Brown, M. (2000), “Using the intellectual diaspora to reverse the brain drain: some useful examples,” paper presented at the UN ECA Regional Conference on Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa (2000, February 22–24, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/10855/21489 (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar

Brown, M. (2003), “The South African Network of Skills Abroad (SANSA): the South African experience of scientific diaspora networks,” in Barré, R., Hernandez, V., Meyer, J. B. M., and Vinck, D. (eds.), Scientific Diasporas: How Can Developing Countries Benefit from Their Expatriate Scientists and Engineers?, Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.Google Scholar

Capuano, S., and Marfouk, A. (2013), “African brain drain and its impact on source countries: what do we know and what do we need to know?,” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(4): 297–314.Google Scholar

Crush, J., Pendelton, W., and Tevera, D. S. (2005), Degrees of Uncertainty: Students and the Brain Drain in Southern Africa, Kingston, South Africa, (Idasa)/Queen’s University.Google Scholar

Dietz, T., Mazzucato, V., Kabki, M., and Smith, L. (2011), “Ghanaians in Amsterdam, their ‘good work back home’ and the importance of reciprocity,” Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective, 6(1): 7.Google Scholar

Docquier, F., and Marfouk, A. (2006), “International migration by education attainment (1990–2000),” in Özden, Ç. and Schiff, M. (eds.), International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 151–99.Google Scholar

Flahaux, M.-L., and De Haas, H. (2016), “African migration: trends, patterns, drivers,” Comparative Migration Studies, 4(1): 1.Google Scholar

Ginarte, J. C., and Park, W. G. (1997), “Determinants of patent rights: a cross-national study,” Research Policy, 26(3): 283–301.Google Scholar

Harris, J. R., and Todaro, M. P. (1970), “Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis,” American Economic Review, 60(1): 126–42.Google Scholar

Kahn, M. (2004), Flight of the Flamingos: A Study on the Mobility of R&D Workers. A Project by the Human Sciences Research Council in Partnership with the CSIR for the National Advisory Council on Innovation, Cape Town, South Africa, HSRC Press.Google Scholar

Kerr, W. R. (2008), “Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3): 518–37.Google Scholar

Lowell, B. L. (2003), “Skilled migration abroad or human capital flight?,” Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC, available at www.Migrationinformation.Org/Feature/Display. Cfm.Google Scholar

Marks, J. (2006), “South Africa: evolving diaspora, promising initiatives,” in Kuznetsov, Y. (ed.), Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad, Washington, DC, World Bank, pp. 171–86.Google Scholar

McDonald, D. A., and Crush, J. (2002), Destinations Unknown: Perspectives on the Brain Drain in Southern Africa, Pretoria, Africa Institute of South Africa.Google Scholar

Meyer, J.-B. (2003), “Policy implications of the brain drain’s changing face,” Science and Development Network, available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN022374.pdf (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar

Mushonga, M. (2005), “NEPAD and brain drain in Southern Africa: challenges and opportunities,” in Lestech, J. B. (ed.), The New Partnerships for Africa’s Development: Debates, Opportunities and Challenges, Pretoria, Africa Institute of Southern Africa.Google Scholar

OAPI (2010), “Bulletin Officiel de la Propriété Intellectuelle (BOPI), publication trimestrielle”, OAPI, available at www.oapi.int/index.php/fr/brevets (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar

O’Neil, K. (2003), “Using remittances and circular migration to drive development,” Migration Information Source, 1.Google Scholar

Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Özden, Ç., Plaza, S., Shaw, W., et al. (2011), “Leveraging migration for Africa: remittances,” in Skills and Investments, Washington, DC, International Bank for Construction and Development/World Bank.Google Scholar

Stark, O., Helmenstein, C., and Prskawetz, A. (1997), “A brain gain with a brain drain,” Economics Letters, 55(2): 227–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stark, O., and Taylor, J. E. (1991), “Migration incentives, migration types: the role of relative deprivation,” Economic Journal, 101(408): 1163–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

UNESCO (2015), UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030, Paris, UNESCO Publishing.Google Scholar

World Bank Group (2012), World Development Indicators 2012, Washington, DC, World Bank Publications.Google Scholar