Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fundamentals of polymers
- 3 Nanofiber technology
- 4 Modeling and simulation
- 5 Mechanical properties of fibers and fiber assemblies
- 6 Characterization of nanofibers
- 7 Bioactive nanofibers
- 8 Electroactive nanofibers
- 9 Nanocomposite fibers
- 10 Future opportunities and challenges of electrospinning
- Appendix I Terms and unit conversion
- Appendix II Abbreviation of polymers
- Appendix III Classification of fibers
- Appendix IV Polymers and solvents for electrospinning
- Index
- References
3 - Nanofiber technology
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2014
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fundamentals of polymers
- 3 Nanofiber technology
- 4 Modeling and simulation
- 5 Mechanical properties of fibers and fiber assemblies
- 6 Characterization of nanofibers
- 7 Bioactive nanofibers
- 8 Electroactive nanofibers
- 9 Nanocomposite fibers
- 10 Future opportunities and challenges of electrospinning
- Appendix I Terms and unit conversion
- Appendix II Abbreviation of polymers
- Appendix III Classification of fibers
- Appendix IV Polymers and solvents for electrospinning
- Index
- References
Summary
Nanofiber-forming technology
There are a number of techniques capable of fabricating nanofibers. These techniques include conjugate spinning, chemical vapor deposition, drawing, template synthesis, self-assembly, meltblown and electrospinning.
Conjugate spinning (island in the sea)
Sea–island-type conjugate spinning involves extruding two polymer components from one spinning die. The fiber islands are arranged in a sea component which is later removed by extraction. Nakata et al. reported that continuous PET nanofibers with a diameter of 39 nm could be obtained by sea–island-type conjugate spinning from the flow-drawn fiber with further drawing and removal of the sea component. Figure 3.1 shows a TEM image of a PET fiber island and Nylon-6 sea produced by conjugate spinning and flow-drawing [1].
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
In a CVD process, a substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface. The desired deposit is synthesized on the substrate surface. The volatile by-products are produced during the process and are removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber. The various forms of material that can be produced via CVD include monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, and epitaxial. Some examples of such CVD-fabricated materials are silicon, carbon fiber, carbon nanofibers, filaments and carbon nanotubes [2]. Figure 3.2 shows a schematic illustration of a plasma-enhanced CVD setup that can be used for fabricating single-walled carbon nanotubes.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Introduction to Nanofiber Materials , pp. 44 - 63Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
, et al., “Poly (ethylene terephthalate) nanofibers made by sea–island-type conjugated melt spinning and laser-heated flow drawing,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol. 28(6), pp. 792–799, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Efficient route to large arrays of CN nanofibers by pyrolysis of ferrocene/melamine mixtures,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, p. 3932, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , “Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 46(1), pp. 60–72, 1999.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and , “Drawing a single nanofibre over hundreds of microns,” Europhysics Letters, vol. 42, p. 215, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Super-hydrophobic surface of aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofibers,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 41(7), pp. 1221–1223, 2002.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and , “MCo2O4 (M= Ni, Cu, Zn) nanotubes: template synthesis and application in gas sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 114(1), pp. 402–409, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 21(10), pp. 1171–1178, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al., “The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles,” Polymer, vol. 42(1), pp. 261–272, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , “Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers,” Journal of Electrostatics, vol. 35(2), pp. 151–160, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , “Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning,” Polymer, vol. 40, pp. 4585–4592, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , “Ultrafine fibrous cellulose membranes from electrospinning of cellulose acetate,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 40(18), pp. 2119–2129, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Electrostatic spinning of acrylic microfibers,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 36(1), 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Electrospinning of polyurethane fibers,” Polymer, vol. 43(11), pp. 3303–3309, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Structure and process relationship of electrospun bioabsorbable nanofiber membranes,” Polymer, vol. 43(16), pp. 4403–4412, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Characterization of nano-structured poly (ε-caprolactone) nonwoven mats via electrospinning,” Polymer, vol. 44(4), pp. 1287–1294, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , “Effect of molecular weight on fibrous PVA produced by electrospinning,” Materials Letters, vol. 58(3–4), pp. 493–497, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Nanofiber technology: bridging the gap between nano and macro world,” Nanoengineered Nanofibrous Materials, p. 1, 2004.
, et al., “Bioresorbable nanofiber-based systems for wound healing and drug delivery: optimization of fabrication parameters,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, vol. 70B(2), pp. 286–296, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al., “Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 3(2), pp. 232–238, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and , “Effects of solvents on electrospun polymeric fibers: preliminary study on polystyrene,” Polymer International, vol. 53(11), pp. 1851–1859, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Effect of humidity on the microstructures of electrospun polystyrene nanofibers,” Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 10(S02), pp. 554–555, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Electrospinning of Poly (L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide),” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 13(4), pp. 592–596, 2007.Google Scholar
, et al., “A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 63(15), pp. 2223–2253, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al., “Direct in vitro electrospinning with polymer melts,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 7(3), pp. 686–690, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al., Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, in Science and Application of Nanotubes, and , Ed. Springer–Verlag, 2002, pp. 297–320.Google Scholar
, et al., “Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load,” Science, vol. 287(5453), pp. 637–640, 2000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “On the development and applications of cellulosic nanofibrillar and nanocrystalline materials,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 84(5), pp. 513–519, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . “Carbon nanotube reinforced spider silk – a model for the next generation of super strong and tough fibers,” in 19th American Society for Composites Annual Technical Conference, 2004, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
and , “Polybenzimidazole nanofiber produced by electrospinning,” Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 39(5), pp. 849–854, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , “Electrospun fiber mats: transport properties,” AIChE 45 (1999). Full Text via CrossRef| View Record in Scopus| Cited By in Scopus (146), pp. 190–195.
and , Design News, 20 Aug., 1990.
, and , PCT/US00/27737, 2001.
, , and , “Transport properties of porous membranes based on electrospun nanofibers,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 187–188, pp. 469–481, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , Chemical Engineer, pp. 26–28, 2001.
, , and , “Different electrostatic methods for making electret filters,” Journal of Electrostatics, vol. 54(3–4), pp. 333–341, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al. “Polymeric nanofibers in air filtration applications,” in Fifteenth Annual Technical Conference & Expo of the American Filtration & Separations Society, 2002, Galveston, Texas.Google Scholar
, et al., “Protective textile materials based on electrospun nanofibers,” Journal of Advanced Materials, vol. 34(3), pp. 44–55, 2002.Google Scholar
, , and , Dust filter bag containing nano non-woven tissue, FiberMark Gessner GmbH & Co.: US, 2002.Google Scholar
, et al., Method and apparatus for making a nonwoven fibrous electret web from free-fiber and polar liquid, 3M Innovative Properties Company: U.S., 2002.Google Scholar
, “Smart'silicon dust could help screen for chemical weapons,” Scientific American, vol. 3, 2002.Google Scholar
, “Scar no more,” Scientific American Magazine, 2000(7), pp. 34–36.
, et al., “Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory,” Physics of Fluids, vol. 13(8), pp. 2201–2220, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , “Surface characterization of porous, biocompatible protein polymer thin films,” Biomaterials, vol. 22(11), pp. 1289–1300, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and , “Mapping critical sites in collagen II for rational design of gene-engineered proteins for cell-supporting materials,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 57(1), pp. 48–58, 2001.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al., “Generation of synthetic elastin-mimetic small diameter fibers and fiber networks,” Macromolecules, vol. 33(8), pp. 2989–2997, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Antimicrobial properties of modified and electrospun poly(vinyl phenol),” Macromolecular Bioscience, vol. 2(6), pp. 261–266, 2002.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, et al. Photoelectric Response from Nanofibrous Membranes, Warrendale, Pa.; Materials Research Society; 2002.Google Scholar
, et al. “A novel polymer nanofiber interface for chemical sensor applications,” in 2000 IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibilition, 2000.
- 3
- Cited by