Scholar
Rezende, E, et al. (2007) Non-random coextinctions in phylogenetically structured mutualistic networks. Nature 448, 925928.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, et al. (2000a) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93107.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, et al. (2000b) Plant invasions: The role of mutualisms. Biological Reviews 75, 6593.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, et al. (2005) Species richness of alien plants in South Africa: Environmental correlates and the relationship with indigenous plant species richness. ÉcoScience 12, 391402.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, et al. (2004) Using natural experiments in the study of alien tree invasions: Opportunities and limitations. In Gordon, MS, Bartol, SM (eds.), Experimental Approaches to Conservation Biology, pp. 180201. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, Pyšek, P (2006) Plant invasions: Merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility. Progress in Physical Geography 30, 409431.Google Scholar
Richardson, DM, Pyšek, P (2012) Naturalization of introduced plants: Ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns. New Phytologist 196, 383396.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Echeverría, S, et al. (2011) Jack-of-all-trades and master of many? How does associated rhizobial diversity influence the colonization success of Australian Acacia species? Diversity and Distributions 17, 946957.Google Scholar
Romanuk, TN, et al. (2009) Predicting invasion success in complex ecological networks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 17431754.Google Scholar
Rosindell, J, et al. (2012) The case for ecological neutral theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, 203208.Google Scholar
Rossberg, AG, et al. (2010) How trophic interaction strength depends on traits. Theoretical Ecology 3, 1324.Google Scholar
Rosvall, M, Bergstrom, CT (2007) An information-theoretic framework for resolving community structure in complex networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 73277331.Google Scholar
Rouget, M, et al. (2015) Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: Vegetation biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. South African Journal of Botany 101, 2431.Google Scholar
Rouget, M, et al. (2016), Invasion debt: Quantifying future biological invasions. Diversity and Distributions 22 , 445456.Google Scholar
Saavedra, S, et al. (2009) A simple model of bipartite cooperation for ecological and organizational networks. Nature 457, 463466.Google Scholar
Sanchez, A (2015) Fidelity and promiscuity in an ant-plant mutualism: A Case Study of Triplaris and Pseudomyrmex. PLoS ONE 10, e0143535.Google Scholar
Sax, DF, et al. (2005) Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution and Biogeography. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Incorporated.Google Scholar
Scheffer, M, van Nes, EH (2006) Self-organized similarity, the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 62306235.Google Scholar
Schelling, M, Hui, C (2015) modMax: Community structure detection via modularity maximization. R package version 1.0. https://cranr-projectorgGoogle Scholar
Schemske, DW, Horvitz, CC (1984) Variation among floral visitors in pollination ability: A precondition for mutualism specialization. Science 225, 519521.Google Scholar
Schlaepfer, MA (2018) On the importance of monitoring and valuingall forms of biodiversity. PLoS Biology 16, e3000039.Google Scholar
Shea, K, Chesson, P (2002) Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 17176.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D (2009) The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40, 81102.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D, Von Holle, B (1999) Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: Invasional meltdown? Biological Invasions 1, 2132.Google Scholar
Smith-Ramesh, LM, et al. (2017) Global synthesis suggests that food web connectance correlates to invasion resistance. Global Change Biology 23, 465473.Google Scholar
Soininen, J, et al. (2007) The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography 30, 312.Google Scholar
Staniczenko, PPA, et al. (2017) Linking macroecology and community ecology: Refining predictions of species distributions using biotic interaction networks. Ecology Letters 20, 693707.Google Scholar
Staniczenko, PPA, et al. (2010) Structural dynamics and robustness of food webs. Ecology Letters 13, 891899.Google Scholar
Stastny, M, et al. (2005) Do vigour of introduced populations and escape from specialist herbivores contribute to invasiveness? Journal of Ecology 93, 2737.Google Scholar
Stephens, DW, Krebs, JR (1986) Foraging Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stohlgren, TJ, et al. (2003) The rich get richer: Patterns of plant invasions in the United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, 1114.Google Scholar
Stone, L, Roberts, A (1990) The checkerboard score and species distributions. Oecologia 85, 7479.Google Scholar
Stouffer, DB, et al. (2014) How exotic plants integrate into pollination networks. Journal of Ecology 102, 14421450.Google Scholar
Stubbs, WJ, Wilson, BJ (2004) Evidence for limiting similarity in a sand dune community. Journal of Ecology 92, 557567.Google Scholar
Summerhayes, VS, Elton, CS (1923) Contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Journal of Ecology 11, 214216.Google Scholar
Sutherland, JP, Karlson, RH (1977) Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecological Monographs 47, 425446.Google Scholar
Suweis, S, et al. (2013) Emergence of structural and dynamical properties of ecological mutualistic networks. Nature 500, 449452.Google Scholar
Tansley, AG (1935) The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16, 284307.Google Scholar
Thébault, E, Fontaine, C (2010) Stability of ecological communities and the architecture of mutualistic and trophic networks. Science 329, 853856.Google Scholar
Tilman, D (1982) Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilman, D (2004) Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101, 1085410861.Google Scholar
Tilman, D, et al. (1994) Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 6566.Google Scholar
Timi, JT, Poulin, R (2008) Different methods, different results: Temporal trends in the study of nested subset patterns in parasite communities. Parasitology 135, 131138.Google Scholar
Tomasetto, F, et al. (2019) Resolving the invasion paradox: Pervasive scale and study dependence in the native-alien species richness relationship. Ecology Letters 22, 10381046.Google Scholar
Torchin, ME, Mitchell, CE (2004) Parasites, pathogens, and invasions by plants and animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, 183190.Google Scholar
Townsend, CR, et al. (1998) Disturbance, resource supply and food-web architecture in streams. Ecology Letters 1, 200209.Google Scholar
Traveset, A, et al. (2013) Invaders of pollination networks in the Galápagos Islands: Emergence of novel communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, 20123040.Google Scholar
Traveset, A, et al. (2015) Bird–flower visitation networks in the Galápagos unveil a widespread interaction release. Nature Communications 6, 6376.Google Scholar
Traveset, A, Richardson, DM (2014) Mutualistic interactions and biological invasions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45, 89113.Google Scholar
Traveset, A, Richardson, DM (eds.) (2020) Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Tylianakis, J, et al. (2007) Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host–parasitoid food webs. Nature 445, 202205.Google Scholar
Ulanowicz, RE (1997) Limitations on the connectivity of ecosystem flow networks. In Rinaldo, A, Marani, A (eds.) Biological Models, pp. 125143. Venice: Instituto Veneto de Scienze, Lettere ed Arti.Google Scholar
Vacher, C, Piou, D, Desprez-Loustau, ML (2008) Architecture of an antagonistic tree/fungus network: The asymmetric influence of past evolutionary history. PLoS ONE 3: e1740.Google Scholar
Valdovinos, FS (2019) Mutualistic networks: Moving closer to a predictive theory. Ecology Letters 22, 15171534.Google Scholar
Valdovinos, FS, et al. (2010) Consequences of adaptive behaviour for the structure and dynamics of food webs. Ecology Letters 13, 15461559.Google Scholar
Valdovinos, FS, et al. (2018) Species traits and network structure predict the success and impacts of pollinator invasions. Nature Communications 9, 2153.Google Scholar
van Baalen, M, et al. (2001) Alternative food, switching predators, and the persistence of predatory-prey systems. The American Naturalist 157, 512524.Google Scholar
van der Heijden, M, et al. (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396, 6972.Google Scholar
van der Putten, WH, et al. (2005) Invasive plants and their escape from root herbivory: A worldwide comparison of the root-feeding nematode communities of the dune grass Ammophila arenaria in natural and introduced ranges. Biological Invasions 7, 733746.Google Scholar
van Ruijven, J, et al. (2003) Diversity reduces invasibility in experimental plant communities: The role of plant species. Ecology Letters 6, 910918.Google Scholar
Vázquez, DP, Aizen, MA (2003) Null model analyses of specialization in plant–pollinator interactions. Ecology 84, 24932501.Google Scholar
Vellend, M (2016) The Theory of Ecological Communities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vermaat, JE, et al. (2009) Major dimensions in food-web structure properties. Ecology 90, 278282.Google Scholar
Vilà, M, et al. (2009) Invasive plant integration into native plant–pollinator networks across Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, 38873893.Google Scholar
Vilà, M, et al. (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: A meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters 14, 702708.Google Scholar
Vivanco, JM, et al. (2004) Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: Novel weapons and exotic invasion. Ecology Letters 7, 285292.Google Scholar
Vizentin-Bugoni, J, et al. (2019) Structure, spatial dynamics, and stability of novel seed dispersal mutualistic networks in Hawai’i. Science 364, 7882.Google Scholar
Waddell, EH, et al. (2020) Trait filtering during exotic plant invasion of tropical rainforest remnants along a disturbance gradient. Functional Ecology 34, 25842597.Google Scholar
Wallace, AR (1889) Darwinism. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Waser, NM, et al. (1996) Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77, 10431060.Google Scholar
Watkins, A, Wilson, JB (2003) Local texture convergence: A new approach to seeking assembly rules. Oikos 102, 525532.Google Scholar
Watts, D, Strogatz, S (1998) Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature 393, 440442.Google Scholar
Whitney, KD, Gabler, CA (2008) Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘invasive traits’ and recipient communities: Challenges for predicting invasive potential. Diversity and Distributions 14, 569580.Google Scholar
Whittall, J, Hodges, S (2007) Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers. Nature 447, 706709.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Martinez, N (2000) Simple rules yield complex food webs. Nature 404, 180183.Google Scholar
Wilson, EO, Simberloff, DS (1969) Experimental zoogeography of islands: Defaunation and monitoring techniques. Ecology 50, 267278.Google Scholar
Wolfe, BE, Husband, BC, Klironomos, JN (2005) Effects of a belowground mutualism on an aboveground mutualism. Ecology Letters 8 , 218223.Google Scholar
Wootton, JT, Emmerson, M (2005) Measurement of interaction strength in nature. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36, 419444.Google Scholar
Zhang, F, Hui, C (2014) Recent experience-driven behaviour optimizes foraging. Animal Behaviour 88, 1319.Google Scholar
Zhang, F, et al. (2011) An interaction switch predicts the nested architecture of mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters 14, 797803.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Network Assembly
  • Cang Hui, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, David Richardson, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  • Book: Invading Ecological Networks
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108778374.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Network Assembly
  • Cang Hui, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, David Richardson, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  • Book: Invading Ecological Networks
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108778374.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Network Assembly
  • Cang Hui, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, David Richardson, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  • Book: Invading Ecological Networks
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108778374.004
Available formats
×