Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T01:28:41.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Levelling the Playing Field: Regulatory Challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2017

Thomas Cottier
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Ilaria Espa
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
International Trade in Sustainable Electricity
Regulatory Challenges in International Economic Law
, pp. 309 - 456
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography

Aerni, P. et al. (2010). Climate change, human rights and international economic law: exploring the linkages between human rights, trade and investment. German Yearbook of International Law, 53, 139.Google Scholar
Bigdeli, S. (2011). Resurrecting the dead? The expired non-actionable subsidies and the lingering question of ‘green space’, Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, 8(2), 237.Google Scholar
Bradsher, K. (2010). Union accuses China of illegal clean energy subsidies. New York Times, 9 September 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/09/10/business/energy-environment/10steel.html.Google Scholar
Brandeis, L. (1916). The living law. Illinois Law Review, 10, 470.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, A. (2013a). FIT for purpose? A Review of the Economics of a WTO Panel Ruling on Feed-in Tariffs and Local Content Requirements, Client Briefing, Frontier Economics, March 2013.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, Amar. (2013b). A Matter of Definition – Commentary of Aspects of the Appellate Body’s Ruling on the Canada – Renewable Energy Case in the WTO, Client Briefing, Frontier Economics, October 2013.Google Scholar
Casier, L. and Moerenhout, T. (2013). WTO Members, Not the Appellate Body, Need to Clarify Boundaries in Renewable Energy Support, IISD Commentary, www.iisd.org/pdf/2013/wto_members_renewable_energy_support.pdf.Google Scholar
Charnovitz, S. and Fischer, C. (2015). Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Sector/Canada – Measures Relating to Feed-In Tariff Program. World Trade Review, 14(2), 177210.Google Scholar
Cosbey, A. and Rubini, L. (2013). Does it FIT? An assessment of the effectiveness of renewable energy measures and of the implications of the Canada – Renewable Energy/FIT disputes. E-15 Think-Piece, http://e15initiative.org/publications/does-it-fit-an-assessment-of-the-effectiveness-of-renewable-energy-measures-and-of-the-implications-of-the-canada-renewable-energyfit-disputes/.Google Scholar
Cosbey, A. and Mavroidis, P. (2014). A turquoise mess: green subsidies, blue industrial policy and renewable energy: the case for redrafting the subsidies agreement of the WTO. Journal of International Economic Law, 17(1), 1147.Google Scholar
Holzer, K., Espa, I. and Payosova, T. (2017). Chapter 18, this volume.Google Scholar
Horlick, G. N. and Clarke, P. A. (2010). WTO subsidies disciplines during and after the crisis. Journal of International Economic Law, 13(3), 859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howse, R. (2010a). Climate Change Mitigation Subsidies and the WTO Legal Framework: A Policy Analysis. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/bali_2_copenhagen_subsidies_legal.pdf.Google Scholar
Howse, R. (2010b). Do the World Trade Organization disciplines on domestic subsidies make sense? The case for legalizing some subsidies. In Bagwell, K., Bermann, G. and Mavroidis, P. C. (eds.), The Law and Economics of Contingent Protection in International Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 85.Google Scholar
Howse, R. (2013). Securing policy space for clean energy under the SCM Agreement: alternative approaches. E-15 ‘Think-Piece’, http://e15initiative.org/publications/securing-policy-space-for-clean-energy-under-the-scm-agreement-alternative-approaches/.Google Scholar
Hufbauer, G. and Shelton-Erb, J. (1984). Subsidies in International Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kent, A. and Jha, V. (2014). Keeping up with the changing climate: the WTO’s evolutive approach in response to the trade and climate conundrum. Journal of World Investment and Trade, 15, 245–71.Google Scholar
Lang, A. (2014). Governing ‘as if’: global subsidies regulation and the benchmark problem. LSE, Law, Society and Economy Working Papers 12/2014, www.lse.ac.uk/collections/law/wps/WPS2014-12_Lang.pdf.Google Scholar
Lincicome, S. (2010). USW to China: Subsidies for me, but not for thee. 9 September, blog, http://lincicome.blogspot.ch/2010_09_01_archive.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rajib, P. (2014). Has the Appellate Body’s decision in Canada – Renewable Energy / Canada – Feed-In Tariff Program opened the door for production subsidies? Journal of International Economic Law, 17(1), 125–37.Google Scholar
Rubini, L. (2009). The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid – WTO and EC Law in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rubini, Luca. (2012). Ain’t wastin’ time no more: subsidies for renewable energy, the SCM Agreement, policy space and law reform. Journal of International Economic Law, 15(2), 525–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubini, L. (2014). The good, the bad, and the ugly: lessons on methodology in legal analysis from the recent WTO litigation on renewable energy subsidies. Journal of World Trade, 48(5), 895938.Google Scholar
Rubini, Luca. (2016). WTO subsidy laws: the international regulation of state aid. In Hoffmann, Herwig C .H. and Micheau, Claire (eds.), State Aid Law of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steger, D. (2010). The Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement: ahead of its time or time for reform? Journal of World Trade, 44(4), 779–96.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. O. (2010). The questionable case for subsidies regulation: a comparative perspective. Journal of Legal Analysis, 2(2), 473523.Google Scholar
Vermulst, E. and Meng, M. (2017). Chapter 17, this volume.Google Scholar
Wu, M. and Salzman, J. (2014). The next generation of trade and environment conflicts: the rise of green industrial policy. Northwestern University Law Review, 108, 401–74.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Accession of the People’s Republic of China, WT/L/432, Article 15(a), 23 November 2001.Google Scholar
Amended final determination of sales at less than fair value and anti-dumping duty order of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People’s Republic of China, International Trade Administration, Federal Register Vol. 77 No. 236, 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Case T-141/14, SolarWorld and Others v Council [2014] EU:T:2014:281, para. 8.Google Scholar
Case T-142/14, SolarWorld and Others v Council [2014] EU:T:2014:283, para. 8.Google Scholar
Case T-507/13, SolarWorld and Others v Commission [2013].Google Scholar
Commission publication, Commission Proposes to Modernise the EU’s Trade Defence Instruments, European Commission, 10 April 2013.Google Scholar
Commission Regulation (EU) No 1198/2013 of 25 November 2013 terminating the anti-subsidy proceeding concerning imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia and repealing Regulation (EU) No 330/2013 making such imports subject to registration, OJ 2013 No. L315/67, 26 November 2013.Google Scholar
Commission Regulation (EU) No 490/2013 of 27 May 2013 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, OJ 2013 No. 141/6, 28 May 2013, recital 46.Google Scholar
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1238/2013 of 2 December 2013 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and collecting definitively the provisional duty imposed on imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from the People’s Republic of China, OJ 2013 No. L 325/1, 5 December 2013.Google Scholar
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1239/2013 of 2 December 2013 imposing a definitive countervailing duty on imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from the People’s Republic of China, OJ 2013 No. L 325/66, 5 December 2013.Google Scholar
Countervailing duty order of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People’s Republic of China, Federal Register Vol. 77 No. 236, 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Anti-dumping Duty on Dumped Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules of India, Article 18, 1 January 1995.Google Scholar
Extension of time granted to issue the Statement of Essential Facts, Australian Anti-dumping Commission, Anti-dumping Notice No. 2014/77, 1 September 2014.Google Scholar
Final findings of anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of solar cells, whether or not assembled partially or fully in modules or panels or on glass or some other suitable substrates, originating in or exported from Malaysia, China, Chinese Taipei and USA, DGAD, 22 May 2014, para. 161 and Duty Table.Google Scholar
General disclosure document, countervailing duty investigation on imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from the People’s Republic of China, Annex 2, August 2013.Google Scholar
India not to impose anti-dumping duty on solar panels: Nirmala, The Hindu, 10 September 2014.Google Scholar
Initiation notification of anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of solar cells from Malaysia, China, Chinese Taipei and USA, Department of Commerce of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India, 23 November 2012.Google Scholar
Initiation notification of countervailing duty investigation concerning imports of castings for wind operated electricity generators originating in or exported from China, Department of Commerce of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India, 29 May 2014.Google Scholar
Initiation of an investigation into alleged dumping of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules or panels exported from the People’s Republic of China, Australian Anti-dumping Commission, Anti-dumping Notice No. 2014/38, 14 May 2014.Google Scholar
Initiation of anti-dumping duty investigations of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, International Trade Administration, Federal Register Vol. 79 No. 19, 29 January 2014.Google Scholar
Initiation of countervailing duty investigation of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from the People’s Republic of China, Federal Register Vol. 79 No. 19, 29 January 2014.Google Scholar
Issues and decision memorandum for the final determination in the countervailing duty investigation of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People’s Republic of China, International Trade Administration, 61, 9 October 2012.Google Scholar
Notice of amended preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from Taiwan, International Trade Administration, Federal Register Vol. 79 No. 163, 22 August 2014.Google Scholar
Preliminary affirmative determination countervailing duty investigation of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from the People’s Republic of China, International Trade Administration, Federal Register Vol. 79 No. 111, 10 June 2014.Google Scholar
Preliminary affirmative determination of sales at less than fair value and postponement of final determination of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic products from the People’s Republic of China, International Trade Administration, Federal Register Vol. 79 No. 147, 31 July 2014.Google Scholar
Report to the Minister No. 148 on certain aluminium extrusions exported to Australia from China, Australian customs and Border Protection Service, 15 April 2011.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, European Union and Certain Member States – Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector, WT/DS452/1, circulated on 7 November 2012.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, European Union and a Member State – Certain Measures Concerning the Importation of Biodiesels, WT/DS443/1, circulated on 23 August 2012.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, European Union and Certain Member States – Certain Measures on the Importation and Marketing of Biodiesel and Measures Supporting the Biodiesel Industry, WT/DS459/1, circulated on 23 May 2013.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Argentina, WT/DS473/1, circulated on 8 January 2014.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia, WT/DS480/1, circulated on 17 June 2014.Google Scholar
Request for Consultations, India – Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules, WT/DS456/1, circulated on 11 February 2013.Google Scholar
Semi-annual report to the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures from India, G/SCM/N/212/IND, 6 September 2010.Google Scholar
Updates to Anti-Dumping system – January 2014, Australian Anti-Dumping Commission, Anti-Dumping Notice No. 2013/108, 20 December 2013.Google Scholar
WTO Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector, Canada – Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R, adopted on 24 May 2013.Google Scholar
Yogi, M. (2014), ‘India rejects anti-dumping duties’, PV Magazine, 26 August.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Bartels, L. (2015). The chapeau of the general exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements. American Journal of International Law, 109, 95124.Google Scholar
Cansino, J. M., Pablo-Romero, M., Román, R. and Yñiguez, R. (2010). Tax incentives to promote green electricity: an overview of EU-27 countries. Energy Policy, 38(10), 6000–8.Google Scholar
Chatzivasileiadis, S., Ernst, D., and Andersson, G. (2013). The Global Grid. Renewable Energy, 57, 372–83.Google Scholar
Conrad, C. R. (2011). Processes and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law: Interfacing Trade and Social Goals (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Cottier, T., Espa, I., Hirsbrunner, S., Holzer, K., and Payosova, T. (2014). Differential Taxation of Electricity: Assessing the Compatibility with WTO Law, EU Law and the Swiss–EEC Free Trade Agreement, legal opinion commissioned by the Swiss Federal Finance Administration, the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Cottier, T., Liechti, R., Espa, I., and Payosova, T. (2015). The jurisprudence of the World Trade Organisation in 2014. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und europäisches Recht, 25(2), 239–64.Google Scholar
Delimatsis, P. (2009). Financial innovation and climate change: the case of renewable energy certificates and the role of the GATS. World Trade Review, 8(3), 439–60.Google Scholar
Delimatsis, P., and Mavromati, D. (2009). GATS, financial services and trade in Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) – just another market-based solution to cope with the tragedy of the commons? In Cottier, T., Nartova, O. and Bigdeli, S. Z. (eds.), International Trade Regulation and the Mitigation of Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 231–58.Google Scholar
Ecoplan, WTI and University of Zurich (2013). Border Tax Adjustments: Can Energy and Carbon Taxes Be Adjusted at the Border? Final report prepared for the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs and the Swiss Federal Finance Administration.Google Scholar
Ghosh, A. and Gangania, H. (2012). Governing Clean Energy Subsidies: What, Why, and How Legal? Geneva: ICTSD.Google Scholar
Holzer, K. (2014). Carbon-Related Border Adjustment and WTO Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holzer, K. and Espa, I. (2015). Greening electricity through taxing: an analysis of GATT constraints. NCCR Working Paper No. 2015 (9 April).Google Scholar
Howse, R. (2009). World Trade Law and Renewable Energy: The Case of Non-Tariff Barriers (Geneva: UNCTAD).Google Scholar
IEA. (2013). Cross-Border Trade in Electricity and the Development of Renewable-Based Electric Power: Lessons from Europe, Annex 2 on Liberalisation of Electricity Markets, Competition and the Drivers of Cross-Border Trade in Electricity, www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/cross-border-trade-in-electricity-and-the-development-of-renewables-based-electric-power_5k4869cdwnzr-en (accessed 24 November 2016).Google Scholar
IEA. (2013). Redrawing the Energy Climate Map: World Energy Outlook Special Report, www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo_special_report_2013_redrawing_the_energy_climate_map.pdf (accessed 24 November 2016).Google Scholar
Martin, R., Wagner, U. J., and de Preux, L. B. (2009). The impacts of the Climate Change Levy on business: Evidence from microdata. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 7.Google Scholar
Mavroidis, P., Bermann, G. A., and Wu, M. (2010), The Law of the World Trade Organization . St. Paul: West Publishers.Google Scholar
Naturemade Swiss Quality Label: A Top Global Brand, www.naturemade.ch/Dokumente/Kommunikation/PWC-Report-kurz-e.pdf (accessed 24 November 2016).Google Scholar
Ofgem. (2015). Climate Change Levy (CCL) exemption, www.ofgem.gov.uk/environmental-programmes/climate-change-levy-ccl-exemption (accessed 24 November 2016).Google Scholar
PriceWaterhouseCoopers & WWF. (2009). Green Electricity: Making a Difference. An International Survey of Renewable Electricity Labels, www.repower.com/fileadmin/user_upload/re-all/02_Files_PDF-DOC-XLS/z_to_be_classified/Berichte_und_Studien/pwc_green_electricity_making_a_difference.pdf (accessed 24 November 2016).Google Scholar
Rubini, L. (2009). The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid: WTO and EC Law in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sathaye, J., Lucon, O. and Rahman, A. (2011). Renewable energy in the context of sustainable energy. In Edenhofer, Ottmar, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Sokona, Youba, Seyboth, Kristin, Matschoss, Patrick, Kadner, Susanna, Zwickel, Timm, Eickemeier, Patrick, Hansen, Gerrit, Schlömer, Steffen and von Stechow, Christoph (eds.), IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shariff, N. (2012). Enhancing competitiveness and addressing carbon leakage: a value added based approach to emissions pricing system design. Master’s thesis, University of Bern.Google Scholar
Talberg, A. and Swoboda, K. (2013). Emission Trading Schemes around the World, Background Note for the Parliament of Australia.Google Scholar
Winkel, T., Ragwitz, M., Resch, G. et al. (2011). Renewable Energy Policy Country Profiles 2011, www.reshaping-res-policy.eu/downloads/RE-SHAPING_Renewable-Energy-Policy-Country-profiles-2011_FINAL_1.pdf (accessed 20 January 2016).Google Scholar
World Bank. (2011). Design and performance of policy instruments to promote the development of renewable energy: emerging experience in selected developing countries. Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper No. 22.Google Scholar
Verfassungsbestimmuing über ein Klima- und Energielenkungssystem. Erläuternder Bericht zum Vorentwurf (EFV, BFE, BAFU, 2015).Google Scholar

Bibliography

Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and Howitt, P. (2005). Competition and innovation: an inverted-u relationship. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 56(8), 701–28.Google Scholar
Allaz, B. and Vila, J. (2013). Cournot competition, forward markets and efficiency. Journal of Economic Theory, 59, 116.Google Scholar
Barquin, J., Bergman, L., Crampes, C., Green, R., van Hirchhausen, C., Lévêque, F. and Stoft, S. (2006). The acquisition of Endesa by Gas Natural: why the antitrust authorities are right to be cautious. The Electricity Journal, 14(3), 62–8.Google Scholar
Betz, R., Rogge, K. and Schleich, J. (2006). EU emissions trading: an early analysis of national allocation plans for 2008–2012. Climate Policy, 6(4), 361–94.Google Scholar
Bloom, N. and Van Reenen, J. (2007). Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 72(4), 1351–408.Google Scholar
Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and van Reenen, J. (1999). Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms. Review of Economic Studies, 66, 529–54.Google Scholar
Borenstein, S. (2000). The trouble with electricity markets: understanding California’s restructuring disaster. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(1), 191211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borenstein, S., and Bushnell, J. (1999). An empirical analysis of the potential for market power in California’s electricity industry. Journal of Industrial Economics, 47(3), 285323.Google Scholar
Cossy, M. (2009). Energy transport and transit in the WTO. Global Challenges at the Intersection of Trade, Energy and the Environment Conference Draft, Geneva, 30 September 2009, pp. 25–37.Google Scholar
Cottier, T., Matteotti, B. and Nartova, O. (2010). Third country relations in EU unbundling of natural gas markets: the ‘Gazprom Clause’ of Directive 2009/73 EC and WTO Law 1–16. Working Paper No 2010/06.Google Scholar
Domah, P. D. and Pollitt, M. G. (2001). The restructuring and privatisation of the regional electricity companies in England and Wales: a social cost benefit analysis. Fiscal Studies, 22(1), 107–46.Google Scholar
Dröge, S. and Schröder, P. J. H. (2005). How to turn an industry green: taxes vs subsidies. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 27(2), 177202.Google Scholar
Fontenot, R. J., and Hyman, M. R. (2004). The antitrust implications of relationship marketing. Journal of Business Research, 57(11), 1211–221.Google Scholar
Geroski, P. A. (1990). Innovation, technological opportunity, and market structure. Oxford Economic Papers, 42(3), 586602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giorgio, C.-G. (2014). How competitive are EU electricity markets? An assessment of ETS Phase II. Energy Policy, 73, 278–97.Google Scholar
Grabowski, H. and Kyle, M. (2010). Competition authority independence, antitrust effectiveness, and institutions. International Review of Law and Economics, 30(3), 226–35.Google Scholar
Green, A, and Mayes, D. (1991). Technical inefficiency in manufacturing industries. The Economic Journal, 101(406), 523–38.Google Scholar
Green, R. (2005) Oxford review of economic policy. Electricity and Markets, 21(1), 6787.Google Scholar
Grubb, M. and Neuhoff, K. (2006). Allocation and competitiveness in the EU Emission Trading Scheme: policy overview. Climate Policy, 6, 730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haney, A. B. and Pollitt, M. G. (2013). International benchmarking of electricity transmission by regulators: a contrast between theory and practice? Energy Policy, 62, 267–81.Google Scholar
Immordino, G. and Polo, M. (2014). Antitrust, legal standards and investment. International Review of Law and Economics, 40, 3650.Google Scholar
Jamasb, P., and Pollit, M. (2005). Electricity market reform in the European Union: review of progress toward liberalization and integration. The Energy Journal, 26, 1141.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. and Tirole, J. (2000). Transmission rights and market power on electric power networks. Rand Journal of Economics, 31(3), 450–87.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. and Tirole, J. (2005). Merchant transmission investment. Journal of Industrial Economics, 53(2), 233–64.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. and Tirole, J. (2006). Retail electricity competition. Rand Journal of Economics, 37(4), 799815.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. and Tirole, J. (2007). Reliability and competitive electricity markets. Rand Journal of Economics, 38(1), 6084.Google Scholar
Kilponen, J., and Santavirta, T. (2007). When do R&D subsidies boost innovation? Revisiting the inverted U-shape. Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers, 10, 4565.Google Scholar
Kleit, A. (2001). Defining electricity markets: an arbitrage cost approach. Resource and Energy Economics, 23(3), 259–70.Google Scholar
Leal-Arcas, R. and Filis, A. (2013). The fragmented governance of the global energy economy: a legal-institutional analysis. Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 23(2), 158.Google Scholar
Littlechild, S. C. (2003). Wholesale spot market passthrough. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 23(1), 6191.Google Scholar
Lizardo, J. and de Araujo, R. H. (2009). The case of Brazil: reform by trial and error. In Sioshansi, F. and Pfaffenberger, W. (eds.), Electricity Market Reform: An International Perspective. London: Elsevier, pp. 565–95.Google Scholar
Lundberg, S., Marklund, P.-O. and Brännlund, R. (2009). Assessment of Green Public Procurement as a Policy Tool: Cost-efficiency and Competition Considerations. Umeå Economic Studies No. 775.Google Scholar
Ma, T.-C. (2010). Competition authority independence, antitrust effectiveness, and institutions. International Review of Law and Economics, 30(3), 226–35.Google Scholar
Mansur, Erin, T. (2007). Upstream competition and vertical integration in electricity markets. Journal of Law and Economics, 50(1), 125–56.Google Scholar
Miao, C.-H. (2011). Planned obsolescence and monopoly undersupply. Information Economics and Policy, 23(1), 51–8.Google Scholar
Milgrom, P. (2004). Putting Auction Theory to Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moraga-Gonzalez, J. and Padrón-Fumaro, N. (2002). Environmental policy in a green market. Environmental and Resource Economics, 22, 419–47.Google Scholar
Motchenkova, E. (2008). Determination of optimal penalties for antitrust violations in a dynamic setting. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 269–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motta, M. and Streel, P. (2003). ‘Exploitative and exclusionary excessive prices in EU Law’, paper presented at 8th Annual European Union Competition Workshop, Florence, Italy.Google Scholar
Newbery, D. (2005). ‘The relationship between regulation and competition policy for network utilities’, paper presented at Conference in Tribute to Jean-Jacques Laffont. Toulouse, France.Google Scholar
Nordic Council. (2009). ‘Benefits of green public procurement’. TemaNord, 953: 51.Google Scholar
OECD. (2006). Environmental Regulation and Competition, DAF/COMP(2006)30: 19.Google Scholar
OECD. (2009). A Proposal for Developing a Green Growth Strategy, (2009)147/REV1.Google Scholar
OECD. (2010). Green Growth Strategy Interim Report: Implementing Our Commitment for a Sustainable Future, C/MIN(2010)5: 38.Google Scholar
Pindyck, R. S. (2007). On monopoly power in extractive resource markets. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 14(2), 128–42.Google Scholar
Richard, E., Just, R. and Pope, D. (2012). Second-best optimality of advertising when monopoly is sanctioned. Journal of Economics and Business, 64(6), 393–8.Google Scholar
Scarpetta, S., Hemmings, P., Tressel, T. and Woo, J. (2002). The role of policy and institutions for productivity and firm dynamics: evidence from micro and industry. OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 329,.Google Scholar
Selivanova, Y. (2013). EU and Russia energy trade: impact of WTO, transit and integrated economic areas. The first EU–Russian Energy Law Conference, University of Groningen, pp. 41–52, www.rug.nl/research/groningen-centre-for-law-and-governance/onderzoekscentra/gcel/pictures/y.selivanova.pptx.Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J. (1987). Competition. In Eatwell, J., Milgate, J. and Newman, P. (eds.), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, vol. l. London: Macmillan, pp 1129–36.Google Scholar
Waller, S. W. (2000). Can US antitrust laws open international markets? Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 20(2), 2332.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Boute, A. (2011a). Challenging the re-regulation of liberalized electricity prices under investment arbitration. Energy Law Journal, 32, 497539.Google Scholar
Boute, A. (2011b). Combating climate change through investment arbitration changes. Fordham International Law Journal, 35(3), 613–64.Google Scholar
Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) (2016). Key Support Elements of RES in Europe: Moving Towards Market Integration. Report C15-SDE-49-03, 26 January.Google Scholar
DiMascio, N. and Pauwelyn, J. (2008). Nondiscrimination in trade and investment treaties: worlds apart or two sides of the same coin? American Journal of International Law, 102(1), 4889.Google Scholar
Dolzer, R. and Stevens, M. (1995). Bilateral Investment Treaties. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
Dumberry, P. (2013). The FET Standard: A Guide to NAFTA Case Law on Article 1105. The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer.Google Scholar
Footer, M. (2013). On the laws of attraction: examining the relationship between foreign investment and international trade. In Echandi, R. and Sauve, P., Prospects in International Investment Law and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gentry, B. S. and Ronk, J. J. (2003). International Investment Agreements and Investments in Renewable Energy. New Haven: Yale Environmental Protection Law Clinic.Google Scholar
Henckels, C. (2012). Proportionality and the standard of review in fair and equitable treatment claims: balancing stability and consistency with the public interest, Society of International Economic Law Conference, Singapore, 13 July.Google Scholar
Hober, K. (2010). Investment arbitration and the Energy Charter Treaty. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 1(1), 153–90.Google Scholar
IEA. (2010). World Energy Outlook. Paris: IEA.Google Scholar
IRENA. (2015). REthinking Energy: Renewable Energy and Climate Change, www.irena.org/rethinking/IRENA%20_REthinking_Energy_2nd_report_2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Klaeger, R. (2011). Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malik, M. (2009). Fair and equitable treatment. IISD Best Practices Series, Bulletin No. 3.Google Scholar
Noothout, P., de Jager, D., Tesnière, L., van Rooijen, S., Karypidis, N., Brückmann, R., Jirouš, F., Breitschopf, B., Angelopoulos, D., Doukas, H., Konstantinavičiūtė, I., Resch, G. (2015). Investment risks for renewable energy projects – the case of onshore wind power, DIA-CORE Policy Brief (21 May).Google Scholar
Paparinskis, M. (2013). The International Minimum Standard and Fair and Equitable Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roe, T. and Happold, M. (2011). Settlement of Investment Disputes under the ECT. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
UNCTAD. (2007). Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1995–2006: Trends in Investment Rulemaking (New York and Geneva: United Nations).Google Scholar
UNCTAD. (2010). World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (New York and Geneva: United Nations).Google Scholar
UNCTAD. (2012). Fair and Equitable Treatment: UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II (New York and Geneva: United Nations).Google Scholar
UNCTAD. (2014). Recent developments in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), IIA Issue Note no. 1 (April).Google Scholar
Verhoosel, G. (1998). Foreign direct investment and legal constraints on environmental domestic policies: striking a reasonable balance between stability and change. Law and Policy of International Business, 29, 451.Google Scholar
Verhoosel, G. (2003). The use of investor-state arbitration under bilateral investment treaties to seek relief for breaches of WTO law. Journal of International Economic Law, 6(2), 493506.Google Scholar
Verrill, C. O. Jr. (2005). Are WTO violations also contrary to the fair and equitable treatment obligations in investor protection agreements? ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 11, 287.Google Scholar
WTO. (2002a). Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment, Transparency, Note by the Secretariat, WT/WGTI/W/109, 27 March.Google Scholar
WTO. (2002b). Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment, Non-Discrimination, Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment and National Treatment, Note by the Secretariat, WT/WGTI/W/118, 4 June.Google Scholar
Wyns, T., Khatchadourian, A. and Oberthür, S. (2014). EU Governance of Renewable Energy Post-2020 – Risks and Options, report for the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union, Institute for European Studies – Vrije Universiteit Brussel (December).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×