Clinical Evaluation of the Infertile Male

Choy, JT, Eisenberg, ML. Male infertility as a window to health. Fertil steril 2018;110:810–14.Google Scholar

Hanson, BM, Eisenberg, ML, Hotaling, JM. Male infertility: a biomarker of individual and familial cancer risk. Fertil Steril 2018;109:6–19.Google Scholar

Ventimiglia, E, Montorsi, F, Salonia, A. Comorbidities and male infertility: a worrisome picture. Curr Opin Urol 2016;26:146–51.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zegers-Hochschild, F, Adamson, GD, de Mouzon, J, et al. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1520–4.Google Scholar

Thoma, ME, McLain, AC, Louis, JF, et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertil Steril 2013;99:1324–31.e1.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2015;103:e18–25.Google Scholar

Honig, SC, Lipshultz, LI, Jarow, J. Significant medical pathology uncovered by a comprehensive male infertility evaluation. Fertil Steril 1994;62:1028–34.Google Scholar

Kolettis, PN, Sabanegh, ES. Significant medical pathology discovered during a male infertility evaluation. J Urol 2001;166:178–80.Google Scholar

Salonia, A, Matloob, R, Gallina, A, et al. Are infertile men less healthy than fertile men? Results of a prospective case-control survey. Eur Urol 2009;56:1025–31.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Behr, B, Pera, RR, Cullen, MR. Relationship between semen production and medical comorbidity. Fertil Steril 2015;103:66–71.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shiraishi, K, Matsuyama, H. Effects of medical comorbidity on male infertility and comorbidity treatment on spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1006–11 e2.Google Scholar

Svartberg, J, von Muhlen, D, Schirmer, H, Barrett-Connor, E, Sundfjord, J, Jorde, R. Association of endogenous testosterone with blood pressure and left ventricular mass in men. The Tromso Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:65–71.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fogari, R, Zoppi, A, Preti, P, et al. Sexual activity and plasma testosterone levels in hypertensive males. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:217–21.Google Scholar

Guo, D, Li, S, Behr, B, Eisenberg, ML. Hypertension and male fertility. World J Mens Health 2017;35:59–64.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Park, Y, Hollenbeck, AR, Lipshultz, LI, Schatzkin, A, Pletcher, MJ. Fatherhood and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Hum Reprod 2011;26:3479–85.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Cullen, MR, Baker, LC. Increased risk of incident chronic medical conditions in infertile men: analysis of United States claims data. Fertil Steril 2016;105:629–36.Google Scholar

Levine, H, Jorgensen, N, Martino-Andrade, A, et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum Reprod update 2017;23:646–59.Google Scholar

Sermondade, N, Faure, C, Fezeu, L, et al. BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:221–31.Google Scholar

Schisterman, EF, Mumford, SL, Chen, Z, et al. Lipid concentrations and semen quality: the LIFE study. Andrology 2014;2:408–15.Google Scholar

Bener, A, Al-Ansari, AA, Zirie, M, Al-Hamaq, AO. Is male fertility associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Int Urol Nephrol 2009;41:777–84.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Eisenberg, ML, Sundaram, R, Maisog, J, Buck Louis, GM. Diabetes, medical comorbidities and couple fecundity. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2369–76.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, R, Bostofte, E, Engholm, G, et al. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. BMJ 2000;321:789–92.Google Scholar

Walsh, TJ, Croughan, MS, Schembri, M, Chan, JM, Turek, PJ. Increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer among infertile men. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:351–6.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Brooks, JD, Cullen, MR, Baker, LC. Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of U.S. claims data. J Urol 2015;193:1596–601.Google Scholar

Walsh, TJ, Schembri, M, Turek, PJ, et al. Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer among infertile men. Cancer 2010;116:2140–7.Google Scholar

Hanson, HA, Anderson, RE, Aston, KI, Carrell, DT, Smith, KR, Hotaling, JM. Subfertility increases risk of testicular cancer: evidence from population-based semen samples. Fertil Steril 2016;105:322–8 e1.Google Scholar

Ruhayel, Y, Giwercman, A, Ulmert, D, et al. Male infertility and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21:1635–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Anderson, RE, Hanson, HA, Patel, DP, et al. Cancer risk in first- and second-degree relatives of men with poor semen quality. Fertil Steril 2016;106:731–8.Google Scholar

Anderson, RE, Hanson, HA, Lowrance, WT, et al. Childhood cancer risk in the siblings and cousins of men with poor semen quality. J Urol 2017;197:898–905.Google Scholar

Glazer, CH, Tottenborg, SS, Giwercman, A, et al. Male factor infertility and risk of multiple sclerosis: a register-based cohort study. Mult Scler 2018;24:1835–42.Google Scholar

Brubaker, WD, Li, S, Baker, LC, Eisenberg, ML. Increased risk of autoimmune disorders in infertile men: analysis of US claims data. Andrology 2018;6:94–8.Google Scholar

Ortona, E, Pierdominici, M, Maselli, A, Veroni, C, Aloisi, F, Shoenfeld, Y. Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2016;52:205–12.Google Scholar

Latif, T, Kold Jensen, T, Mehlsen, J, et al. Semen quality as a predictor of subsequent morbidity: a Danish cohort study of 4,712 men with long-term follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 2017;186:910–17.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Jacobsen, R, Christensen, K, Nielsen, NC, Bostofte, E. Good semen quality and life expectancy: a cohort study of 43,277 men. Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:559–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Behr, B, et al. Semen quality, infertility and mortality in the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1567–74.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Claustres, M. Molecular pathology of the CFTR locus in male infertility. Reprod BioMed Online 2005;10:14–41.Google Scholar

Sun, F, Turek, P, Greene, C, Ko, E, Rademaker, A, Martin, RH. Abnormal progression through meiosis in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2007;87:565–71.Google Scholar

Li, P, Xiao, Z, Braciak, TA, Ou, Q, Chen, G, Oduncu, FS. Systematic immunohistochemical screening for mismatch repair and ERCC1 gene expression from colorectal cancers in China: clinicopathological characteristics and effects on survival. PLoS ONE 2017;12:e0181615.Google Scholar

Zhao, L. Mismatch repair protein expression in patients with stage II and III sporadic colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018;15:8053–61.Google Scholar PubMed

Paul, C, Povey, JE, Lawrence, NJ, Selfridge, J, Melton, DW, Saunders, PT. Deletion of genes implicated in protecting the integrity of male germ cells has differential effects on the incidence of DNA breaks and germ cell loss. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e989.Google Scholar

Reitmair, AH, Schmits, R, Ewel, A, et al. MSH2 deficient mice are viable and susceptible to lymphoid tumours. Nat Genet 1995;11:64–70.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Betts, P, Herder, D, Lamb, DJ, Lipshultz, LI. Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men. Fertil Steril 2013;100:681–5.Google Scholar

Salzano, A, D’Assante, R, Heaney, LM, et al. Klinefelter syndrome, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes: review of literature and clinical perspectives. Endocrine 2018;61:194–203.Google Scholar

Swerdlow, AJ, Schoemaker, MJ, Higgins, CD, Wright, AF, Jacobs, PA. Cancer incidence and mortality in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:1204–10.Google Scholar

Jorgez, CJ, Weedin, JW, Sahin, A, et al. Aberrations in pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) found in infertile men with Y-chromosome microdeletions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E674–9.Google Scholar

Barker, DJ. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:588S–95S.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Calkins, K, Devaskar, SU. Fetal origins of adult disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2011;41:158–76.Google Scholar PubMed

Skakkebaek, NE, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Main, KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001;16:972–8.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bang, JK, Lyu, SW, Choi, J, Lee, DR, Yoon, TK, Song, SH. Does infertility treatment increase male reproductive tract disorder? Urology 2013;81:644–8.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Posod, A, Odri Komazec, I, Kager, K, et al. Former very preterm infants show an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile at a preschool age. PLoS ONE 2016;11:e0168162.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, FH. Impact of prematurity for pancreatic islet and beta cell development. J Endocrinol 2018;238:R161–71.Google Scholar

Belva, F, Bonduelle, M, Roelants, M, et al. Semen quality of young adult ICSI offspring: the first results. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2811–20.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Li, Y, Lin, H, Li, Y, Cao, J. Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality: systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril 2011;95:116–23.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Hjollund, NH, Henriksen, TB, et al. Does moderate alcohol consumption affect fertility? Follow up study among couples planning first pregnancy. BMJ 1998;317:505–10.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Swan, S, Jorgensen, N, et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1801–9.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Spira, A. Epidemiology of human reproduction. Hum Reprod 1986;1 111–15.Google Scholar

Louis, JF, Thoma, ME, Sørensen, DN, et al. The prevalence of couple infertility in the United States from a male perspective: evidence from a nationally representative sample. Andrology 2013;1:741–8.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

MacLeod, J. Human male infertility. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1971;25:325.Google Scholar

Mosher, WD. Reproductive impairments in the United States, 1965–1982. Demography 1985;22:415–30.Google Scholar

Simmons, FA. Human infertility. N Engl J Med 1956;255:1140–6.Google Scholar

Vine, MF, Tse, CK, Hu, P, Truong, KY. Cigarette smoking and semen quality. Fertil Steril 1996;65:835–42.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aafjes, JH, van der Vijver, JC, Schenck, PE. The duration of infertility: an important datum for the fertility prognosis of men with semen abnormalities. Fertil Steril 1978;30:423–5.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, R, Danhof, NA, Tion-Kon-Fat, RI, et al. Interventions for unexplained infertility: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;9:CD012692.Google Scholar

Wilcox, AJ, Weinberg, CR, Baird, DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1517–21.Google Scholar

Goldenberg, RL, White, R. The effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility in vitro. Fertil Steril 1975;26:872–3.Google Scholar

Kutteh, WH, Chao, CH, Ritter, JO, Byrd, W. Vaginal lubricants for the infertile couple: effect on sperm activity. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1996;41:400–4.Google Scholar

Tagatz, GE, Okagaki, T, Sciarra, JJ. The effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility and viability in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;113:88–90.Google Scholar

Tulandi, T, Plouffe, L Jr, McInnes, RA. Effect of saliva on sperm motility and activity. Fertil Steril 1982;38:721–3.Google Scholar

Carroll, PR, Whitmore, WF Jr, et al. Endocrine and exocrine profiles of men with testicular tumors before orchiectomy. J Urol 1987;137:420–3.Google Scholar

Boyers, SP, Corrales, MD, Huszar, G, DeCherney, AH. The effects of Lubrin on sperm motility in vitro. Fertil Steril 1987;47:882–4.Google Scholar

Mesen, TB, Steiner, AZ. Effect of vaginal lubricants on natural fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2014;26:186–92.Google Scholar

Berger, MH, Messore, M, Pastuszak, AW, Ramasamy, R. Association between infertility and sexual dysfunction in men and women. Sex Med Rev 2016;4:353–65.Google Scholar

Kolon, FT, Patel, PR, Huff, SD. Cryptorchidism: diagnosis, treatment and long-term prognosis. Urol Clin North Am 2004;31:469–80.Google Scholar

Hadziselimovic, F, Herzog, B. The importance of both and early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility. Lancet 2001;358:1156–7.Google Scholar

Lee, PA. Fertility after cryptorchidism: epidemiology and other outcome studies. Urology 2005;66:427–31.Google Scholar

Lee, PA. Fertility in cryptorchidism. Does treatment make a difference? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22:479–90.CrossRef Google Scholar

Miller, KD, Coughlin, MT, Lee, PA. Fertility after unilateral cryptorchidism. Paternity, time to conception, pretreatment testicular location and size, hormone and sperm parameters. Horm Res 2001;55:249–53.Google Scholar

Kolon, TF, Herndon, CD, Baker, LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol 2014;192:337–45.Google Scholar

Ritzén, EM, Bergh, A, Bjerknes, R, et al. Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr 2007;96:638–43.Google Scholar

Tekgül, S, Riedmiller, H, Dogan, HS, et al. Guidelines on paediatric urology. Paediatric urology – Update March 2013. European Association of Urology, 2013.Google Scholar

Allin, BSR, Dumann, E, Fawkner-Corbett, D, Kwok, C, Skeritt, C; Paediatric Surgery Trainees Research Network. Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes following orchidopexy for cryptorchidism before or after 1 year of age. BJS Open 2018;2:1–12.Google Scholar

Hanerhoff, BL, Welliver, C. Does early orchidopexy improve fertility? Transl Androl Urol 2014;3:370–6.Google Scholar

Grasso, M, Buonaguidi, A, Lania, C, Bergamaschi, F, Castelli, M, Rigatti, P. Postpubertal cryptorchidism: review and evaluation of the fertility. Eur Urol 1991;20:126–8.Google Scholar

Okuyama, A, Nonomura, N, Nakamura, M, et al. Surgical management of undescended testis: retrospective study of potential fertility in 274 cases. J Urol 1989;142:749–51.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Anderson, JB, Williamson, RC. The fate of the human testes following unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord. Br J Urol 1986;58:698–704.Google Scholar

Anderson, JB, Williamson, RC. Fertility after torsion of the spermatic cord. Br J Urol 1990;65:225–30.Google Scholar

Bartsch, G, Frank, S, Marberger, H, Mikuz, G. Testicular torsion: late results with special regard to fertility and endocrine function. J Urol 1980;124:375–8.Google Scholar

Dondero, F, Lenzi, A, Picardo, M, Pastore, R, Valesini, G. Cell-mediated antisperm immunity in selected forms of male infertility. Andrologia 1980;12:25–9.Google Scholar

Fraser, I, Slater, N, Tate, C, Smart, JG. Testicular torsion does not cause autoimmunization in man. Br J Surg 1985;72:237–8.Google Scholar

Mastrogiacomo, I, Zanchetta, R, Graziotti, P, Betterle, C, Scrufari, P, Lembo, A. Immunological and clinical study of patients after spermatic cord torsion. Andrologia 1982;14:25–30.Google Scholar

Puri, P, Barton, D, O’Donnell, B. Prepubertal testicular torsion: subsequent fertility. J Pediatr Surg 1985;20:598–601.Google Scholar

Thomas, WE, Cooper, MJ, Crane, GA, Lee, G, Williamson, RC. Testicular exocrine malfunction after torsion. Lancet 1984;2:1357–60.Google Scholar

Hagen, P, Buchholz, MM, Eigenmann, J, Bandhauer, K. Testicular dysplasia causing disturbance of spermiogenesis in patients with unilateral torsion of the testis. Urol Int 1992;49:154–7.Google Scholar

Anderson, MJ, Dunn, JK, Lipshultz, LI, Coburn, M. Semen quality and endocrine parameters after acute testicular torsion. J Urol 1992;147: 1545–50.Google Scholar

Mastrogiacomo, I, Zanchetta, R, Graziotti, P, Betterle, C, Scrufari, P, Lembo, A. Immunological and clinical study of patients after spermatic cord torsion. Andrologia 1982;14:25–30.Google Scholar

Hadziselimovic, F, Snyder, H, Duckett, J, Howards, S. Testicular histology in children with unilateral testicular torsion. J Urol 1986;136(1 Pt 2):208–10.Google Scholar

Laor, E, Fisch, H, Tennenbaum, S, Sesterhenn, I, Mostofi, K, Reid, RE. Unilateral testicular torsion: abnormal histological findings in the contralateral testis – cause or effect? Br J Urol 1990;65:520–3.Google Scholar

Gielchinsky, I, Suraqui, E, Hidas, G, et al. Pregnancy rates after testicular torsion. J Urol 2016;196:852–5.Google Scholar

Masarani, M, Wazait, H, Dinneen, M. Mumps orchitis. J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:573–5.Google Scholar

Werner, CA. Mumps orchitis and testicular atrophy; a factor in male sterility. Ann Intern Med 1950;32:1075–86.Google Scholar

Casella, R, Leibundgut, B, Lehmann, K, Gasser, TC. Mumps orchitis: report of a mini-epidemic. J Urol 1997;158:2158–61.Google Scholar

Honig, SC, Lipshultz, LI, Jarow, J. Significant medical pathology uncovered by a com- prehensive male infertility evaluation. Fertil Steril 1994;62:1028.Google Scholar

Greene, LF, Kelalis, PP. Retrograde ejaculation of semen due to diabetic neuropathy. J Urol 1967;98:696.Google Scholar

Drucker, WD, Blanc, WA, Rowland, MM, et al. The testis in myotonic muscular dystrophy: a clinical and pathologic study with a comparison with Klinefelter’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1963;23:59.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Krause, W, Ludwig, M. Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:421–32.Google Scholar

Jung, JH, Kim, MH, Kim, J, et al. Treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility: a systematic review. World J Mens Health 2016;34:165–72.Google Scholar

Brunner, RJ, Demeter, JH, Sindhwani, P. Review of guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility. World J Mens Health 2019;37:128–37.Google Scholar

Zariwala, MA, Knowles, MR, Leigh, MW. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. In: Adam, MP, Ardinger, HH, Pagon, RA, et al., eds. GeneReviews^®. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 2007. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/Google Scholar

Wilton, LJ, Teichtahl, H, Temple-Smith, PD, De Kretser, DM. Kartagener’s syndrome with motile cilia and immotile spermatozoa: axonemal ultrastructure and function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:1233–6.Google Scholar

Rusz, A, Pilatz, A, Wagenlehner, F, et al. Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility. World J Urol 2012;30:23–30.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Pilatz, A, Diemer, T, Schuppe, HC, Rusz, A, Wagenlehner, F. Male urogenital infections: impact of infection and inflammation on ejaculate parameters. World J Urol 2013;31:717–23.Google Scholar

Govero, J, Esakky, P, Scheaffer, SM, et al. Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice. Nature 2016;540:438–42.Google Scholar

Uraki, R, Hwang, J, Jurado, KA, et al. Zika virus causes testicular atrophy. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1602899.Google Scholar

Donohue, JP, Thornhill, JA, Foster, RS, Rowland, RG, Bihrle, R. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage A testis cancer (1965 to 1989): modifications of technique and impact on ejaculation. J Urol 1993;149:237–43.Google Scholar

Jewett, MA. Nerve-sparing technique for retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1990;17:449–56.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, KD, Ous, S, Waehre, H, et al. Ejaculation in testicular cancer patients after post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Br J Cancer 1999;80(1–2):249–55.Google Scholar

Shin, D, Lipshultz, LI, Goldstein, M, et al. Herniorrhaphy with polypropylene mesh causing inguinal vasal obstruction: a preventable cause of obstructive azoospermia. Ann Surg 2005;241:553–8.Google Scholar

Kordzadeh, A, Liu, MO, Jayanthia, NV. Male infertility following inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Hernia 2017;21:1–7.Google Scholar

Berthelsen, JG, Skakkebaek, NE. Gonadal function in men with testis cancer. Fertil Steril 1983;39:68–75.Google Scholar

Dubin, L, Amelar, RD. Sexual causes of male infertility. Fertil Steril 1972;23:579–82.Google Scholar

Ohl, DA, Sonksen, J. What are the chances of infertility and should sperm be banked? Semin Urol Oncol 1996;14:36–44.Google Scholar

Howell, SJ, Shalet, SM. Spermatogenesis after cancer treatment: damage and recovery. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;34:12–17.Google Scholar

Hahn, EW, Feingold, SM, Simpson, L, Batata, M. Recovery from aspermia induced by low-dose radiation in seminoma patients. Cancer 1982;50:337–40.Google Scholar

Fossa, SD, Aass, N, Kaalhus, O. Long-term morbidity after infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy in young men with testicular cancer. Cancer 1989;64:404–8.Google Scholar

Hallak, J, Kolettis, PN, Sekhon, VS, Thomas, AJ Jr, Agarwal, A. Cryopreservation of sperm from patients with leukemia: is it worth the effort? [see comments]. Cancer 1999;85:1973–8.Google Scholar

Rueffer, U, Breuer, K, Josting, A, et al. Male gonadal dysfunction in patients with Hodgkin’s disease prior to treatment. Ann Oncol 2001;12:1307–11.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Allamaneni, SS. Disruption of spermatogenesis by the cancer disease process. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;34:9–12.Google Scholar

Meistrich, ML, Wilson, G, Mathur, K, et al. Rapid recovery of spermatogenesis after mitoxantrone, vincristine, vinblastine, and prednisone chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:3488–95.Google Scholar

Anserini, P, Chiodi, S, Spinelli, S, et al. Semen analysis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Additional data for evidence-based counselling. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002;30:447–51.Google Scholar

Colpi, GM, Contalbi, GF, Nerva, F, et al. Testicular function following chemo-radiotherapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;113(Suppl 1):S2–6.Google Scholar

Harmon, J, Aliapoulios, MA. Gynecomastia in marihuana users. N Engl J Med 1972;287:936.Google Scholar

Close, CE, Roberts, PL, Berger, RE. Cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana are related to pyospermia in infertile men. J Urol 1990;144:900–3.Google Scholar

Hembree, WC, Zeidenbert, P, Nahas, G, et al. Marijuana effects on human gonadal function. In: Nahas, G, Poton, WDM, Indanpaan-Heittila, J, eds. Marijuana: Chemistry. Biochemistry and Cellular Effects. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1976; pp. 521–7.Google Scholar

Gundersen, TD, Jorgensen, N, Andersson, AM, et al. Association between use of marijuana and male reproductive hormones and semen quality: a Study among 1,215 healthy young men. Am J Epidemiol 2015;182:473–81.Google Scholar

Kasman, AM, Thoma, ME, McLain, AC, et al. Association between use of marijuana and time to pregnancy in men and women : findings from the National Survey of Family Growth. Fertil Steril 2018;109:866–71.Google Scholar

Thistle, JE, Graubard, BI, Braunline, M, et al. Marijuana use and serum testosterone concentrations among U.S. males. Andrology 2017;5:732–8.Google Scholar

Bracken, MB, Eskenazi, B, Sachse, K, et al. Association of cocaine use with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Fertil Steril 1990;53:315–22.Google Scholar

Hurd, WW, Kelly, MS, Ohl, DA, et al. The effect of cocaine on sperm motility characteristics and bovine cervical mucus penetration. Fertil Steril 1992;57:178–82.Google Scholar

Samplaski, MK, Bachir, BG, Lo, KC, et al. Cocaine use in the infertile male population: a marker for conditions resulting in subfertility. Curr Urol 2015;8:38–42.Google Scholar

Tidd, MJ, Horth, CE, Ramsay, LE, Shelton, JR, Palmer, RF. Endocrine effects of spironolactone in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1978;9:389–99.Google Scholar

Millsop, JW, Heller, MM, Eliason, MJ, Murase, JE. Dermatological medication effects on male fertility. Dermatol Ther 2013;26:337–46.Google Scholar

Benoff, S, Cooper, GW, Hurley, I, et al. The effect of calcium ion channel blockers on sperm fertilization potential. Fertil Steril 1994;62:606–17.Google Scholar

Hershlag, A, Cooper, GW, Benoff, S. Pregnancy following discontinuation of a calcium channel blocker in the male partner. Hum Reprod 1995;10:599–606.Google Scholar

Katsoff, D, Check, JH. A challenge to the concept that the use of calcium channel blockers causes reversible male infertility. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1480–2.Google Scholar

Coscrove, MD, Benton, B, Henderson, BE. Male genitourinary abnormalities and maternal diethylstilbestrol. J Urol 1977;117:220–2.Google Scholar

Wilcox, AJ, Baird, DD, Weinberg, CR, Hornsby, PP, Herbst, AL. Fertility in men exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1411–16.Google Scholar

Palmer, JR, Herbst, AL, Noller, KL, et al. Urogenital abnormalities in men exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Environ Health 2009;8:37.Google Scholar

Liu, PY, Swerdloff, RS, Christenson, PD, Handelsman, DJ, Wang, C; Hormonal Male Contraception Summit Group. Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis. Lancet 2006;367:1412–20.Google Scholar

Kohn, TP, Louis, MR, Pickett, SM, et al. Age and duration of testosterone therapy predict time to return of sperm count after human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. Fertil Steril 2017;107:351–7.e1.Google Scholar

Giuliano, F. Impact of medical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia on sexual function. BJU Int 2006;97 Suppl 2:34–8.Google Scholar

Hellstrom, WJG, Sikka, SC. Effects of acute treatment with tamsulosin versus alfuzosin on ejaculatory function in normal volunteers. J Urol 2006;176:1529–33.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Chang, TS, Marshall, FF. Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 1991;55:235–42.Google Scholar

Nelson, WO, Steinburger, E. The effect of furadroxyl upon the testis of the rat. Anat Rec 1952;112:367.Google Scholar

Nelson, WO, Bunge, RB. The effect of therapeutic dosages of nitrofurantoin upon spermatogenesis in man. J Urol 1957;77:275–82.Google Scholar

Hargreaves, CA, Rogers, S, Hills, F, et al. Effects of co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, amoxycillin, tetracycline and chloroquine on sperm function in vitro. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1878–86.Google Scholar

Millsop, JW, Heller, MM, Eliason, MJ, Murase, JE. Dermatological medication effects on male fertility. Dermatol Ther 2013;26:337–46.Google Scholar

Birnie, GG, McLeod, TI, Watkinson, G. Incidence of sulphasalazine-induced male infertility. Gut 1981;22:452–5.Google Scholar

Toovey, S, Hudson, E, Hendry, WF, Levi, AJ. Sulphasalazine and male infertility: reversibility and possible mechanism. Gut 1981;22:445–51.Google Scholar

Riley, SA, Lecarpentier, J, Mani, V, et al. Sulphasalazine induced seminal abnormalities in ulcerative colitis: results of mesalazine substitution. Gut 1987;28:1008–12.Google Scholar

Sawyer, D, Conner, CS, Scalley, R. Cimetidine: adverse reactions and acute toxicity. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981;38:188–97.Google Scholar

Wang, C, Lai, CL, Lam, KC, Yeung, KK. Effect of cimetidine on gonadal function in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982;13:791–4.Google Scholar

Semet, M, Paci, M, Saïas-Magnan, J, et al. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology 2017;5:640–63.Google Scholar

Sarica, K, Suzer, O, Gurler, A, Baltaci, S, Ozdiler, E, Dincel, C. Urological evaluation of Behcet patients and the effect of colchicine on fertility. Eur Urol 1995;27:39–42.Google Scholar

Haimov-Kochman, R, Ben Chetrit, E. The effect of colchicine treatment on sperm production and function: a review. Hum Reprod 1998;13:360–2.Google Scholar

Srinivas, M, Agarwala, S, Datta, GS, et al. Effect of cyclosporine on fertility in male rats. Pediatr Surg Int 1998;13(5–6):388–91.Google Scholar

Midtvedt, K, Bergan, S, Reisæter, AV, et al. Exposure to mycophenolate and fatherhood. Transplantation 2017;101:e214–17.Google Scholar

Leroy, C, Rigot, JM, Leroy, M, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and fertility. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015;10:136.Google Scholar

Shin, T, Okada, H. Infertility in men with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016;7:361–9.Google Scholar

Weber-Schoendorfer, C, Hoeltzenbein, M, Wacker, E, Meister, R, Schaefer, C. No evidence for an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after paternal low-dosemethotrexate: an observational cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxf) 2014;53:757–63.Google Scholar

Guiterrez, JC, Hwang, K. The toxicity of methotrexate in male fertility and paternal teratogenicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017;13:51–8.Google Scholar

Niederberger, C. Atorvastatin and male infertility: is there a link? J Androl 2005;26:12.Google Scholar

Keihani, S, Martin, C, Craig, JR, et al. Semen parameters are unaffected by statin use in men evaluated for infertility. Andrologia 2018;50:e12995.Google Scholar

Daniell, HW. Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids. J Pain 2002;3:377–84.Google Scholar

Roberts, LJ, Finch, PM, Pullan, PT, Bhagat, CI, Price, LM. Sex hormone suppression by intrathecal opioids: a prospective study. Clin J Pain 2002;18:144–8.Google Scholar

Cicero, TJ, Davis, LA, LaRegina, MC, Meyer, ER, Schlegel, MS. Chronic opiate exposure in the male rat adversely affects fertility. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;72:157–63.Google Scholar

Gates, JR. Epilepsy versus antiepileptic drugs and gonadal function in men. Neurology 2004;62:174–5.Google Scholar

Isojärvi, JI, Löfgren, E, Juntunen, KS, et al. Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology 2004;62:247–53.Google Scholar

Hellstrom, WJ, Sikka, SC. Effects of alfuzosin and tamsulosin on sperm parameters in healthy men: results of a short-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Androl 2009;30:469–74.Google Scholar

Gacci, M, Ficarra, V, Sebastianelli, A, et al. Impact of medical treatments for male lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia on ejaculatory function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med 2014;11:1554–66.Google Scholar

Shimizu, F, Taguri, M, Harada, Y, Matsuyama, Y, Sase, K, Fujime, M. Impact of dry ejaculation caused by highly selective alpha1a-blocker: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study in healthy volunteer men. J Sex Med 2010;7:1277–83.Google Scholar

Lipshultz, LI, Ross, CE, Whorton, D, Milby, T, Smith, R, Joyner, RE. Dibromochloropropane and its effect on testicular function in man. J Urol 1980;124:464–8.Google Scholar

Strohmer, H, Boldizsar, A, Plockinger, B, Feldner-Busztin, M, Feichtinger, W. Agricultural work and male infertility. Am J Ind Med 1993;24:587–92.Google Scholar

De Celis, R, Feria-Velasco, A, Gonzalez-Unzaga, M, Torres-Calleja, J, Pedron-Nuevo, N. Semen quality of workers occupationally exposed to hydrocarbons. Fertil Steril 2000;73:221–8.Google Scholar

Kim, Y, Park, J, Moon, Y. Hematopoietic and reproductive toxicity of 2-bromopropane, a recently introduced substitute for chlorofluorocarbons. Toxicol Lett 1999;108(2–3):309–13.Google Scholar

Lancranjan, I, Popescu, HI, Gavanescu, O, Klepsch, I, Serbanescu, M. Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health 1975;30:396–401.Google Scholar

Telisman, S, Cvitkovic, P, Jurasovic, J, Pizent, A, Gavella, M, Rocic, B. Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:45–53.Google Scholar

Toth, A. Reversible toxic effect of salicylazosulfapyridine on semen quality. Fertil Steril 1979;31:538–40.Google Scholar

Van Thiel, DH, Gavaler, JS, Smith, WI Jr, Paul, G. Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal dysfunction in men using cimetidine. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1012–15.Google Scholar

Curtis, KM, Savitz, DA, Arbuckle, TE. Effects of cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, and alcohol intake on fecundability. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:32–41.Google Scholar

Dunphy, BC, Barratt, CL, Cooke, ID. Male alcohol consumption and fecundity in couples attending an infertility clinic. Andrologia 1991;23:219–21.Google Scholar

Goverde, HJ, Dekker, HS, Janssen, HJ, Bastiaans, BA, Rolland, R, Zielhuis, GA. Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption – an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1995;40:135–8.Google Scholar

Olsen, J, Bolumar, F, Boldsen, J, Bisanti, L. Does moderate alcohol intake reduce fecundability? A European multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:206–12.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Swan, S, Jørgensen, N, et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1801–9.Google Scholar

Muthusami, KR, Chinnaswamy, P. Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility hormones and semen quality. Fertil Steril 2005;84:919–24.Google Scholar

Pfeifer, S, Fritz, M, Goldberg, J, et al. Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1400–6.Google Scholar

Chia, SE, Lim, ST, Tay, SK, Lim, ST. Factors associated with male infertility: a case-control study of 218 infertile and 240 fertile men. BJOG 2000;107:55–61.Google Scholar

Dikshit, RK, Buch, JG, Mansuri, SM. Effect of tobacco consumption on semen quality of a population of hypofertile males. Fertil Steril 1987;48:334–6.Google Scholar

Evans, HJ, Fletcher, J, Torrance, M, Hargreave, TB. Sperm abnormalities and cigarette smoking. Lancet 1981;1:627–9.Google Scholar

Marshburn, PB, Sloan, CS, Hammond, MG. Semen quality and association with coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and ethanol consumption. Fertil Steril 1989;52:162–5.Google Scholar

Osser, S, Beckman-Ramirez, A, Liedholm, P. Semen quality of smoking and non-smoking men in infertile couples in a Swedish population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:215–18.Google Scholar

Hull, MG, North, K, Taylor, H, Farrow, A, Ford, WC. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Study Team. Fertil Steril 2000;74:725–33.Google Scholar

Zitzmann, M, Rolf, C, Nordhoff, V, et al. Male smokers have a decreased success rate for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2003;79 Suppl 3:1550–4.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Henriksen, TB, Hjollund, NH, et al. Adult and prenatal exposures to tobacco smoke as risk indicators of fertility among 430 Danish couples. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:992–7.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Henriksen, TB, Hjollund, NH, et al. Caffeine intake and fecundability: a follow-up study among 430 Danish couples planning their first pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:289–95.Google Scholar

Dias, TR, Alves, MG, Bernardino, RL, et al. Dose-dependent effects of caffeine in human Sertoli cells metabolism and oxidative profile: relevance for male fertility. Toxicology 2015;328:12–20.Google Scholar

Jensen, TK, Swan, SH, Skakkebaek, NE, Rasmussen, S, Jørgensen, N. Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:883–91.Google Scholar

Ricci, E, Vigano, P, Cipriani, S, et al. Coffee and caffeine intake and male infertility: a systematic review. Nutr J 2017;16:37.Google Scholar

Brown-Woodman, PD, Post, EJ, Gass, GC, White, IG. The effect of a single sauna exposure on spermatozoa. Arch Androl 1984;12:9–15.Google Scholar

Lue, YH, Lasley, BL, Laughlin, LS, et al. Mild testicular hyperthermia induces profound transitional spermatogenic suppression through increased germ cell apoptosis in adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Androl 2002;23:799–805.Google Scholar

Saikhun, J, Kitiyanant, Y, Vanadurongwan, V, Pavasuthipaisit, K. Effects of sauna on sperm movement characteristics of normal men measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Int J Androl 1998;21:358–63.Google Scholar

Velez de la Calle, JF, Rachou, E, le Martelot, MT, Ducot, B, Multigner, L, Thonneau, PF. Male infertility risk factors in a French military population. Hum Reprod 2001;16:481–6.Google Scholar

Wang, C, McDonald, V, Leung, A, et al. Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men. Fertil Steril 1997;68:334–9.Google Scholar

Garolla, A, Torino, M, Sartini, B, et al. Seminal and molecular evidence that sauna exposure affects human spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 2013;28:877–85.Google Scholar

Shefi, S, Tarapore, PE, Walsh, TJ, Croughan, M, Turek, PJ. Wet heat exposure: a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men. Int Braz J Urol 2007;33:50–7.Google Scholar

Lipshultz, LI Corriere, JN Jr. Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient. J Urol 1977;117:175–6.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Charny, CW. The spermatogenic potential of the undescended testis before and after treatment. J Urol 1960;83 697–705.Google Scholar

Gunalp, S, Onculoglu, C, Gurgan, T, Kruger, TF, Lombard, CJ. A study of semen parameters with emphasis on sperm morphology in a fertile population: an attempt to develop clinical thresholds. Hum Reprod 2001;16:110–14.Google Scholar

Lubs, HA. Testicular size in Klinefelter’s syndrome in men over fifty. N Engl J Med 1962;267:326–31.Google Scholar

Guzick, DS, Overstreet, JW, Factor-Litvak, P, et al. Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1388–93.Google Scholar

Smith, KD, Rodriguez-Rigau, LJ, Steinberger, E. Relation between indices of semen analysis and pregnancy rate in infertile couples. Fertil Steril 1977;28:1314–19.Google Scholar

Battin, D, Vargyas, JM, Sato, F, Brown, J, Marrs, RP. The correlation between in vitro fertilization of human oocytes and semen profile. Fertil Steril 1985;44:835–8.Google Scholar

Matson, PL, Turner, SR, Yovich, JM, Tuvik, AI, Yovich, JL. Oligospermic infertility treated by in-vitro fertilization. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;26:84–7.Google Scholar

Carlsen, E, Petersen, JH, Andersson, AM, Skakkebaek, NE. Effects of ejaculatory frequency and season on variations in semen quality. Fertil Steril 2004;82:358–66.Google Scholar

Koburi, Y. Home testing for male factor infertility: a review of current options. Fertil Steril 2019;111:864–70.Google Scholar

Santomauro, AG, Sciarra, JJ, Varma, AO. A clinical investigation of the role of the semen analysis and postcoital test in the evaluation of male infertility. Fertil Steril 1972;23:245–51.Google Scholar

Munuce, MJ, Bregni, C, Carizza, C, Mendeluk, G. Semen culture, leukocytospermia, and the presence of sperm antibodies in seminal hyperviscosity. Arch Androl 1999;42:21–8.Google Scholar

Mahmoud, AM, Depoorter, B, Piens, N, Comhaire, FH. The performance of 10 different methods for the estimation of sperm concentration. Fertil Steril 1997;68:340–5.Google Scholar

Imade, GE, Towobola, OA, Sagay, AS, Otubu, JA. Discrepancies in sperm count using improved Neubauer, Makler, and Horwells counting chambers. Arch Androl 1993;31:17–22.Google Scholar

MacLeod, J. Human seminal cytology as a sensitive indicator of the germinal epithelium. Int J Fertil 1964;9:281–95.Google Scholar

Fredricsson, B, Bjork, G. Morphology of postcoital spermatozoa in the cervical secretion and its clinical significance. Fertil Steril 1977;28:841–5.Google Scholar

Liu, DY, Baker, HW. Morphology of spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida of human oocytes that failed to fertilize in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1992;94:71–84.Google Scholar

Menkveld, R, Stander, FS, Kotze, TJ, Kruger, TF, van Zyl, JA. The evaluation of morphological characteristics of human spermatozoa according to stricter criteria. Hum Reprod 1990;5:586–92.Google Scholar

Mortimer, D, Leslie, EE, Kelly, RW, Templeton, AA. Morphological selection of human spermatozoa in vivo and in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1982;64:391–9.Google Scholar

Van Waart, J, Kruger, TF, Lombard, CJ, Ombelet, W. Predictive value of normal sperm morphology in intrauterine insemination (IUI): a structured literature review. Hum Reprod Update 2001;7:495–500.Google Scholar

Spiessens, C, Vanderschueren, D, Meuleman, C, D’Hooghe, T. Isolated teratozoospermia and intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2003;80:1185–9.Google Scholar

Shibahara, H, Obara, H, Ayustawati, , et al. Prediction of pregnancy by intrauterine insemination using CASA estimates and strict criteria in patients with male factor infertility. Int J Androl 2004;27:63–8.Google Scholar

Lemmens, L, Kos, S, Beijer, C, et al. Predictive value of sperm morphology and progressively motile sperm count for pregnancy outcomes in intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1462–8.Google Scholar

Roux, A, Siebert, TI, Van der Merwe, JP, Kruger, TF. Interstitial pregnancy managed medically. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;24:587–9.Google Scholar

Kovac, JR, Smith, RP, Cajipe, M, Lamb, DJ, Lipshultz, LI. Men with a complete absence of normal sperm morphology exhibit high rates of success without assisted reproduction. Asian J Androl 2017;19:39–42.Google Scholar

Yeung, CH, Cooper, TG, Nieschlag, E. A technique for standardization and quality control of subjective sperm motility assessments in semen analysis. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1156–8.Google Scholar

Yanagimachi, R. The movement of golden hamster spermatozoa before and after capacitation. J Reprod Fertil 1970;23:193–6.Google Scholar

Suarez, SS, Ho, HC. Hyperactivation of mammalian sperm. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2003;49:351–6.Google Scholar

Keel, BA, Quinn, P, Schmidt, CF Jr, et al. Results of the American Association of Bioanalysts national proficiency testing programme in andrology. Hum Reprod 2000;15:680–6.Google Scholar

Amann, RP, Katz, DF. Reflections on CASA after 25 years. J Androl 2004;25:317–25.Google Scholar

Davis, RO, Katz, DF. Computer-aided sperm analysis: technology at a crossroads [editorial]. Fertil Steril 1993;59:953–5.Google Scholar

Krause, W. Computer-assisted semen analysis systems: comparison with routine evaluation and prognostic value in male fertility and assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 1995;10 Suppl 1:60–6.Google Scholar

Talarczyk-Desole, J, Berger, A, Taszarek-Hauke, G, Hauke, J, Pawelczyk, L, Jedrzejczak, P. Manual vs. computer-assisted sperm analysis: can CASA replace manual assessment of human semen in clinical practice? Ginekol Pol 2017;88:56–60.Google Scholar

Gunn, DD, Bates, GW. Evidence-based approach to unexplained infertility: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1566–74.e1.Google Scholar

Corea, M, Campagnone, J, Sigman, M. The diagnosis of azoospermia depends on the force of centrifugation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:920–2.Google Scholar

Oates, RD, Amos, JA. The genetic basis of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and cystic fibrosis. J Androl 1994;15:1–8.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Shin, D, Goldstein, M. Urogenital anomalies in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. J Urol 1996;155:1644–8.Google Scholar

Schoor, RA, Elhanbly, S, Niederberger, CS, Ross, LS. The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J Urol 2002;167:197–200.Google Scholar

Gordetsky, J, van Wijngaarden, E, O’Brien, J. Redefining abnormal follicle-stimulating hormone in the male infertility population. BJU Int 2012;110:568–72.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Androl 1996;17:467–72.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP, Espeland, MA, Lipshultz, LI. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J Urol 1989;142:62–5.Google Scholar

Sharlip, ID, Jarow, JP, Belker, AM, et al. Best practice policies for male infertility. Fertil Steril 2002;77:873–82.Google Scholar

Meacham, RB, Hellerstein, DK, Lipshultz, LI. Evaluation and treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction in the infertile male. Fertil Steril 1993;59:393–7.Google Scholar

Blickenstorfer, K, Voelkle, M, Xie, M, Fröhlich, A, Imthurn, B, Leeners, B. Are WHO recommendations to perform 2 consecutive semen analyses for reliable diagnosis of male infertility still valid? J Urol 2019;201:783–91.Google Scholar

Sigman, M. Introduction: ejaculatory problems and male infertility. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1049–50.Google Scholar

Corea, M, Campagnone, J, Sigman, M. The diagnosis of azoospermia depends on the force of centrifugation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:920–2.Google Scholar

Mehta, A, Jarow, JP, Maples, P, Sigman, M. Defining the “normal” postejaculate urinalysis. J Androl 2012;33:917–20.Google Scholar

Belker, AM, Steinbock, GS. Transrectal prostate ultrasonography as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1990;144(2 Pt 1):356–8.Google Scholar

Wosnitzer, MS. Genetic evaluation of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol 2014;3:17–26.Google Scholar

Bollendorf, A, Check, JH, Katsoff, D, Fedele, A. The use of chymotrypsin/galactose to treat spermatozoa bound with anti-sperm antibodies prior to intra-uterine insemination. Hum Reprod 1994;9:484–8.Google Scholar

Pereira, R, Barbosa, T, Alves, Â, Santos, R, Oliveira, J, Sousa, M. Unveiling the genetic etiology of primary ciliary dyskinesia: when standard genetic approach is not enough. Adv Med Sci 2019;65:1–11.Google Scholar

Singh, G. Ultrastructural features of round-headed human spermatozoa. Int J Fertil 1992;37:99–102.Google Scholar

Fesahat, F, Henkel, R, Agarwal, A. Globozoospermia syndrome: an update. Andrologia 2019;14:e13459.Google Scholar

Shabtaie, S, Gerkowicz, SA, Kohn, PT, Ramasamy, R. Role of abnormal sperm morphology in predicting pregnancy outcomes. Curr Urol Rep 2016;17:67.Google Scholar

Kim, FY, Goldstein, M. Antibacterial skin preparation decreases the incidence of false-positive semen culture results. J Urol 1999;161:819–21.Google Scholar

Koh, SB, Park, HJ, Seo, JT, Treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility: a systematic review. World J Mens Health 2016;34:165-–72.Google Scholar

Sigman, M Jarow, JP. Endocrine evaluation of infertile men. Urology 1997;50:659–64.Google Scholar

Bain, J, Langevin, R, D’Costa, M, Sanders, RM, Hucker, S. Serum pituitary and steroid hormone levels in the adult male: one value is as good as the mean of three. Fertil Steril 1988;49:123–6.Google Scholar

Tomlinson, MJ, Barratt, CL, Cooke, ID. Prospective study of leukocytes and leukocyte subpopulations in semen suggests they are not a cause of male infertility [see comments]. Fertil Steril 1993;60:1069–75.Google Scholar

Berger, RE, Karp, LE, Williamson, RA, Koehler, J, Moore, DE, Holmes, KK. The relationship of pyospermia and seminal fluid bacteriology to sperm function as reflected in the sperm penetration assay. Fertil Steril 1982;37:557–64.Google Scholar

Maruyama, DK Jr, Hale, RW, Rogers, BJ. Effects of white blood cells on the in vitro penetration of zona-free hamster eggs by human spermatozoa. J Androl 1985;6:127–35.Google Scholar

Rodin, DM, Larone, D, Goldstein, M. Relationship between semen cultures, leukospermia, and semen analysis in men undergoing fertility evaluation. Fertil Steril 2003;79 Suppl 3:1555–8.Google Scholar

Sigman, M, Lopes, L. The correlation between round cells and white blood cells in the semen. J Urol 1993;149(5 Pt 2):1338–40.Google Scholar

Yanushpolsky, EH, Politch, JA, Hill, JA, Anderson, DJ. Antibiotic therapy and leukocytospermia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Fertil Steril 1995;63:142–7.Google Scholar

Matson, PL, Junk, SM, Spittle, JW, Yovich, JL. Effect of antispermatozoal antibodies in seminal plasma upon spermatozoal function. Int J Androl 1988;11:101–6.Google Scholar

Menge, AC, Beitner, O. Interrelationships among semen characteristics, antisperm antibodies, and cervical mucus penetration assays in infertile human couples. Fertil Steril 1989;51:486–92.Google Scholar

Kremer, J, Jager, S. The significance of antisperm antibodies for sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Hum Reprod 1992;7:781–4.Google Scholar

Lee, R, Goldstein, M, Ullery, BW, et al. Value of serum antisperm antibodies in diagnosing obstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2009;181:264–9.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Saleh, RA, Bedaiwy, MA. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. Fertil Steril 2003;79:829–43.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, Scovell, JM, Kovac, JR, Cook, PJ, Lamb, DJ, Lipshultz, LI. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detects increased sperm aneuploidy in men with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 2015;103:906–9.e1.Google Scholar

Pfeifer, S, Butts, S, Dumesic, D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2015;103:e18–25.Google Scholar

American Society for Reproductive Medicine. FAQs about infertility. 2017. Available from: www.reproductivefacts.org/faqs/frequently-asked-questions-about-infertility/.Google Scholar

Gee, RE, Newman, J. Exposure to toxic environmental agents. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:931–5.Google Scholar

Penzias, A, Bendikson, K, Butts, S, et al. Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018;110:611–18.Google Scholar

American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Prepregnancy counseling. Committee opinion no. 762. Fertil Steril 2019;111:32–42.Google Scholar

Setton, R, Tierney, C, Tsai, T. The accuracy of web sites and cellular phone applications in predicting the fertile window. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:58–63.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2017;107:52–8.Google Scholar

Miller, PB, Soules, MR. The usefulness of a urinary LH kit for ovulation prediction during menstrual cycles of normal women. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:13–17.Google Scholar

Pearlstone, AC, Surrey, ES. The temporal relation between the urine LH surge and sonographic evidence of ovulation: determinants and clinical significance. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:184–8.Google Scholar

McGovern, PG, Myers, ER, Silva, S, et al. Absence of secretory endometrium after false-positive home urine luteinizing hormone testing. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1273–7.Google Scholar

Murray, MJ, Meyer, WR, Zaino, RJ, et al. A critical analysis of the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of histologic endometrial dating in fertile women. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1333–43.Google Scholar

Coutifaris, C, Myers, ER, Guzick, DS, et al. Histological dating of timed endometrial biopsy tissue is not related to fertility status. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1264–72.Google Scholar

Azziz, R, Carmina, E, Chen, Z, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2016;2:16057.Google Scholar

Fauser, BCJM, Tarlatzis, BC, Rebar, RW, et al. Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012;97:28–38.e25.Google Scholar

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81:19–25.Google Scholar

Teede, HJ, Misso, ML, Costello, MF, et al.; International PCOS Network. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2018;110:364–79.Google Scholar

Bronson, R. Letrozole or clomiphene for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1462–4.Google Scholar

Reindollar, RH, Novak, M, Tho, SPT, McDonough, PG. Adult-onset amenorrhea: a study of 262 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:531–41.Google Scholar

Santoro, N, Filicori, M, Crowley, WF. Hypogonadotropic disorders in men and women: diagnosis and therapy with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocr Rev 1986;7:11–23.Google Scholar

Caronia, LM, Martin, C, Welt, CK, et al. A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2011;364:215–25.Google Scholar

Gordon, CM, Ackerman, KE, Berga, SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:1413–39.Google Scholar

Shufelt, CL, Torbati, T, Dutra, E. Hypothalamic amenorrhea and the long-term health consequences. Semin Reprod Med 2017;35:256–62.Google Scholar

Melmed, S, Casanueva, FF, Hoffman, AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:273–88.Google Scholar

Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin no. 128: diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:197–206.Google Scholar

Cleary-Goldman, J, Malone, FD, Vidaver, J, et al. Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:983–90.Google Scholar

Battaglia, DE, Goodwin, P, Klein, NA, Soules, M-R. Influence of maternal age on meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes from naturally cycling women. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2217–22.Google Scholar

Franasiak, JM, Forman, EJ, Hong, KH, et al. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril 2014;101:656–63.e1.Google Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice and Practice Committee. Female age-related fertility decline. Am Soc Reprod Med 2014;101:633–4.Google Scholar

Broekmans, FJ, Kwee, J, Hendriks, DJ, Mol, BW, Lambalk, CB. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:685–718.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2015;103:e44–50.Google Scholar

La Marca, A, Papaleo, E, Grisendi, V, Argento, C, Giulini, S, Volpe, A. Development of a nomogram based on markers of ovarian reserve for the individualisation of the follicle-stimulating hormone starting dose in in vitro fertilisation cycles. BJOG 2012;119:1171–9.Google Scholar

Dewailly, D, Andersen, CY, Balen, A, et al. The physiology and clinical utility of anti-Müllerian hormone in women. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:370–85.Google Scholar

Steiner, AZ, Herring, AH, Kesner, JS, et al. Antimüllerian hormone as a predictor of natural fecundability in women aged 30–42 years. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:798–804.Google Scholar

Hagen, CP, Vestergaard, S, Juul, A, et al. Low concentration of circulating anti-Müllerian hormone is not predictive of reduced fecundability in young healthy women: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1602–8.e2.Google Scholar

Bentzen, JG, Forman, JL, Pinborg, A, et al. Ovarian reserve parameters: a comparison between users and non-users of hormonal contraception. Reprod Biomed Online 2012;25:612–19.Google Scholar

Kallio, S, Puurunen, J, Ruokonen, A, Vaskivuo, T, Piltonen, T, Tapanainen, JS. Antimüllerian hormone levels decrease in women using combined contraception independently of administration route. Fertil Steril 2013;99:1305–10.Google Scholar

Tehrani, FR, Solaymani-Dodaran, M, Azizi, F. A single test of antimullerian hormone in late reproductive-aged women is a good predictor of menopause. Menopause 2009;16:797–802.Google Scholar

Tehrani, FR, Shakeri, N, Solaymani-Dodaran, M, Azizi, F. Predicting age at menopause from serum antimüllerian hormone concentration. Menopause 2011;18:766–70.Google Scholar

Catteau-Jonard, S, Jamin, SP, Leclerc, A, Gonzalès, J, Dewailly, D, Di Clemente, N. Anti-Mullerian hormone, its receptor, FSH receptor, and androgen receptor genes are overexpressed by granulosa cells from stimulated Follicles in Women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4456–61.Google Scholar

Roberts, VJ, Barth, S, el-Roeiy, A, Yen, SS. Expression of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin messenger ribonucleic acids and proteins in ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum during the human menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1402–10.Google Scholar

Rosen, MP, Johnstone, E, Addauan-Andersen, C, Cedars, MI. A lower antral follicle count is associated with infertility. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1950–4.Google Scholar

Hendriks, DJ, Mol, B-WJ, Bancsi, LFJMM, Te Velde, ER, Broekmans, FJM, Hendriks, DJ. Antral follicle count in the prediction of poor ovarian response and pregnancy after in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis and comparison with basal follicle-stimulating hormone level in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2005;83:291–301.Google Scholar

Rebar, RW, Erickson, GF, C Yen, SS. Idiopathic premature ovarian failure: clinical and endocrine characteristics. Fertil Steril 1982;37:35–41.Google Scholar

Nelson, LM, Covington, SN, Rebar, RW. An update: spontaneous premature ovarian failure is not an early menopause. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1327–32.Google Scholar

Monaghan, KG, Lyon, E, Spector, EB. ACMG Standards and Guidelines for fragile X testing: a revision to the disease-specific supplements to the Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetics Laboratories of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Genet Med 2013;15:575–86.Google Scholar

Betterle, C, Rossi, A, Pria, SD, et al. Premature ovarian failure: autoimmunity and natural history. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;39:35–43.Google Scholar

Falorni, A, Laureti, S, Candeloro, P, et al. Steroid-cell autoantibodies are preferentially expressed in women with premature ovarian failure who have adrenal autoimmunity. Fertil Steril 2002;78:270–9.Google Scholar

Green, DM, Sklar, CA, Boice, JD, et al. Ovarian failure and reproductive outcomes after childhood cancer treatment: results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2374–81.Google Scholar

Chan, JL, Wang, ET. Oncofertility for women with gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2017;144:631–6.Google Scholar

Swart, P, Mol, BWJ, Van Der Veen, F, Van Beurden, M, Redekop, WK, Bossuyt, PMM. The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1995;64:486–91.Google Scholar

Adelusi, B, Al-Nuaim, L, Makanjuola, D, Khashoggi, T, Chowdhury, N, Kangave, D. Accuracy of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic hydrotubation in diagnosis of tubal patency. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1016–20.Google Scholar

Luciano, DE, Exacoustos, C, Luciano, AA. Contrast ultrasonography for tubal patency. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:994–8.Google Scholar

Luciano, DE, Exacoustos, C, Johns, DA, Luciano, AA. Can hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography replace hysterosalpingography in confirming tubal blockage after hysteroscopic sterilization and in the evaluation of the uterus and tubes in infertile patients? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:79.e1–5.Google Scholar

Maheux-Lacroix, S, Boutin, A, Moore, L, et al. Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:953–63.Google Scholar

Jeelani, R, Puscheck, EE. Imaging and the infertility evaluation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2017;60:93–107.Google Scholar

Groszmann, YS, Benacerraf, BR. Complete evaluation of anatomy and morphology of the infertile patient in a single visit; the modern infertility pelvic ultrasound examination. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1381–93.Google Scholar

Maheux-Lacroix, S, Li, F, Laberge, PY, Abbott, J. Imaging for polyps and leiomyomas in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:1425–36.Google Scholar

Bermejo, C, Martínez Ten, P, Cantarero, R, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the diagnosis of Müllerian duct anomalies and concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;35:593–601.Google Scholar

Ludwin, A, Pityński, K, Ludwin, I, Banas, T, Knafel, A. Two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography and sonohysterography versus hysteroscopy with laparoscopy in the differential diagnosis of septate, bicornuate, and arcuate uteri. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:90–9.Google Scholar

Ghi, T, Casadio, P, Kuleva, M, et al. Accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis and classification of congenital uterine anomalies. Fertil Steril 2009;92:808–13.Google Scholar

Marsh, F, Kremer, C, Duffy, S. Delivering an effective outpatient service in gynaecology. A randomised controlled trial analysing the cost of outpatient versus daycase hysteroscopy. BJOG 2004;111:243–8.Google Scholar

Van Dongen, H, De Kroon, C, Jacobi, C, Trimbos, J, Jansen, F. Diagnostic hysteroscopy in abnormal uterine bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2007;114:664–75.Google Scholar

Ahmad, G, O’Flynn, H, Duffy, JMN, Attarbashi, S, Pickersgill, A, Watson, A. Pain relief for office gynaecological procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD007710.Google Scholar

Mattar, OM, Abdalla, AR, Shehata, MSA, et al. Efficacy and safety of tramadol in pain relief during diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 2019;111:547–52.Google Scholar

Dueholm, M, Lundorf, E, Hansen, ES, Ledertoug, S, Olesen, F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:409–15.Google Scholar

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Evaluation and management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:210–26.Google Scholar

Anthoulakis, C, Nikoloudis, N. Pelvic MRI as the “gold standard” in the subsequent evaluation of ultrasound-indeterminate adnexal lesions: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 2014;132:661–8.Google Scholar

Kinkel, K, Lu, Y, Mehdizade, A, Pelte, M-F, Hricak, H. Indeterminate ovarian mass at US: incremental value of second imaging test for characterization—meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 2005;236:85–94.Google Scholar

Chan, YY, Jayaprakasan, K, Zamora, J, Thornton, JG, Raine-Fenning, N, Coomarasamy, A. The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies in unselected and high-risk populations: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:761–71.Google Scholar

Dreisler, E, Sørensen, SS. Mullerian duct anomalies diagnosed by saline contrast sonohysterography: prevalence in a general population. Fertil Steril 2014;102:525–9.Google Scholar

Oppelt, P, Renner, SP, Brucker, S, et al. The VCUAM (Vagina Cervix Uterus Adnex-associated Malformation) classification: a new classification for genital malformations. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1493–7.Google Scholar

Reindollar, RH, Rogers Byrd, J, McDonough, PG. Delayed sexual development: a study of 252 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:371–80.Google Scholar

Pfeifer, S, Butts, S, Dumesic, D, et al. Uterine septum: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2016;106:530–40.Google Scholar

Herbst, AL, Ulfelder, H, Poskanzer, DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. N Engl J Med 1971;284:878–81.Google Scholar

[No authors listed]. The American Fertility Society classifications of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, Müllerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril 1988;49:944–55.Google Scholar

Chandler, TM, Machan, LS, Harris, AC, Chang, SD. Müllerian duct anomalies: from diagnosis to intervention. Br J Radiol 2009;82:1034–42.Google Scholar

Day Baird, D, Dunson, DB, Hill, MC, Cousins, D, Schectman, JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:100–7.Google Scholar

Stewart, E, Cookson, C, Gandolfo, R, Schulze-Rath, R. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: a systematic review. BJOG 2017;124:1501–12.Google Scholar

American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL): Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of submucous leiomyomas. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:152–71.Google Scholar

Cholkeri-Singh, A, Sasaki, KJ. Hysteroscopy for infertile women: a review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015;22:353–62.Google Scholar

Pritts, EA, Parker, WH, Olive, DL. Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1215.Google Scholar

Surrey, ES, Minjarez, DA, Stevens, JM, Schoolcraft, WB. Effect of myomectomy on the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1473–9.Google Scholar

Di Spiezio Sardo, A, Di Carlo, C, Minozzi, S, et al. Efficacy of hysteroscopy in improving reproductive outcomes of infertile couples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22:479–96.Google Scholar

Bosteels, J, van Wessel, S, Weyers, S, et al. Hysteroscopy for treating subfertility associated with suspected major uterine cavity abnormalities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;12:CD009461.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Removal of myomas in asymptomatic patients to improve fertility and/or reduce miscarriage rate: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2017;108:416–25.Google Scholar

Lee, SC, Kaunitz, AM, Sanchez-Ramos, L, Rhatigan, RM. The oncogenic potential of endometrial polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:1197–205.Google Scholar

Karayalcin, R, Ozcan, S, Moraloglu, O, Ozyer, S, Mollamahmutoglu, L, Batıoglu, S. Results of 2500 office-based diagnostic hysteroscopies before IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:689–93.Google Scholar

Pérez-Medina, T, Bajo-Arenas, J, Salazar, F, et al. Endometrial polyps and their implication in the pregnancy rates of patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a prospective, randomized study. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1632–5.Google Scholar

Khan, Z, Goldberg, JM. Hysteroscopic management of Asherman’s syndrome. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017;25:218–28.Google Scholar

Deans, R, Abbott, J. Review of intrauterine adhesions. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010;17:555–69.Google Scholar

Hooker, AB, Lemmers, M, Thurkow, AL, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intrauterine adhesions after miscarriage: prevalence, risk factors and long-term reproductive outcome. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:262–78.Google Scholar

AAGL Elevating Gynecologic Surgery. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines on intrauterine adhesions developed in collaboration with the European Society of Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE). J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017;24:695–705.Google Scholar

March, CM. Management of Asherman’s syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2011;23:63–76.Google Scholar

Xiao, S, Wan, Y, Xue, M, et al. Etiology, treatment, and reproductive prognosis of women with moderate-to-severe intrauterine adhesions. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2014;125:121–4.Google Scholar

Grace, GA, Devaleenal, DB, Natrajan, M. Genital tuberculosis in females. Indian J Med Res 2017;145:425–36.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. 2016 assisted reproductive technology: national summary report. 2018. Available from: www.cdc.gov/art/pdf/2016-report/ART-2016-National-Summary-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2017. 2017. Available from: www.cdc.gov/std/stats17/2017-STD-Surveillance-Report_CDC-clearance-9.10.18.pdf.Google Scholar

Tsevat, DG, Wiesenfeld, HC, Parks, C, Peipert, JF. Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:1–9.Google Scholar

Fauconnier, A, Chapron, C, Dubuisson, J-B, Vieira, M, Dousset, B, Bréart, G. Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;78:719–26.Google Scholar

De Ziegler, D, Borghese, B, Chapron, C. Endometriosis and infertility: pathophysiology and management. Lancet 2010;376:730–8.Google Scholar

Kissler, S, Hamscho, N, Zangos, S, et al. Diminished pregnancy rates in endometriosis due to impaired uterotubal transport assessed by hysterosalpingoscintigraphy. BJOG 2005;112:1391–6.Google Scholar

Muzii, L, Tucci, D, Di Feliciantonio, M, et al. Antimullerian hormone is reduced in the presence of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2018;110:932–40.Google Scholar

Exacoustos, C, Manganaro, L, Zupi, E. Imaging for the evaluation of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014;28:655–81.Google Scholar

Exacoustos, C, Zupi, E, Piccione, E. Ultrasound imaging for ovarian and deep infiltrating endometriosis. Semin Reprod Med 2017;35:5–24.Google Scholar

Brown, J, Farquhar, C. Endometriosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;3:CD009590.Google Scholar

Rehmer, JM, Flyckt, RL, Goodman, LR, Falcone, T. Management of endometriomas. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2019;74:232–40.Google Scholar

Hart, RJ, Hickey, M, Maouris, P, Buckett, W. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD004992.Google Scholar

Surrey, ES. Endometriosis-related infertility: the role of the assisted reproductive technologies. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:482959.Google Scholar

Dunselman, GAJ, Vermeulen, N, Becker, C, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:400–12.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Endometriosis and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2012;98:591–8.Google Scholar

van der Houwen, LEE, Lier, MCI, Schreurs, AMF, et al. Continuous oral contraceptives versus long-term pituitary desensitization prior to IVF/ICSI in moderate to severe endometriosis: study protocol of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod Open 2019;2019:hoz001.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2020;113:305–22.Google Scholar

Gunn, DD, Wright Bates, G. Evidence-based approach to unexplained infertility: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1566–74.Google Scholar

Pisarska, MD, Chan, JL, Lawrenson, K, Gonzalez, TL, Wang, ET. Genetics and epigenetics of infertility and treatments on outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104:1871–86.Google Scholar

Pisarska, MD, Barlow, G, Kuo, F-T. Minireview: roles of the forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 in granulosa cell biology and pathology. Endocrinology 2011;152:1199–208.Google Scholar

McGuire, MM, Bowden, W, Engel, NJ, Ahn, HW, Kovanci, E, Rajkovic, A. Genomic analysis using high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays reveals novel microdeletions associated with premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1595–600.Google Scholar

Cousineau, TM, Domar, AD. Psychological impact of infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21:293–308.Google Scholar

Peterson, BD, Sejbaek, CS, Pirritano, M, Schmidt, L. Are severe depressive symptoms associated with infertility-related distress in individuals and their partners? Hum Reprod 2014;29:76–82.Google Scholar

Peterson, BD, Newton, CR, Rosen, KH, Skaggs, GE. Gender differences in how men and women who are referred for IVF cope with infertility stress. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2443–9.Google Scholar

Schmidt, L, Holstein, BE, Boivin, J, et al. Patients’ attitudes to medical and psychosocial aspects of care in fertility clinics: findings from the Copenhagen Multi-centre Psychosocial Infertility (COMPI) Research Programme. Hum Reprod 2003;18:628–37.Google Scholar

Jordan, C, Revenson, TA. Gender differences in coping with infertility: a meta-analysis. J Behav Med 1999;22:341–58.Google Scholar

Huang, I-S, Wren, J, Bennett, NE, Brannigan, RE. Clinical consultation guide on imaging in male infertility and sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol Focus 2018;4:338–47.Google Scholar

Jurewicz, M, Gilbert, BR. Imaging and angiography in male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1432–42.Google Scholar

Mittal, PK, Little, B, Harri, PA, et al. Role of imaging in the evaluation of male infertility. Radiographics 2017;37:837–54.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Management of nonobstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1239–45.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. The management of obstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2019;111:873–80.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2015;103:e18–25.Google Scholar

Huang, I-S, Wren, J, Bennett, NE, Brannigan, RE. Clinical consultation guide on imaging in male infertility and sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol Focus 2018;4:338–47.Google Scholar

Abdulwahed, SR, Mohamed, E-EM, Taha, EA, Saleh, MA, Abdelsalam, YM, ElGanainy, EO. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in predicting etiology of azoospermia. Urology 2013;81:967–71.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Georgopoulos, NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:124–34.Google Scholar

Mulhall, JP, Trost, LW, Brannigan, RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA Guideline. J Urol 2018;200:423–32.Google Scholar

Boehm, U, Bouloux, P-M, Dattani, MT, et al. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015;11:547–64.Google Scholar

Colao, A, Di Sarno, A, Cappabianca, P, et al. Gender differences in the prevalence, clinical features and response to cabergoline in hyperprolactinemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148:325–331.Google Scholar

Kinoshita, M, Tanaka, H, Arita, H, et al. Pituitary-targeted dynamic contrast-enhanced multisection CT for detecting MR Imaging-occult functional pituitary microadenoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:904–8.Google Scholar

Pedersen, MR, Osther, PJS, Rafaelsen, SR. Ultrasound evaluation of testicular volume in patients with testicular microlithiasis. Ultrasound Int Open 2018;4:E99–103.Google Scholar

Gianfrilli, D, Ferlin, A, Isidori, AM, et al. Risk behaviours and alcohol in adolescence are negatively associated with testicular volume: results from the Amico-Andrologo survey. Andrology 2019;7:769–77.Google Scholar

Bernstein, AP, Fram, EB, North, A, Casale, A, Drzewiecki, BA. Does total testicular volume predict testicular volume difference in adolescent males with varicocele? Int Braz J Urol 44:981–6.Google Scholar

Wein, AJ, Kavoussi, LR, Partin, AW, Peters, CA (eds). Campbell-Walsh Urology, 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016.Google Scholar

Nieschlag, E, Behre, HM, Nieschlag, S (eds). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.Google Scholar

Moon, MH, Kim, SH, Cho, JY, Seo, JT, Chun, YK. Scrotal US for evaluation of infertile men with azoospermia. Radiology 2006;239:168–73.Google Scholar

Biagiotti, G, Cavallini, G, Modenini, F, Vitali, G, Gianaroli, L. Spermatogenesis and spectral echo-colour Doppler traces from the main testicular artery. BJU Int 2002;90:903–8.Google Scholar

Li, M, Du, J, Wang, Z, Li, F. The value of sonoelastography scores and the strain ratio in differential diagnosis of azoospermia. J Urol 2012;188:1861–6.Google Scholar

Clarke, BG. Incidence of varicocele in normal men and among men of different ages. JAMA 1966;198:1121–2.Google Scholar

Fretz, PC, Sandlow, JI. Varicocele: current concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am 2002;29:921–37.Google Scholar

Silay, MS, Hoen, L, Quadackaers, J, et al. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol 2019;75:448–61.Google Scholar

Nork, JJ, Berger, JH, Crain, DS, Christman, MS. Youth varicocele and varicocele treatment: a meta-analysis of semen outcomes. Fertil Steril 2014;102:381–7.e6.Google Scholar

Zhou, T, Zhang, W, Chen, Q, et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on testis volume and semen parameters in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 17:1012–16.Google Scholar

Hayden, RP, Tanrikut, C. Testosterone and varicocele. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43:223–32.Google Scholar

Pilatz, A, Altinkilic, B, Köhler, E, Marconi, M, Weidner, W. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging in varicoceles: is the venous diameter sufficient for predicting clinical and subclinical varicocele? World J Urol 2011;29:645–50.Google Scholar

Chiou, RK, Anderson, JC, Wobig, RK, et al. Color Doppler ultrasound criteria to diagnose varicoceles: correlation of a new scoring system with physical examination. Urology 1997;50:953–6.Google Scholar

Tsili, AC, Sofikitis, N, Xiropotamou, O, Astrakas, LG, Ntorkou, A, Argyropoulou, MI. Diffusion tensor imaging as an adjunct tool for the diagnosis of varicocele. Andrologia 2019;51:e13210.Google Scholar

Cornud, F, Belin, X, Amar, E, Delafontaine, D, Hélénon, O, Moreau, JF. Varicocele: strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Eur Radiol 1999;9:536–45.Google Scholar

Diamond, DA, Roth, JA, Cilento, BG, Barnewolt, CE. Intratesticular varicocele in adolescents: a reversible anechoic lesion of the testis. J Urol 2004;171:381–3.Google Scholar

Bucci, S, Liguori, G, Amodeo, A, Salamè, L, Trombetta, C, Belgrano, E. Intratesticular varicocele: evaluation using grey scale and color Doppler ultrasound. World J Urol 2008;26:87–9.Google Scholar

Mittal, PK, Little, B, Harri, PA, et al. Role of imaging in the evaluation of male infertility. Radiographics 2017;37:837–54.Google Scholar

MacLachlan, LS, Nees, SN, Fast, AM, Glassberg, KI. Intratesticular varicoceles: are they significant? J Pediatr Urol 2013;9(6 Pt A):851–5.Google Scholar

Masson, P, Brannigan, RE. The varicocele. Urol Clin North Am 2014;41:129–44.Google Scholar

Bachir, BG, Jarvi, K. Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic conditions resulting in male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2014;41:67–81.Google Scholar

Dohle, GR. Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract. Andrologia 2003;35:321–4.Google Scholar

Raza, SA, Jhaveri, KS. Imaging in male infertility. Radiol Clin North Am 2012;50:1183–200.Google Scholar

Lee, PA, O’Leary, LA, Songer, NJ, Coughlin, MT, Bellinger, MF, LaPorte, RE. Paternity after unilateral cryptorchidism: a controlled study. Pediatrics 1996;98(4 Pt 1):676–9.Google Scholar

Lee, PA, O’Leary, LA, Songer, NJ, Coughlin, MT, Bellinger, MF, LaPorte, RE. Paternity after bilateral cryptorchidism. A controlled study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:260–3.Google Scholar

Radmayr, C. Management of undescended testes: European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology guidelines. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:550.Google Scholar

Kolon, TF, Herndon, CDA, Baker, LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol 2014;192:337–45.Google Scholar

Tasian, GE, Copp, HL. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2011;127:119–28.Google Scholar

Tasian, GE, Copp, HL, Baskin, LS. Diagnostic imaging in cryptorchidism: utility, indications, and effectiveness. J Pediatr Surg 2011;46:2406–13.Google Scholar

Krishnaswami, S, Fonnesbeck, C, Penson, D, McPheeters, ML. Magnetic resonance imaging for locating nonpalpable undescended testicles: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1908–16.Google Scholar

Hotaling, JM, Walsh, TJ. Male infertility: a risk factor for testicular cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2009;6:550–6.Google Scholar

Doria-Rose, VP, Biggs, ML, Weiss, NS. Subfertility and the risk of testicular germ cell tumors (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005;16:651–6.Google Scholar

Walsh, TJ, Croughan, MS, Schembri, M, Chan, JM, Turek, PJ. Increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer among infertile men. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:351–6.Google Scholar

Raman, JD, Nobert, CF, Goldstein, M. Increased incidence of testicular cancer in men presenting with infertility and abnormal semen analysis. J Urol 2005;174:1819–22; discussion 1822.Google Scholar

de Bruin, D, de Jong, IJ, Arts, EGJM, et al. Semen quality in men with disseminated testicular cancer: relation with human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit and pituitary gonadal hormones. Fertil Steril 2009;91:2481–6.Google Scholar

Paoli, D, Gilio, B, Piroli, E, et al. Testicular tumors as a possible cause of antisperm autoimmune response. Fertil Steril 2009;91:414–19.Google Scholar

Rocher, L, Ramchandani, P, Belfield, J, et al. Incidentally detected non-palpable testicular tumours in adults at scrotal ultrasound: impact of radiological findings on management radiologic review and recommendations of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol 2016;26:2268–78.Google Scholar

Lagabrielle, S, Durand, X, Droupy, S, et al. Testicular tumours discovered during infertility workup are predominantly benign and could initially be managed by sparing surgery. J Surg Oncol 2018;118:630–5.Google Scholar

Bieniek, JM, Juvet, T, Margolis, M, Grober, ED, Lo, KC, Jarvi, KA. Prevalence and management of incidental small testicular masses discovered on ultrasonographic evaluation of male infertility. J Urol 2018;199:481–6.Google Scholar

Aigner, F, De Zordo, T, Pallwein-Prettner, L, et al. Real-time sonoelastography for the evaluation of testicular lesions. Radiology 2012;263:584–9.Google Scholar

Mohrs, OK, Thoms, H, Egner, T, et al. MRI of patients with suspected scrotal or testicular lesions: diagnostic value in daily practice. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199:609–15.Google Scholar

Carrasquillo, R, Sávio, LF, Venkatramani, V, Parekh, D, Ramasamy, R. Using microscope for onco-testicular sperm extraction for bilateral testis tumors. Fertil Steril 2018;109:745.Google Scholar

Xu, C, Liu, M, Zhang, F, et al. The association between testicular microlithiasis and semen parameters in Chinese adult men with fertility intention: experience of 226 cases. Urology 2014;84:815–20.Google Scholar

Xu, C, Zhang, F-F, Yang, H-L, et al. The influence of testicular microlithiasis on the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation in a Chinese Han population. Andrologia 2017;49(8).Google Scholar

Nishimura, Y, Moriya, K, Nakamura, M, et al. Prevalence and chronological changes of testicular microlithiasis in isolated congenital undescended testes operated on at less than 3 years of age. Urology 2017;109:159–64.Google Scholar

Goede, J, Hack, WWM, van der Voort-Doedens, LM, Pierik, FH, Looijenga, LHJ, Sijstermans, K. Testicular microlithiasis in boys and young men with congenital or acquired undescended (ascending) testis. J Urol 2010;183:1539–43.Google Scholar

Kim, B, Winter, TC, Ryu, J. Testicular microlithiasis: clinical significance and review of the literature. Eur Radiol 2003;13:2567–76.Google Scholar

Costabile, RA. How worrisome is testicular microlithiasis? Curr Opin Urol 2007;17:419–23.Google Scholar

Rashid, HH, Cos, LR, Weinberg, E, Messing, EM. Testicular microlithiasis: a review and its association with testicular cancer. Urol Oncol 22:285–9.Google Scholar

Leblanc, L, Lagrange, F, Lecoanet, P, Marçon, B, Eschwege, P, Hubert, J. Testicular microlithiasis and testicular tumor: a review of the literature. Basic Clin Androl 2018;28:8.Google Scholar

Pedersen, MR, Rafaelsen, SR, Møller, H, Vedsted, P, Osther, PJ. Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer: review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2016;48:1079–86.Google Scholar

Winter, TC, Kim, B, Lowrance, WT, Middleton, WD. Testicular microlithiasis: what should you recommend? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;206:1164–9.Google Scholar

Richenberg, J, Belfield, J, Ramchandani, P, et al. Testicular microlithiasis imaging and follow-up: guidelines of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol 2015;25:323–30.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Management of nonobstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1239–45.Google Scholar

Gravholt, CH, Chang, S, Wallentin, M, Fedder, J, Moore, P, Skakkebæk, A. Klinefelter syndrome: integrating genetics, neuropsychology, and endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2018;39:389–423.Google Scholar

Vloeberghs, V, Verheyen, G, Santos-Ribeiro, S, et al. Is genetic fatherhood within reach for all azoospermic Klinefelter men? PLoS One 2018;13:e0200300.Google Scholar

Cooper, TG, Noonan, E, von Eckardstein, S, et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update 16:231–45.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. The management of obstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2019;111:873–80.Google Scholar

Yu, J, Chen, Z, Ni, Y, Li, Z. CFTR mutations in men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD): a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2012;27:25–35.Google Scholar

Li, L, Liang, C. Ultrasonography in diagnosis of congenital absence of the vas deferens. Med Sci Monit 2016;22:2643–7.Google Scholar

Daudin, M, Bieth, E, Bujan, L, Massat, G, Pontonnier, F, Mieusset, R. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: clinical characteristics, biological parameters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations, and implications for genetic counseling. Fertil Steril 2000;74:1164–74.Google Scholar

McCallum, T, Milunsky, J, Munarriz, R, Carson, R, Sadeghi-Nejad, H, Oates, R. Unilateral renal agenesis associated with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: phenotypic findings and genetic considerations. Hum Reprod 2001;16:282–8.Google Scholar

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Urological Association. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of an ultrasound examination in the practice of urology. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:133–44.Google Scholar

Weintraub, MP, De Mouy, E, Hellstrom, WJ. Newer modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1993;150:1150–4.Google Scholar

Pryor, JP, Hendry, WF. Ejaculatory duct obstruction in subfertile males: analysis of 87 patients. Fertil Steril 1991;56:725–30.Google Scholar

Kayser, O, Osmonov, D, Harde, J, Girolami, G, Wedel, T, Schäfer, P. Less invasive causal treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction by balloon dilation: a case report, literature review and suggestion of a CT- or MRI-guided intervention. Ger Med Sci 2012;10:Doc06.Google Scholar

Belker, AM, Steinbock, GS. Transrectal prostate ultrasonography as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1990;144(2 Pt 1):356–8.Google Scholar

McQuaid, JW, Tanrikut, C. Ejaculatory duct obstruction: current diagnosis and treatment. Curr Urol Rep 2013;14:291–7.Google Scholar

Modgil, V, Rai, S, Ralph, DJ, Muneer, A. An update on the diagnosis and management of ejaculatory duct obstruction. Nat Rev Urol 2016;13:13–20.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Transrectal ultrasonography of infertile men. Fertil Steril 1993;60:1035–9.Google Scholar

Purohit, RS, Wu, DS, Shinohara, K, Turek, PJ. A prospective comparison of 3 diagnostic methods to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 2004;171:232–5; discussion 235–6.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Seminal vesicle aspiration in the management of patients with ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1994;152:899–901.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Seminal vesicle aspiration of fertile men. J Urol 1996;156:1005–7.Google Scholar

Engin, G. Transrectal US-guided seminal vesicle aspiration in the diagnosis of partial ejaculatory duct obstruction. Diagn Interv Radiol 18:488–95.Google Scholar

Nagler, HM, Rotman, M, Zoltan, E, Fisch, H. The natural history of partial ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 2002;167:253–4.Google Scholar

Jones, TR, Zagoria, RJ, Jarow, JP. Transrectal US-guided seminal vesiculography. Radiology 1997;205:276–8.Google Scholar

Kirkali, Z, Yigitbasi, O, Diren, B, Hekimoglu, B, Ersoy, H. Cysts of the prostate, seminal vesicles and diverticulum of the ejaculatory ducts. Eur Urol 1991;20:77–80.Google Scholar

Takatera, H, Sugao, H, Sakurai, T. Ejaculatory duct cyst: the case for effective use of transrectal longitudinal ultrasonography. J Urol 1987;137:1241–2.Google Scholar

Shebel, HM, Farg, HM, Kolokythas, O, El-Diasty, T. Cysts of the lower male genitourinary tract: embryologic and anatomic considerations and differential diagnosis. Radiographics 33:1125–43.Google Scholar

Lotti, F, Corona, G, Cocci, A, et al. The prevalence of midline prostatic cysts and the relationship between cyst size and semen parameters among infertile and fertile men. Hum Reprod 2018;33:2023–34.Google Scholar

Guo, Y, Liu, G, Yang, D, et al. Role of MRI in assessment of ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Xray Sci Technol 2013;21:141–6.Google Scholar

Engin, G, Kadioğlu, A, Orhan, I, Akdöl, S, Rozanes, I. Transrectal US and endorectal MR imaging in partial and complete obstruction of the seminal duct system. A comparative study. Acta Radiol 2000;41:288–95.Google Scholar

Smith, JF, Walsh, TJ, Turek, PJ. Ejaculatory duct obstruction. Urol Clin North Am 2008;35:221–7, viii.Google Scholar

Schroeder-Printzen, I, Ludwig, M, Köhn, F, Weidner, W. Surgical therapy in infertile men with ejaculatory duct obstruction: technique and outcome of a standardized surgical approach. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1364–8.Google Scholar

Turek, PJ, Aslam, K, Younes, AK, Nguyen, HT. Observations on seminal vesicle dynamics in an in vivo rat model. J Urol 1998;159:1731–4.Google Scholar

Sexton, WJ, Jarow, JP. Effect of diabetes mellitus upon male reproductive function. Urology 1997;49:508–13.Google Scholar

Cornud, F, Amar, E, Hamida, K, Hélénon, O, Moreau, JF. Ultrasound findings in male hypofertility and impotence. Eur Radiol 2001;11:2126–36.Google Scholar

Schoysman, R. [Epididymal oligospermia]. Reprod Nutr Dev 1988;28:1339–45.Google Scholar

Weatherly, D, Wise, PG, Mendoca, S, et al. Epididymal cysts: are they associated with infertility? Am J Mens Health 2018;12:612–16.Google Scholar

Ammar, T, Sidhu, PS, Wilkins, CJ. Male infertility: the role of imaging in diagnosis and management. Br J Radiol 2012;85 Spec No:S59–68.Google Scholar

Locke, JA, Noparast, M, Afshar, K. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:437–45.Google Scholar

Chu, DI, Zderic, SA, Shukla, AR, et al. Does varicocelectomy improve semen analysis outcomes in adolescents without testicular asymmetry? J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:76.e1–5.Google Scholar

Kroese, ACJ, de Lange, NM, Collins, J, Evers, JLH. Surgery or embolization for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD000479.Google Scholar

Asafu-Adjei, D, Judge, C, Deibert, C, Li, G, Stember, D, Stahl, PJ. Systematic review of the impact of varicocele grade on response to surgical management. J Urol 2020;203:48–56.Google Scholar

Jurewicz, M, Gilbert, BR. Imaging and angiography in male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1432–42.Google Scholar

Rais-Bahrami, S, Montag, S, George, AK, Rastinehad, AR, Palmer, LS, Siegel, DN. Angiographic findings of primary versus salvage varicoceles treated with selective gonadal vein embolization: an explanation for surgical treatment failure. J Endourol 2012;26:556–60.Google Scholar

Motta, A, Caltabiano, G, Pizzarelli, M, et al. Varicocele, conventional laparoscopic ligation versus occluding balloon embolization. Radiol Med 2019;124:438–43.Google Scholar

Herwig, R, Tosun, K, Schuster, A, et al. Tissue perfusion-controlled guided biopsies are essential for the outcome of testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1071–6.Google Scholar

Zhang, S, Du, J, Tian, R, Xie, S, Li, F, Li, Z. Assessment of the use of contrast enhanced ultrasound in guiding microdissection testicular sperm extraction in nonobstructive azoospermia. BMC Urol 2018;18:48.Google Scholar

Farley, S, Barnes, R. Stenosis of ejaculatory ducts treated by endoscopic resection. J Urol 1973;109:664–6.Google Scholar

Avellino, GJ, Lipshultz, LI, Sigman, M, Hwang, K. Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts: etiology of obstruction and surgical treatment options. Fertil Steril 2019;111:427–43.Google Scholar

Manohar, T, Ganpule, A, Desai, M. Transrectal ultrasound- and fluoroscopic-assisted transurethral incision of ejaculatory ducts: a problem-solving approach to nonmalignant hematospermia due to ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Endourol 2008;22:1531–5.Google Scholar

Sávio, LF, Palmer, J, Prakash, NS, Clavijo, R, Adamu, D, Ramasamy, R. Transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts: a step-by-step guide. Fertil Steril 2017;107:e20.Google Scholar

Donkol, RH. Imaging in male-factor obstructive infertility. World J Radiol 2010;2:172–9.Google Scholar

Sávio, LF, Carrasquillo, RJ, Dubin, JM, Shah, H, Ramasamy, R. Transurethral ablation of a prostatic utricle cyst with the use of a holmium laser. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1410–11.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Androl 17:467–72.Google Scholar

Bonde, JP, Flachs, EM, Rinborg, S, et al. The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:104–25.Google Scholar

Gore, AC, Chappell, VA, Fenton, SE, et al. Executive summary to EDC-2: the Endocrine Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endo Rev 2015;36:593–602.Google Scholar

Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Endocrine disruptors: from scientific evidence to human health protection. Brussels: European Parliament, 2019.Google Scholar

Schug, TT, Johnson, AF, Birnbaum, LS, et al. Mini review: Endocrine disruptors: past lessons and future directions. Mol Endocrinol 2016;30:833–47.Google Scholar

Skakkebaek, NE, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Buck Louis, GM, et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016;96:55–97.Google Scholar

Gallo, MA. History and scope of toxicology. In: Klaassen, CD, ed. Casarett and Doulll’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2018; pp. 3–10.Google Scholar

Rosner, F. Medicine in the Bible and Talmud. New York, NY: Yeshiva University Press, 1977.Google Scholar

Carson, R. Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1962.Google Scholar

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Available from: www.niehs.nih.gov.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Available from: www.cdc.gov/niosh.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. WHO IPCS global assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors of EDCs. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.Google Scholar

Schug, TT, Johnson, AF, Birnbaum, LS, et al. Mini review: Endocrine disruptors: past lessons and future directions. Mol Endocrinol 2016;30:833–47.Google Scholar

Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Endocrine disruptors: from scientific evidence to human health protection. Brussels: European Parliament, 2019.Google Scholar

Sokol, R. Environmental toxins and male fertility in male reproductive dysfunction pathology and treatment. In: Kandeel, F, ed. Male Reproductive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Treatment. London: Informa Health Care, 2007; pp. 245–50.Google Scholar

Brehm, E, Flaws, JA. Endocrinology transgenerational effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on male and female reproduction. Endocrinology 2019;160:1421–35.Google Scholar

Amann, RP. The use of animal models to for detecting specific alteration in reproduction. Fund Appl Tox 1986; 2:13–26.Google Scholar

Kilcoyne, KR, Mitchell, RT. Effect of environmental and pharmaceutical exposures on fetal testis development and function: a systematic review of human experimental data. Hum Reprod Update 2019;25:197–421.Google Scholar

Stossi, F, Singh, PK, Mistry, RM, et al. Quality control for single cell imaging analytics using endocrine disruptor-induced changes in estrogen receptor expression 2022. Environ Health Perspect 2022;130:2–14.Google Scholar

Woodruff, TJ. Bridging epidemiology and model organisms to increase understanding of endocrine disrupting chemicals and human health effects. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011;127:108–17.Google Scholar

Schneider, D, Lilienfeld, D. Lilienfeld’s Foundations of Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Skakkebaek, NE, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Buck Louis, GM, et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016;96:55–97.Google Scholar

Colburn, T, Dumanoski, D, Myers, JP. Our Stolen Future. New York, NY: Penguin Random House, 1996.Google Scholar

Sharpe, NE, Skakkebaek, NE. Are oestrogens involved infalling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet 1993;31:1392–95.Google Scholar

Sharpe, RM. The oestrogen hypothesis – where do we stand now? Int J Androl 2003;26:2–15.Google Scholar

Gore, AC, Chappell, VA, Fenton, SE, et al. Executive summary to EDC-2: the Endocrine Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endo Rev 2015;36:593–602.Google Scholar

Skakkebaek, NE, Raipert-DE Meyts, E, Main, KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001;16:972–8.Google Scholar

Witchel, SF, Lee, PA. Ambiguous genitalia. In: Sperling, MA, ed. Sperling Pediatric Endocrinology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2014; pp. 108–56.Google Scholar

Welsh, M, Saunder, PT, Fiskin, M, et al. Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1479–90.Google Scholar

Schwartz, CL, Christiansen, S, Vinggaard, AM, Axelstad, M, Hass, U, Singen, T. Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders. Arch Toxicol 2019;93:253–72.Google Scholar

Mitchel, RT, Mungall, W, McKinnell, C, et al. Anogenital distance plasticity in adulthood: implications for its use as a biomarker of fetal androgen action. Endocrinology 2015;156:24–31.Google Scholar

Callegari, C, Everett, S, Ross, M, Brasel, J. Anogenital ratio: measure of fetal virilization in premature and full-term and newborn infants. J Pediatrics 1987;111:240–3.Google Scholar

Swan, SH, Main, KM, Liu, F, et al.; Study for Future Families Research Team. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1056–106.Google Scholar

Martino-Andrade, AJ, Liu, F, Sathyanarayana, S, et al.; TIDES Study Team. Timing of prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to genital endpoints in male newborns. Andrology 2016;4:585–93.Google Scholar

Salazar-Martinez, E. Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2004;3:1–6.Google Scholar

Sokol, RZ, Madding, CE, Swerdloff, RS. Lead toxicity and the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis. Biol Reprod 1985;33:722–8.Google Scholar

Benoff, S, Jacob, A, Hurley, IR. Male infertility and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:107–21.Google Scholar

Sokol, RZ. Lead exposure and its effects on the reproductive system. In: Golub, MS, ed. Metals, Fertility, and Reproductive Toxicity. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 2006; pp. 117–54.Google Scholar

Wirth, JJ, Mijal, RS. Adverse effects of low level heavy metal exposure on male reproductive function. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010;56:147–67.Google Scholar

Apostoli, P, Kiss, P, Porru, S, et al. Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS study group. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:364–74.Google Scholar

Lancranjan, I, Popescu, HI, Gavanescu, O, et al. Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health 1975;30:396–401.Google Scholar

Cullen, MR, Robbins, JM, Eskenazi, B. Adult inorganic lead intoxication: presentation of 31 new cases and a review of recent advances in the literature. Medicine 1983;62:221–47.Google Scholar

Lewis, J. Lead poisoning: a historical perspective. 1985. Available from: archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/lead-poisoning-historical-perspective.html.Google Scholar

Gill, LL. Your herbs and spices might contain arsenic, cadmium, and lead. 2021. Available from: www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/your-herbs-and-spices-might-contain-arsenic-cadmium-and-lead/.Google Scholar

Golub, MS, ed. Metals, Fertility, and Reproductive Toxicity. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Martenies, SE, Perry, MJ. Environmental and occupational pesticide exposure and human sperm parameters: a systematic review. Toxicology 2013;307:66–73.Google Scholar

Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P, Maipas, S, Kotampasi, C, Stamatis, P, Hens, L. Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health 2016;4:148–54.Google Scholar

NSW Environmental Protection Authority. Available from: epa.nsw.gov.au.Google Scholar

European Food Safety Authority. Available from: efsa.europa.eu.Google Scholar

Whorton, D, Krauss, RM, Marshall, S, Milby, TH. Infertility in male pesticide workers. Lancet 1977;2:1259–61.Google Scholar

Whorton, D, Foliart, D. DPCP: eleven years later. Reprod Tox 1988;2:155–61.Google Scholar

Lantz, GD, Cunningham, GR, Huckins, C, Lipshultz, LI. Recovery from severe oligospermia after exposure to dibromochloropropane. Fertil Steril 1981;35:46–53.Google Scholar

Hwang, K, Eisenberg, ML, Walters, RC, Lipshultz, LL. Gonodatoxic effects of DBCP: a historical review and current concepts. Open Urol Nephrol J 2013;6:26–30.Google Scholar

Hawaii State Department of Health. 2018 Groundwater status report. 2019. Available from: health.hawaii.gov.Google Scholar

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. DBCP in drinking water. 2020. Available from: oehha.ca.gov.Google Scholar

Agrawal, A, Pandey, RS, Sharma, B. Water Pollution with Special Reference to Pesticide Contamination in India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2010;2(5): 432–448. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2010.25050.Google Scholar

Veterans and Agent Orange. Committee to review the health effects in Vietnam veterans of exposure to herbicides, 4th Biennial Update, 2003.Google Scholar

Townsend, JC, Bodner, KM, D Van Peenen, PF, Olson, RD, Cook, RK. Survey of reproductive events of wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:695–713.Google Scholar

Suskind, RR, Hertzberg, VS. Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants JAMA 1984;251:2372–80.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Dioxins and their effects on human health. 2016. Available from: www.who.int.Google Scholar

PubChem. Dioxins. Available from: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Google Scholar

Toppari, J, Larsen, JC, Christiansen, P, et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ Health Perspect 1996;104:741–803.Google Scholar

Vinggaard, AM, Hnida, C, Larsen, JC. Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affect androgen receptor activation in vitro. Toxicology 2000;145:173–83.Google Scholar

Canady, R, Crump, K, Feeley, M, et al. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002. Available from: www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je20.htm.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. 2018. Available from: www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565196.Google Scholar

Lassen, TH, Frederiksen, H, Jensen, TK, et al. Urinary bisphenol A levels in young men: association with reproductive hormones and semen quality. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:478–84.Google Scholar

Demeneix, B, Slama, R. Endocrine disruptors: from scientific evidence to human health protection. Policy Department for Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union, European Parliament PE 608.866. 2019. Available from: www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses.Google Scholar

Calafat, AM, Ye, X, Wong, L-Y, Reidy, JA, Needham, LL. Exposure of the US population to bisphenyl A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2001–2004. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:39–44.Google Scholar

Vandenberg, LN, Hauser, R, Marcus, M, Olea, N, Welshons, WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod Toxicol 2007;24:139–77.Google Scholar

Boobis, A, Budinsky, R, Collie, S, et al. Critical analysis of the literature on low-dose synergy for use in screening chemical mixtures for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011;41:369–83.Google Scholar

Heindel, JJ, Newbold, RR, Bucher, JR, et al. NIEHS/FDA Clarity-BPA research program update. Reprod Toxicol 2015;58:33–44.Google Scholar

Vom Saal, FS, Akingbemi, BT, Belcher, SM, et al.; Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2007;24:131–8.Google Scholar

National Toxicology Program. Draft NTP research report on the CLARITY-BPA Core Study: a perinatal and chronic extended-dose-range study of bisphenol A in rats. 2018. Available from: ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/rrprp/2018/april/rr09peerdraft.pdf.Google Scholar

Prins, GS, Patisaul, HB, Belcher, SM, Vandenberg, LN. Clarity-BPA academic laboratory studies identify consistent low-dose bisphenol A effects on multiple organ systems. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019;3:14–31.Google Scholar

Vandenberg, LN, Hunt, PA, Gore, AC. Endocrine disruptors and the future of toxicology testing-lessons from CLARITY-BPA. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019;15:366–74.Google Scholar

Berger, PA, Eskenazi, B, Kogut, K, et al. Association of prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A and pubertal timing in boys and girls. Environ Health Perspect 2018;126:1–9.Google Scholar

Braun, JM, Hauser, R. Bisphenol A and children’s health. Curr Opin Pediatrics 2011;23:233–9.Google Scholar

Melnick, R, Lucier, G, Wolfe, M, et al. Summary of the National Toxicology Program’s report of the endocrine disruptors low-dose peer review. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:427–31.Google Scholar

Louis, GMB, Sundaram, R, Sweeney, AM, Schisterman, EF, Maisog, J, Kannan, K. Urinary bisphenol A, phthalates, and couple fecundity: T C-Ghe Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1359–66.Google Scholar

Hipwell, AE, Kahn, LG, Factor-Litvak, P, Porucznik, CA, Siegel, EL, Fichorova, RN. Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2019;25:51–71.Google Scholar

National Toxicology Program (NTP). Bisphenol A (BPA). 2010. Available from: ntp.niehs.nih.gov.Google Scholar

Vandenberg, LN, Maffini, MV, Sonnenschein, C, Rubin, BS, Soto, AM. Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocr Rev 2009;30:75–95.Google Scholar

Peretz, J, Vrooman, L, Ricke, WA, et al. Bisphenol A and reproductive health: update of experimental and human evidence, 2007–2013. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:775–86.Google Scholar

National Research Council (US) Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates. Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: the tasks ahead. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Zota, AR, Calafat, AM, Woodruff, TJ. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:235–41.Google Scholar

International Peer Reviewed Chemical Safety Information (INCHEM). WHO International Programme on Chemical S660. Safety. Bis (2-ethylhexyl phthalate). 2001. Available from: www.inchem.org.Google Scholar

Skinner, MK. Endocrine disruptors in 2015: epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. Endocr Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12:68–70.Google Scholar

Dorman, DC, Chui, W, Hales, BF, et al. Systemic reviews and meta-analyses of human and animal evidence of prenatal diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and changes in male anogenital distance. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2018;21:207–26.Google Scholar

Swan, SH, Main, KM, Liu, F, et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1056–10.Google Scholar

Bornehag, C-G, Carlstedt, F, Jonsson, BAG, Lindh, CH, Jensen, TK, Bodin, A. Prenatal phthalate exposures and anogenital distance in Swedish boys. Environ Health Perspect 2015;123:10–7.Google Scholar

Adibi, JJ, Lee, MK, Naimi, AI, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin partially mediates phthalate association with male and female anogenital distance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1216–24.Google Scholar

Meeker, JD, Ferguson, KK. Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with decreased serum testosterone in men, women, and children from NHANES 2011–2012. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:4346–52.Google Scholar

Thurston, SW, Mendiola, J, Bellamy, AR, et al. Phthalate exposure and semen quality in fertile US men. Andrology 2016;4:632–8.Google Scholar

Hauser, R, Meeker, JD, Duty, S, Silva, MJ, Calafat, AM. Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology 2006;17:682–91.Google Scholar

Axelsson, J, Rylander, L, Rignell-Hydbom, A, Jonsson, BA, Lindh, CH, Giwercman, A. Prenatal phthalate exposure and reproductive function in young men. Environ Res 2015;138:264–70.Google Scholar

Zarean, M, Keikha, M, Poursafa, P, Khalighenejad, P, Amin, M, Kelishadi, R. A systemic review on the adverse health effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;23:24642–93.Google Scholar

Radke, EG, Braun, JM, Meeker, JD, Cooper, GS. Phthalate exposure and male reproductive outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence. Environ Int 2018;121:764–93.Google Scholar

Messerlian, C, Williams, PL, Ford, JB, et al. The Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study: a prospective preconception cohort. Hum Reprod Open 2018;2018:hoy001.Google Scholar

Dodge, LE, Williams, MA, Missmer, SA, Douter, I, Calafat, AM, Hauser, R. Associations between paternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and reproductive outcomes among couples seeking fertility treatment. Reprod Toxicol 2015;58:184–219.Google Scholar

Buck Louis, GM, Barr, DB, Kannan, K, Chen, Z, Kim, S, Sundaram, R. Paternal exposures to environmental chemicals and time-to-pregnancy: overview of results from the LIFE study. Andrology 2016;4:639–47.Google Scholar

Hipwell, AE, Khan, LG, Factor-Litvak, P, et al. Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2019;25:51–71.Google Scholar

Carlsen, E, Giwercman, A, Keiding, N, Skakkebaek, NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. Br Med J 1992;305:609–13.Google Scholar

Swan, SH, Brazil, C, Drobnis, EZ, et al. Geographic differences in semen quality of fertile U.S. males. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:414–20.Google Scholar

Fisch, H, Goluboff, ET, Olson, JH, Feldshuh, J, Broder, SJ, Barad, DH. Semen analyses in 1,283 men from the United States over a 25-year period: no decline in quality. Fertil Steril 1996;65:1009–14.Google Scholar

Acacio, BD, Gottfied, T, Israel, R, Sokol, RZ. Evaluation of a large cohort of men presenting for a screening semen analysis. Fertil Steril 2000;73:595–7.Google Scholar

Swan, SH, Elkin, EP, Fenster, L. The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934–1996. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:961–6.Google Scholar

Bonde, JP, Ramiau-Hansen, CH, Olsen, J. Trends in sperm counts: the saga continues. Epidemiology 2011;22:617–19.Google Scholar

Levine, H, Jorgensen, N, Martino-Andrade, A, Mendiola, J, Weksler-Derri, D. Temperal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:646–59.Google Scholar

Bonde, JP, Flachs, EM, Rinborg, S, et al. The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:104–25.Google Scholar

Diamanti-Kandarakis, E, Bourguignon, J-P, Giudice, LC, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009;30:293–342.Google Scholar

Nohynek, G, Borgert, CJ, Dietrich, D, Rozman, KK. Endocrine disruption: fact or urban legend? Toxicol Lett 2013;223:295–305.Google Scholar

Rooney, AA, Boyles, AL, Wolf, MS, Bucher, JR, Thayer, KA. Systematic review and evidence for literature-based environmental health science assessments. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:711–18.Google Scholar

Segal, TR, Guidice, LC. Before the beginning: environmental exposures and reproductive and obstetrical outcomes. Fertil Steril 2019;112:613–21.Google Scholar

Kriebel, D, Tickner, J, Epstein, P, et al. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:871–6.Google Scholar

Barratt, CLR, Bjorndahl, L, De Jonge, CJ, et al. The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance-challenges and future research opportunities. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:660–80.Google Scholar

Bhasin, S, Brito, JP, Cunningham, GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1715–44.Google Scholar

Dwyer, AA, Raivio, T, Pitteloud, N. Gonadotrophin replacement for induction of fertility in hypogonadal men. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;29:91–103.Google Scholar

Nieschlag, E, Ferlin, A, Gravholt, CH, et al. The Klinefelter syndrome: current management and research challenges. Andrology 2016;4:545–9.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Georgopoulos, NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:124–34.Google Scholar

Barratt, CLR, Bjorndahl, L, De Jonge, CJ, et al. The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance-challenges and future research opportunities. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:660–80.Google Scholar

Datta, J, Palmer, MJ, Tanton, C, et al. Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 women and men. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2108–18.Google Scholar

van Roode, T, Dickson, NP, Righarts, AA, Gillett, WR. Cumulative incidence of infertility in a New Zealand birth cohort to age 38 by sex and the relationship with family formation. Fertil Steril 2015;103:1053–8.e2.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP. Endocrine causes of male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2003;30:83–90.Google Scholar

Snyder, PJ. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: gonadotropin therapy. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1994;5:300–3.Google Scholar

Moore, AM, Coolen, LM, Porter, DT, Goodman, RL, Lehman, MN. KNDy cells revisited. Endocrinology 2018;159:3219–34.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Georgopoulos, NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:124–34.Google Scholar

Stamatiades, GA, Kaiser, UB. Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: signaling and gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018;463:131–41.Google Scholar

de Kretser, DM, Buzzard, JJ, Okuma, Y, et al. The role of activin, follistatin and inhibin in testicular physiology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004;225:57–64.Google Scholar

Namwanje, M, Brown, CW. Activins and inhibins: roles in development, physiology, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016;8:a021881.Google Scholar

Page, ST. Physiologic role and regulation of intratesticular sex steroids. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011;18:217–23.Google Scholar

Coviello, AD, Bremner, WJ, Matsumoto, AM, et al. Intratesticular testosterone concentrations comparable with serum levels are not sufficient to maintain normal sperm production in men receiving a hormonal contraceptive regimen. J Androl 2004;25:931–8.Google Scholar

Wang, C, Festin, MP, Swerdloff, RS. Male hormonal contraception: where are we now? Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2016;5:38–47.Google Scholar

Wang, C, Swerdloff, RS. Hormonal approaches to male contraception. Curr Opin Urol 2010;20:520–4.Google Scholar

Wilson, JD. Androgen abuse by athletes. Endocr Rev 1988;9:181–99.Google Scholar

Handelsman, DJ. Testosterone: use, misuse and abuse. Med J Aust 2006;185:436–9.Google Scholar

Horton, R. Sex steroid production and secretion in the male. Andrologia 1978;10:183–94.Google Scholar

Horton, R, Shinsako, J, Forsham, PH. Testosterone production and metabolic clearance rates with volumes of distribution in normal adult men and women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1965;48:446–58.Google Scholar

Carreau, S, Wolczynski, S, Galeraud-Denis, I. Aromatase, oestrogens and human male reproduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010;365:1571–9.Google Scholar

Carreau, S, Bouraima-Lelong, H, Delalande, C. Role of estrogens in spermatogenesis. Front Biosci (Elite edition) 2012;4:1–11.Google Scholar

Muttukrishna, S, Yussoff, H, Naidu, M, et al. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone and inhibin B in disorders of spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2007;88:516–18.Google Scholar

Andersen, JM, Herning, H, Witczak, O, Haugen, TB. Anti-Mullerian hormone in seminal plasma and serum: association with sperm count and sperm motility. Hum Reprod 2016;31:1662–7.Google Scholar

Toulis, KA, Iliadou, PK, Venetis, CA, et al. Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:713–24.Google Scholar

Bhasin, S, Brito, JP, Cunningham, GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1715–44.Google Scholar

Ottesen, AM, Aksglaede, L, Garn, I, et al. Increased number of sex chromosomes affects height in a nonlinear fashion: a study of 305 patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy. Am J Med Genet A 2010;152A:1206–12.Google Scholar

Griffin, JE, Punyashthiti, K, Wilson, JD. Dihydrotestosterone binding by cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from control subjects and from patients with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1342–51.Google Scholar

Imperato-McGinley, J, Guerrero, L, Gautier, T, Peterson, RE. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 1974;186:1213–15.Google Scholar

Imperato-McGinley, J, Peterson, RE. Male pseudohermaphroditism: the complexities of male phenotypic development. Am J Med 1976;61:251–72.Google Scholar

Imperato-McGinley, J, Zhu, YS. Androgens and male physiology the syndrome of 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;198:51–9.Google Scholar

Auchus, RJ. Steroid 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase deficiencies, genetic and pharmacologic. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017;165:71–8.Google Scholar

McPhaul, MJ, Marcelli, M, Zoppi, S, Griffin, JE, Wilson, JD. Genetic basis of endocrine disease. 4. The spectrum of mutations in the androgen receptor gene that causes androgen resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:17–23.Google Scholar

Boehm, U, Bouloux, PM, Dattani, MT, et al. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015;11:547–64.Google Scholar

Hatipoglu, N, Kurtoglu, S. Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:217–23.Google Scholar

Tsang, S. When size matters: a clinical review of pathological micropenis. J Pediatr Health Care 2010;24:231–40.Google Scholar

Prader, A. Testicular size: assessment and clinical importance. Triangle 1966;7:240–53.Google Scholar

Marshall, WA, Tanner, JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child 1970;45:13–23.Google Scholar

Tanner, JM, Whitehouse, RH. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Dis Child 1976;51:170–9.Google Scholar

Wang, C, Swerdloff, RS. Limitations of semen analysis as a test of male fertility and anticipated needs from newer tests. Fertil Steril 2014;102:1502–7.Google Scholar

Collomp, K, Baillot, A, Forget, H, Coquerel, A, Rieth, N, Vibarel-Rebot, N. Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: a review. Physiol Behav 2016;164:68–85.Google Scholar

Bremner, WJ, Vitiello, MV, Prinz, PN. Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:1278–81.Google Scholar

Diver, MJ, Imtiaz, KE, Ahmad, AM, Vora, JP, Fraser, WD. Diurnal rhythms of serum total, free and bioavailable testosterone and of SHBG in middle-aged men compared with those in young men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:710–17.Google Scholar

Taieb, J, Mathian, B, Millot, F, et al. Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children. Clin Chem 2003;49:1381–95.Google Scholar

Wang, C, Catlin, DH, Demers, LM, Starcevic, B, Swerdloff, RS. Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:534–43.Google Scholar

Rosner, W, Auchus, RJ, Azziz, R, Sluss, PM, Raff, H. Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:405–13.Google Scholar

Rosner, W, Vesper, H. Toward excellence in testosterone testing: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4542–8.Google Scholar

Vesper, HW, Botelho, JC. Standardization of testosterone measurements in humans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;121:513–19.Google Scholar

Vesper, HW, Botelho, JC, Shacklady, C, Smith, A, Myers, GL. CDC project on standardizing steroid hormone measurements. Steroids 2008;73:1286–92.Google Scholar

Travison, TG, Vesper, HW, Orwoll, E, et al. Harmonized reference ranges for circulating testosterone levels in men of four cohort studies in the United States and Europe. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:1161–73.Google Scholar

Wu, FC, Tajar, A, Beynon, JM, et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. N Engl J Med 2010;363:123–35.Google Scholar

Ohlsson, C, Wallaschofski, H, Lunetta, KL, et al. Genetic determinants of serum testosterone concentrations in men. PLoS Genet 2011;7:e1002313.Google Scholar

Snyder, PJ, Rudenstein, RS, Gardner, DF, Rothman, JG. Repetitive infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone distinguishes hypothalamic from pituitary hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;48:864–8.Google Scholar

Bhasin, S, Ellenberg, SS, Storer, TW, et al. Effect of testosterone replacement on measures of mobility in older men with mobility limitation and low testosterone concentrations: secondary analyses of the Testosterone Trials. Lancet Diab Endocrinol 2018;6:879–90.Google Scholar

Wu, FC, Tajar, A, Pye, SR, et al. Hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2737–45.Google Scholar

Krausz, C. Male infertility: pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:271–85.Google Scholar

Aksglaede, L, Link, K, Giwercman, A, Jorgensen, N, Skakkebaek, NE, Juul, A. 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome: clinical characteristics and age-specific recommendations for medical management. Am J Med Genetics C Semin Medical Genetics 2013;163C:55–63.Google Scholar

Aiman, J, Griffin, JE, Gazak, JM, Wilson, JD, MacDonald, PC. Androgen insensitivity as a cause of infertility in otherwise normal men. N Engl J Med 1979;300:223–7.Google Scholar

Basaria, S. Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1533–43.Google Scholar

Lanfranco, F, Kamischke, A, Zitzmann, M, Nieschlag, E. Klinefelter’s syndrome. Lancet 2004;364:273–83.Google Scholar

Simpson, JL, de la Cruz, F, Swerdloff, RS, et al. Klinefelter syndrome: expanding the phenotype and identifying new research directions. Genet Med 2003;5:460–8.Google Scholar

Bojesen, A, Juul, S, Gravholt, CH. Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:622–6.Google Scholar

Niewoehner, CB, Nuttal, FQ. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population. Am J Med 1984;77:633–8.Google Scholar

Rohayem, J, Nieschlag, E, Zitzmann, M, Kliesch, S. Testicular function during puberty and young adulthood in patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome with and without spermatozoa in seminal fluid. Andrology 2016;4:1178–86.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, AM, Dunkel, L, Wickman, S, Norjavaara, E, Ankarberg-Lindgren, C, Raivio, T. Are adolescent boys with Klinefelter syndrome androgen deficient? A longitudinal study of Finnish 47,XXY boys. Pediatr Res 2006;59:854–9.Google Scholar

Dunkel, L, Siimes, MA, Bremner, WJ. Reduced inhibin and elevated gonadotropin levels in early pubertal boys with testicular defects. Pediatr Res 1993;33:514–18.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, AM, Dunkel, L. Klinefelter syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:239–50.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, AM, Raivio, T, Hadziselimovic, F, Wikstrom, S, Tuuri, T, Dunkel, L. Klinefelter syndrome in adolescence: onset of puberty is associated with accelerated germ cell depletion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2263–70.Google Scholar

Aksglaede, L, Wikstrom, AM, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Dunkel, L, Skakkebaek, NE, Juul, A. Natural history of seminiferous tubule degeneration in Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:39–48.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bojesen, A, Host, C, Gravholt, CH. Klinefelter’s syndrome, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the impact of body composition. Mol Hum Reprod 2010;16:396–401.Google Scholar

Kanakis, GA, Nieschlag, E. Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:135–44.Google Scholar

Bojesen, A, Birkebaek, N, Kristensen, K, et al. Bone mineral density in Klinefelter syndrome is reduced and primarily determined by muscle strength and resorptive markers, but not directly by testosterone. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:1441–50.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bojesen, A, Gravholt, CH. Klinefelter syndrome in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2007;4:192–204.Google Scholar

Bojesen, A, Kristensen, K, Birkebaek, NH, et al. The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter’s syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1591–8.Google Scholar

Nieschlag, E, Ferlin, A, Gravholt, CH, et al. The Klinefelter syndrome: current management and research challenges. Andrology 2016;4:545–9.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schlegel, PN, Palermo, GD, Goldstein, M, et al. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection for nonobstructive azoospermia. Urology 1997;49:435–40.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tuttelmann, F, Werny, F, Cooper, TG, Kliesch, S, Simoni, M, Nieschlag, E. Clinical experience with azoospermia: aetiology and chances for spermatozoa detection upon biopsy. Int J Androl 2011;34:291–8.Google Scholar

Corona, G, Pizzocaro, A, Lanfranco, F, et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:265–75.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, Ricci, JA, Palermo, GD, Gosden, LV, Rosenwaks, Z, Schlegel, PN. Successful fertility treatment for Klinefelter’s syndrome. J Urol 2009;182:1108–13.Google Scholar

Ohlander, SJ, Lindgren, MC, Lipshultz, LI. Testosterone and Male Infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43:195–202.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Carreau, S, Bouraima-Lelong, H, Delalande, C. Estrogen, a female hormone involved in spermatogenesis. Adv Med Sci 2012;57:31–6.Google Scholar

Raman, JD, Schlegel, PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol 2002;167:624–9.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1359–62.Google Scholar

Fawzy, F, Hussein, A, Eid, MM, El Kashash, AM, Salem, HK. Cryptorchidism and fertility. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health 2015;9:39–43.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Virtanen, HE, Toppari, J. Cryptorchidism and fertility. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015;44:751–60.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ghirri, P, Ciulli, C, Vuerich, M, et al. Incidence at birth and natural history of cryptorchidism: a study of 10,730 consecutive male infants. J Endocrinol Invest 2002;25:709–15.Google Scholar

Virtanen, HE, Toppari, J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14:49–58.Google Scholar

Virtanen, HE, Bjerknes, R, Cortes, D, et al. Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences. Acta Paediatr 2007;96:611–16.Google Scholar

Lane, C, Boxall, J, MacLellan, D, Anderson, PA, Dodds, L, Romao, RLP. A population-based study of prevalence trends and geospatial analysis of hypospadias and cryptorchidism compared with non-endocrine mediated congenital anomalies. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:284.e1–7.Google Scholar

Gore, AC, Chappell, VA, Fenton, SE, et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015;36:E1–150.Google Scholar

Kolon, TF, Herndon, CD, Baker, LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol 2014;192:337–45.Google Scholar

Yong, EL, Loy, CJ, Sim, KS. Androgen receptor gene and male infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;9:1–7.Google Scholar

Wilson, JD, Harrod, MJ, Goldstein, JL, Hemsell, DL, MacDonald, PC. Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 1. Evidence for androgen resistance and variable clinical manifestations in a family with the Reifenstein syndrome. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1097–103.Google Scholar

Griffin, JE, Leshin, M, Wilson, JD. Androgen resistance syndromes. Am J Physiol 1982;243:E81–7.Google Scholar

Hiort, O, Holterhus, PM. Androgen insensitivity and male infertility. Int J Androl 2003;26:16–20.Google Scholar

Ferlin, A, Bartoloni, L, Rizzo, G, Roverato, A, Garolla, A, Foresta, C. Androgen receptor gene CAG and GGC repeat lengths in idiopathic male infertility. Mol Hum Reprod 2004;10:417–21.Google Scholar

Casella, R, Maduro, MR, Misfud, A, Lipshultz, LI, Yong, EL, Lamb, DJ. Androgen receptor gene polyglutamine length is associated with testicular histology in infertile patients. J Urol 2003;169:224–7.Google Scholar

Rochira, V, Balestrieri, A, Madeo, B, et al. Congenital estrogen deficiency: in search of the estrogen role in human male reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;178:107–15.Google Scholar

Hamilton, KJ, Hewitt, SC, Arao, Y, Korach, KS. Estrogen hormone biology. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017;125:109–46.Google Scholar

Simpson, ER. Genetic mutations resulting in estrogen insufficiency in the male. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998;145:55–9.Google Scholar

Bulun, SE. Aromatase and estrogen receptor alpha deficiency. Fertil Steril 2014;101:323–9.Google Scholar

Smith, EP, Boyd, J, Frank, GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man [see comments] [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1995;332:131]. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1056–61.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aschim, EL, Giwercman, A, Stahl, O, et al. The RsaI polymorphism in the estrogen receptor-beta gene is associated with male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5343–8.Google Scholar

Bordin, BM, Moura, KK. Association between RsaI polymorphism in estrogen receptor beta gene and male infertility. Genet Mol Res 2015;14:10954–60.Google Scholar

Safarinejad, MR, Shafiei, N, Safarinejad, S. Association of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptors alpha, and beta (ESR1, ESR2) with the occurrence of male infertility and semen parameters. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;122:193–203.Google Scholar

Su, MT, Chen, CH, Kuo, PH, et al. Polymorphisms of estrogen-related genes jointly confer susceptibility to human spermatogenic defect. Fertil Steril 2010;93:141–9.Google Scholar

Ge, Y-Z, Xu, L-W, Jia, R-P, et al. Association of polymorphisms in estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) with male infertility: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014;31:601–11.Google Scholar

Cui, YR, Guo, YH, Qiao, SD, et al. Correlation between SHBG gene polymorphism and male infertility in Han population of Henan province of China: a STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7753.Google Scholar

Bachelot, A, Grouthier, V, Courtillot, C, Dulon, J, Touraine, P. Management of endocrine disease: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: update on the management of adult patients and prenatal treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;176:R167–81.Google Scholar

Falhammar, H, Nyström, HF, Ekström, U, Granberg, S, Wedell, A, Thorén, M. Fertility, sexuality and testicular adrenal rest tumors in adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166:441–9.Google Scholar

Bry-Gauillard, H, Cartes, A, Young, J. Mitotane for 21-hydroxylase deficiency in an infertile man. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2042–4.Google Scholar

Mendonca, BB, Bloise, W, Arnhold, IJ, et al. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to nonsalt-losing 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: gender role change and absence of gynecomastia at puberty. J Steroid Biochem 1987;28:669–75.Google Scholar

Kang, H-J, Imperato-McGinley, J, Zhu, Y-S, Rosenwaks, Z. The effect of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency on human fertility. Fertil Steril 2014;101:310–16.Google Scholar

Rochira, V, Carani, C. Aromatase deficiency in men: a clinical perspective. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009;5:559–68.Google Scholar

Morishima, A, Grumbach, MM, Simpson, ER, Fisher, C, Qin, K. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3689–98.Google Scholar

Hortas, ML, Castilla, JA, Gil, MT, et al. Decreased sperm function of patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy. Hum Reprod 2000;15:445–-8.Google Scholar

Takeda, R, Ueda, M. Pituitary-gonadal function in male patients with myotonic dystrophy- serum luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone levels and histological dmaage of the testis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1977;84:382–9.Google Scholar

De Felice, F, Marchetti, C, Marampon, F, Cascialli, G, Muzii, L, Tombolini, V. Radiation effects on male fertility. Andrology 2019;7:2–7.Google Scholar

Chan, PTK. Fertility after cancer in men. Can Urol Assoc J 2009;3:223–4.Google Scholar

O’Flaherty, C, Hales, BF, Chan, P, Robaire, B. Impact of chemotherapeutics and advanced testicular cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1374–9.Google Scholar

Allen, CM, Lopes, F, Mitchell, R, Spears, N. How does chemotherapy treatment damage the prepubertal testis? Reproduction 2018;156:R209–33.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Nachtigall, LB, Boepple, PA, Pralong, FP, Crowley, WF Jr. Adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – a treatable form of male infertility. N Engl J Med 1997;336:410–15.Google Scholar

Hayes, FJ, Seminara, SB, Crowley, WF Jr. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998;27:739–63, vii.Google Scholar

Cho, H-J, Shan, Y, Whittington, NC, Wray, S. Nasal placode development, GnRH neuronal migration and Kallmann syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019;7:121.Google Scholar

Lima Amato, LG, Latronico, AC, Gontijo Silveira, LF. Molecular and genetic aspects of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017;46:283–303.Google Scholar

Dode, C, Hardelin, JP. Kallmann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2009;17:139–46.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Cox, KH, Crowley, WF Jr. Discovering genes essential to the hypothalamic regulation of human reproduction using a human disease model: adjusting to life in the “-omics” era. Endocr Rev 2015;36:603–21.CrossRef Google Scholar

Castinetti, F, Reynaud, R, Quentien, MH, et al. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency: current and future status. J Endocrinol Invest 2015;38:1–12.Google Scholar

Romero, CJ, Pine-Twaddell, E, Radovick, S. Novel mutations associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. J Mol Endocrinol 2011;46:R93–102.Google Scholar

Cemeroglu, AP, Coulas, T, Kleis, L. Spectrum of clinical presentations and endocrinological findings of patients with septo-optic dysplasia: a retrospective study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015;28:1057–63.Google Scholar

Huhtaniemi, IT, Themmen, AP. Mutations in human gonadotropin and gonadotropin-receptor genes. Endocrine 2005;26:207–18.Google Scholar

Barton, DJ, Kumar, RG, McCullough, EH, et al. Persistent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men after severe traumatic brain injury: temporal hormone profiles and outcome prediction. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2016;31:277–87.Google Scholar

Bavisetty, S, Bavisetty, S, McArthur, DL, et al. Chronic hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: risk assessment and relationship to outcome. Neurosurgery 2008;62:1080–93; discussion 93–4.Google Scholar

Vance, ML. Hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1651–62.Google Scholar

Gudin, JA, Laitman, A, Nalamachu, S. Opioid related endocrinopathy. Pain Med 2015;16 Suppl 1:S9–15.Google Scholar

O’Rourke, TK Jr, Wosnitzer, MS. Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD): diagnosis, management, and literature review. Curr Urol Rep 2016;17:76.Google Scholar

Anderson, RC, Newton, CL, Anderson, RA, Millar, RP. Gonadotropins and their analogs: current and potential clinical applications. Endocr Rev 2018;39:911–37.Google Scholar

Christou, MA, Christou, PA, Markozannes, G, Tsatsoulis, A, Mastorakos, G, Tigas, S. Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the reproductive system of ahletes and recreational users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2017;47:1869–83.Google Scholar

Rahnema, CD, Lipshultz, LI, Crosnoe, LE, Kovac, JR, Kim, ED. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1271–9.Google Scholar

Liu, PY, Swerdloff, RS, Christenson, PD, Handelsman, DJ, Wang, C. Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis. Lancet 2006;367:1412–20.Google Scholar

Liu, PY, Baker, HW, Jayadev, V, Zacharin, M, Conway, AJ, Handelsman, DJ. Induction of spermatogenesis and fertility during gonadotropin treatment of gonadotropin-deficient infertile men: predictors of fertility outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:801–8.Google Scholar

Burger, HG, de Kretser, DM, Hudson, B, Wilson, JD. Effects of preceding androgen therapy on testicular response to human pituitary gonadotropin in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a study of three patients. Ferti Steril 1981;35:64–8.Google Scholar

Pitteloud, N, Hayes, FJ, Dwyer, A, Boepple, PA, Lee, H, Crowley, WF Jr. Predictors of outcome of long-term GnRH therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4128–36.Google Scholar

Liu, PY, Gebski, VJ, Turner, L, Conway, AJ, Wishart, SM, Handelsman, DJ. Predicting pregnancy and spermatogenesis by survival analysis during gonadotrophin treatment of gonadotrophin-deficient infertile men. Hum Reprod 2002;17:625–33.Google Scholar

Finkel, DM, Phillips, JL, Snyder, PJ. Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 1985;313:651–5.Google Scholar

Dwyer, AA, Raivio, T, Pitteloud, N. Gonadotrophin replacement for induction of fertility in hypogonadal men. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;29:91–103.Google Scholar

Dwyer, AA, Raivio, T, Pitteloud, N. Management of endocrine disease: Reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol 2016;174:R267–74.Google Scholar

Young, J, Couzinet, B, Chanson, P, Brailly, S, Loumaye, E, Schaison, G. Effects of human recombinant luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in patients with acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: study of Sertoli and Leydig cell secretions and interactions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3239–44.Google Scholar

Sherins, RJ. Evaluation and management of men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In: Garcia, CR, Mastroianni, I, Amelar, RD, Dubin, L, eds. Current Therapy in Infertility. Philadelphia, PA: BC Decker, 1984; pp. 147–51.Google Scholar

Kobori, Y, Suzuki, K, Iwahata, T, et al. Hormonal therapy (hCG and rhFSH) for infertile men with adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015;61:110–12.Google Scholar

Sinisi, AA, Esposito, D, Bellastella, G, et al. Efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone at low doses in inducing spermatogenesis and fertility in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest 2010;33:618–23.Google Scholar

Zacharin, M, Sabin, MA, Nair, VV, Dabadghao, P. Addition of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone to human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in adolescents and young adults with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism promotes normal testicular growth and may promote early spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2012;98:836–42.Google Scholar

Santoro, N, Filicori, M, Crowley, WF Jr. Hypogonadotropic disorders in men and women: diagnosis and therapy with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocr Rev 1986;7:11–23.Google Scholar

Buchter, D, Behre, HM, Kliesch, S, Nieschlag, E. Pulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 cases. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:298–303.Google Scholar

Liu, L, Banks, SM, Barnes, KM, Sherins, RJ. Two-year comparison of testicular responses to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone and exogenous gonadotropins from the inception of therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1140–5.Google Scholar

Heller, CG, Clermont, Y. Spermatogenesis in man: an estimate of its duration. Science 1963;140:184–6.Google Scholar

Sallmen, M, Sandler, DP, Hoppin, JA, Blair, A, Baird, DD. Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men. Epidemiology 2006;17:520–3.Google Scholar

Nguyen, RH, Wilcox, AJ, Skjaerven, R, Baird, DD. Men’s body mass index and infertility. Hum Reprod 2007;22:2488–93.Google Scholar

Pauli, EM, Legro, RS, Demers, LM, Kunselman, AR, Dodson, WC, Lee, PA. Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertil Steril 2008;90:346–51.Google Scholar

Martini, AC, Tissera, A, Estofan, D, et al. Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1739–43.Google Scholar

Kort, HI, Massey, JB, Elsner, CW, et al. Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl 2006;27:450–2.Google Scholar

Hakonsen, LB, Thulstrup, AM, Aggerholm, AS, et al. Does weight loss improve semen quality and reproductive hormones? Results from a cohort of severely obese men. Reprod Health 2011;8:24.Google Scholar

Hammoud, AO, Meikle, AW, Reis, LO, Gibson, M, Peterson, CM, Carrell, DT. Obesity and male infertility: a practical approach. Semin Reprod Med 2012;30:486–95.Google Scholar

Lazaros, L, Hatzi, E, Markoula, S, et al. Dramatic reduction in sperm parameters following bariatric surgery: report of two cases. Andrologia 2012;44:428–32.Google Scholar

Reis, LO, Dias, FG. Male fertility, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Reprod Sci 2012;19:778–85.Google Scholar

Shah, DK, Ginsburg, ES. Bariatric surgery and fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010;22:248–54.Google Scholar

Roth, MY, Amory, JK, Page, ST. Treatment of male infertility secondary to morbid obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008;4:415–19.Google Scholar

Pavlovich, CP, King, P, Goldstein, M, Schlegel, PN. Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J Urol 2001;165:837–41.Google Scholar

Gabrielsen, JS, Lamb, DJ, Lipshultz, LI. Iron and a man’s reproductive health: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Curr Urol Rep 2018;19:60.Google Scholar

De Sanctis, V, Soliman, AT, Elsedfy, H, et al. Gonadal dysfunction in adult male patients with thalassemia major: an update for clinicians caring for thalassemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2017;10:1095–106.Google Scholar

Velazquez, EM, Bellabarba, AG. Effects of thyroid status on pituitary gonadotropin and testicular reserve in men. Arch Androl 1997;38:85–92.Google Scholar

Krajewska-Kulak, E, Sengupta, P. Thyroid function in male infertility. Front Endocrinol 2013;4:174.Google Scholar

Krassas, GE, Poppe, K, Glinoer, D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev 2010;31:702–55.Google Scholar

La Vignera, S, Vita, R, Condorelli, RA, et al. Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function. Endocrine 2017;58:397–407.Google Scholar

Rusz, A, Pilatz, A, Wagenlehner, F, et al. Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility. World J Urol 2012;30:23–30.Google Scholar

Gimenes, F, Souza, RP, Bento, JC, et al. Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nat Rev Urol 2014;11:672–87.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Pilatz, A, Diemer, T, Schuppe, HC, Rusz, A, Wagenlehner, F. Male urogenital infections: impact of infection and inflammation on ejaculate parameters. World J Urol 2013;31:717–23.Google Scholar

Garolla, A, Pizzol, D, Bertoldo, A, Menegazzo, M, Barzon, L, Foresta, C. Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. J Reprod Immunol 2013;100:20–9.Google Scholar

Barnes, A, Riche, D, Mena, L, et al. Efficacy and safety of intrauterine insemination and assisted reproductive technology in populations serodiscordant for human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2014;102:424–34.Google Scholar

Palermo, GD, Neri, QV, Rosenwaks, Z. To ICSI or Not to ICSI. Semin Reprod Med 2015;33:92–102.Google Scholar

Harari, YN. Sapiens : A Brief History of Humankind, 1st ed. New York, NY: Harper, 2015.Google Scholar

Montjean, D, et al. Sperm global DNA methylation level: association with semen parameters and genome integrity. Andrology 2015;3:235–40.Google Scholar

Rato, L, et al. Metabolic modulation induced by oestradiol and DHT in immature rat Sertoli cells cultured in vitro. Biosci Rep 2012;32:61–9.Google Scholar

Holdcraft, RW, Braun, RE. Androgen receptor function is required in Sertoli cells for the terminal differentiation of haploid spermatids. Development 2004;131:459–67.Google Scholar

Tapanainen, JS, et al. Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Nat Genet 1997;15:205–6.Google Scholar

Huhtaniemi, I. A short evolutionary history of FSH-stimulated spermatogenesis. Hormones (Athens) 2015;14:468–78.Google Scholar

Madhwa Raj, HG, Dym, M. The effects of selective withdrawal of FSH or LH on spermatogenesis in the immature rat. Biol Reprod 1976;14:489–94.Google Scholar

Griffin, DK, et al. Transcriptional profiling of luteinizing hormone receptor-deficient mice before and after testosterone treatment provides insight into the hormonal control of postnatal testicular development and Leydig cell differentiation. Biol Reprod 2010;82:1139–50.Google Scholar

McLachlan, RI, et al. Identification of specific sites of hormonal regulation in spermatogenesis in rats, monkeys, and man. Recent Prog Horm Res 2002;57:149–79.Google Scholar

Griswold, MD. The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 1998;9:411–16.Google Scholar

Hess, RA, et al. Adult testicular enlargement induced by neonatal hypothyroidism is accompanied by increased Sertoli and germ cell numbers. Endocrinology 1993;132:2607–13.Google Scholar

Orth, JM, et al. Evidence from Sertoli cell-depleted rats indicates that spermatid number in adults depends on numbers of Sertoli cells produced during perinatal development. Endocrinology 1988;122:787–94.Google Scholar

Simorangkir, DR, et al. Increased numbers of Sertoli and germ cells in adult rat testes induced by synergistic action of transient neonatal hypothyroidism and neonatal hemicastration. J Reprod Fertil 1995;104:207–13.Google Scholar

Debeljuk, L, et al. Tachykinins and their possible modulatory role on testicular function: a review. Int J Androl 2003;26:202–10.Google Scholar

Alves, MG, et al. Metabolic cooperation in testis as a pharmacological target: from disease to contraception. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2014;7:83–95.Google Scholar

Setchell, BP, et al. Characteristics of testicular spermatozoa and the fluid which transports them into the epididymis. Biol Reprod 1969;1 Suppl 1:40–66.Google Scholar

Rebourcet, D, et al. Sertoli cells control peritubular myoid cell fate and support adult Leydig cell development in the prepubertal testis. Development 2014;141:2139–49.Google Scholar

Dierich, A, et al. Impairing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling in vivo: targeted disruption of the FSH receptor leads to aberrant gametogenesis and hormonal imbalance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:13612–17.Google Scholar

Alves, MG, et al. Hormonal control of Sertoli cell metabolism regulates spermatogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013;70:777–93.Google Scholar

Li, H, et al. Regulation of rat testis gonocyte proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor and estradiol: identification of signaling mechanisms involved. Endocrinology 1997;138:1289–98.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, L, et al. Estrogen and spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev 2001;22:289–318.Google Scholar

Mishra, DP, Shaha, C. Estrogen-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis occurs via the mitochondrial pathway: role of superoxide and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 2005;280:6181–96.Google Scholar

Sharpe, RM, et al. Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells, and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood. Reproduction 2003;125:769–84.Google Scholar

Ruwanpura, SM, et al. Hormonal regulation of male germ cell development. J Endocrinol 2010;205:117–31.Google Scholar

Pierik, FH, et al. Serum inhibin B as a marker of spermatogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3110–14.Google Scholar

Adamopoulos, D, et al. Assessment of Sertoli cell functional reserve and its relationship to sperm parameters. Int J Androl 2003;26:215–25.Google Scholar

von Eckardstein, S, et al. Serum inhibin B in combination with serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a more sensitive marker than serum FSH alone for impaired spermatogenesis in men, but cannot predict the presence of sperm in testicular tissue samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2496–501.Google Scholar

Harlev, A, et al. Smoking and male infertility: an evidence-based review. World J Mens Health, 2015;33:143–60.Google Scholar

Yu, B, et al. Smoking attenuated the association between IkappaBalpha rs696 polymorphism and defective spermatogenesis in humans. Andrologia 2015;47:987–94.Google Scholar

Metzler-Guillemain, C, et al. Sperm mRNAs and microRNAs as candidate markers for the impact of toxicants on human spermatogenesis: an application to tobacco smoking. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015;61:139–49.Google Scholar

Osadchuk, LV, et al. [Effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on reproductive and metabolic indicators in young men in western siberia]. Urologiia 2017;4:62–7.Google Scholar

Esakky, P, Moley, KH. Paternal smoking and germ cell death: a mechanistic link to the effects of cigarette smoke on spermatogenesis and possible long-term sequelae in offspring. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016;435:85–93.Google Scholar

Agirregoitia, E, et al. The CB(2) cannabinoid receptor regulates human sperm cell motility. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1378–87.Google Scholar

Gye, MC, et al. Expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 in mouse testes. Arch Androl 2005;51:247–55.Google Scholar

Matsuda, LA, et al. Localization of cannabinoid receptor mRNA in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1993;327:535–50.Google Scholar

Pertwee, RG, et al. (−)−Cannabidiol antagonizes cannabinoid receptor agonists and noradrenaline in the mouse vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;456(1–3):99–106.Google Scholar

Rossato, M, et al. Human sperm express cannabinoid receptor Cb1, the activation of which inhibits motility, acrosome reaction, and mitochondrial function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:984–91.Google Scholar

Maccarrone, M, et al. Anandamide activity and degradation are regulated by early postnatal aging and follicle-stimulating hormone in mouse Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 2003;144:20–8.Google Scholar

Rossi, G, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone activates fatty acid amide hydrolase by protein kinase A and aromatase-dependent pathways in mouse primary Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 2007;148:1431–9.Google Scholar

Schuel, H, et al. N-Acylethanolamines in human reproductive fluids. Chem Phys Lipids 2002;121(1–2):211–27.Google Scholar

Schuel, H, et al. Evidence that anandamide-signaling regulates human sperm functions required for fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;63:376–87.Google Scholar

Amoako, AA, et al. Quantitative analysis of anandamide and related acylethanolamides in human seminal plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010;878:3231–7.Google Scholar

Kolodny, RC, et al. Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. N Engl J Med 1974;290:872–4.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, S, et al. Identification of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB(1) receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1999;70:137–45.Google Scholar

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings. NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. 2014. Available from: www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf.Google Scholar

du Plessis, SS, et al. Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015;32:1575–88.Google Scholar

Camacho, EM, et al. Age-associated changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in middle-aged and older men are modified by weight change and lifestyle factors: longitudinal results from the European Male Ageing Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;168:445–55.Google Scholar

Fui, MN, et al. Lowered testosterone in male obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian J Androl 2014;16:223–31.Google Scholar

Hammoud, AO, et al. Updates on the relation of weight excess and reproductive function in men: sleep apnea as a new area of interest. Asian J Androl 2012;14:77–81.Google Scholar

Jia, YF, et al. Obesity impairs male fertility through long-term effects on spermatogenesis. BMC Urol 2018;18:42.Google Scholar

Mu, Y, et al. Diet-induced obesity impairs spermatogenesis: a potential role for autophagy. Sci Rep 2017;7:43475.Google Scholar

Dimitriadis, F, et al. Effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors on Leydig cell secretory function in oligoasthenospermic infertile men: a randomized trial. BJU Int 2010;106:1181–5.Google Scholar

Dimitriadis, F, et al. Effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor vardenafil on testicular androgen-binding protein secretion, the maintenance of foci of advanced spermatogenesis and the sperm fertilising capacity in azoospermic men. Andrologia 2012;44 Suppl 1:144–53.Google Scholar

Meistrich, ML, Van Beek, MEAB. Radiation sensitivity of the human testis. Adv Radiation Biol 1990;14:227–68.Google Scholar

Sanders, JE, et al. Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1996;87:3045–52.Google Scholar

Jacob, A, et al. Recovery of spermatogenesis following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22:277–9.Google Scholar

Meistrich, ML. Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis in humans. Fertil Steril 2013;100:1180–6.Google Scholar

Apperley, J. CML in pregnancy and childhood. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009;22:455–74.Google Scholar

Meistrich, ML, et al. Recovery of sperm production after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Cancer 1989;63:2115–23.Google Scholar

Huyghe, E, et al. Gonadal impact of target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) in male patients: an overview. Transpl Int 2007;20:305–11.Google Scholar

Fenic, I, et al. In vivo application of histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin-a impairs murine male meiosis. J Androl 2008;29:172–85.Google Scholar

Hattori, N, et al. 131I-tositumomab myeloablative radioimmunotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: radiation dose to the testes. Nucl Med Commun 2012;33:1225–31.Google Scholar

Walter, JR, et al. Oncofertility considerations in adolescents and young adults given a diagnosis of melanoma: Fertility risk of Food and Drug Administration-approved systemic therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;75:528–34.Google Scholar

Lucas, TF, et al. Na+/K+-ATPase alpha1 isoform mediates ouabain-induced expression of cyclin D1 and proliferation of rat sertoli cells. Reproduction 2012;144:737–45.Google Scholar

Silber, SJ, et al. Distribution of spermatogenesis in the testicles of azoospermic men: the presence or absence of spermatids in the testes of men with germinal failure. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2422–8.Google Scholar

Arai, T, et al. Relationship of testicular volume to semen profiles and serum hormone concentrations in infertile Japanese males. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1998;43:40–7.Google Scholar

Schoor, RA, et al. The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J Urol 2002;167:197–200.Google Scholar

Fardet, A. Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: a preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods. Food Funct 2016;7:2338–46.Google Scholar

Pearson, ES. Goal setting as a health behavior change strategy in overweight and obese adults: a systematic literature review examining intervention components. Patient Educ Couns 2012;87:32–42.Google Scholar

Thiese, MS, et al. A clinical trial on weight loss among truck drivers. Int J Occup Environ Med 2015;6:104–12.Google Scholar

Qin, DD, et al. Do reproductive hormones explain the association between body mass index and semen quality? Asian J Androl 2007;9:827–34.Google Scholar

Chubb, SA, et al. Lower sex hormone-binding globulin is more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome than lower total testosterone in older men: the Health in Men Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:785–92.Google Scholar

Opinion statement during Oncofertility Seminar 2018.Google Scholar

Rhoden, EL, et al. Effects of the chronic use of finasteride on testicular weight and spermatogenesis in Wistar rats. BJU Int 2002;89:961–3.Google Scholar

Vidigal, DJ, et al. The effect of finasteride on spermatogenesis of Mesocricetus auratus. Acta Cir Bras 2008;23:282–6.Google Scholar

Ronzoni, G, et al. [Inhibition of spermatogenesis following the administration of various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents commonly used in urology. Experimental study]. Chir Patol Sper 1972;20:101–14.Google Scholar

Ahmadi, R, et al. The effects of levofloxacin on testis tissue and spermatogenesis in rat. Cell J 2016;18:112–16.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, et al. Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 1991;55:235–42.Google Scholar

Lue, YH, et al. Single exposure to heat induces stage-specific germ cell apoptosis in rats: role of intratesticular testosterone on stage specificity. Endocrinology 1999;140:1709–17.Google Scholar

Slater, J. ‘It is horrid’: India roasts under heat wave with temperatures above 120 degrees. 2019. Available from: www.washingtonpost.com/world/its-horrid-india-roasts-under-heat-wave-with-temperatures-above-120-degrees/2019/06/05/bd713dea-877c-11e9-b1a8-716c9f3332ce_story.html?noredirect=on.Google Scholar

American Urological Association. Report on varicocele and infertility. An AUA Best Practice Policy and ASRM Practice Committee Report. 2001. Available from: www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Varicocele-Archive.pdf.Google Scholar

Sigman, M, Vance, ML. Medical treatment of idiopathic infertility. Urol Clin North Am 1987;14:459–69.Google Scholar

Hussein, A, et al. Optimization of spermatogenesis-regulating hormones in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its impact on sperm retrieval: a multicentre study. BJU Int 2013;111(3 Pt B):E110–14.Google Scholar

Chua, ME, et al. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta-analysis. Andrology 2013;1:749–57.Google Scholar

Lee, JA, Ramasamy, R. Indications for the use of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone for the management of infertility in hypogonadal men. Transl Androl Urol 2018;7(Suppl 3):S348–52.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, MA, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of oligozoospermic or azoospermic men: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JBRA Assist Reprod 2016;20:82–8.Google Scholar

Schulster, M, et al. The role of estradiol in male reproductive function. Asian J Androl 2016;18:435–40.Google Scholar

Pavlovich, CP, et al. Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J Urol 2001;165:837–41.Google Scholar

Shoshany, O, et al. Outcomes of anastrozole in oligozoospermic hypoandrogenic subfertile men. Fertil Steril 2017;107:589–94.Google Scholar

Raman, JD, Schlegel, PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol 2002;167(2 Pt 1):624–9.Google Scholar

Selman, HA, et al. Gonadotropin treatment of an azoospermic patient with a Y-chromosome microdeletion. Fertil Steril 2004;82:218–19.Google Scholar

Efesoy, O, et al. The efficacy of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of various types of male-factor infertility at a single university hospital. J Androl 2009;30:679–84.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, et al. Successful fertility treatment for Klinefelter’s syndrome. J Urol 2009;182:1108–13.Google Scholar

Oduwole, OO, et al. Role of follicle-stimulating hormone in spermatogenesis. Front Endocrinol 2018;9:763.Google Scholar

Paradisi, R, et al. Effects of high doses of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility: results of a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2006;86:728–31.Google Scholar

La Vignera, S, et al. FSH therapy for idiopathic male infertility: four schemes are better than one. Aging Male 2020;23:750–5.Google Scholar

Flannigan, R, Schlegel, PN. Genetic diagnostics of male infertility in clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017;44:26–37.Google Scholar

Harnisch, B, Oates, R. Genetic disorders related to male factor infertility and their adverse consequences. Semin Reprod Med 2012;30:105–15.Google Scholar

Tournaye, H, Krausz, C, Oates, RD. Novel concepts in the aetiology of male reproductive impairment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:544–53.Google Scholar

Tournaye, H, Krausz, C, Oates, RD. Concepts in diagnosis and therapy for male reproductive impairment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:554–64.Google Scholar

Kaprara, A, Huhtaniemi, IT. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: tales of mice and men. Metabolism 2018;86:3–17.Google Scholar

Balasubramanian, R, Crowley, WF Jr. Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. In: Adam, MP, Ardinger, HH, Pagon, RA, et al., eds. GeneReviews^®. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 2017.Google Scholar

de Castro, F, Seal, R, Maggi, R; Group of HGNC consultants for KAL1 nomenclature. ANOS1: a unified nomenclature for Kallmann syndrome 1 gene (KAL1) and anosmin-1. Brief Funct Genomics 2017;16:205–10.Google Scholar

Goncalves, CI, Fonseca, F, Borges, T, Cunha, F, Lemos, MC. Expanding the genetic spectrum of ANOS1 mutations in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hum Reprod 2017;32:704–11.Google Scholar

Berges-Raso, I, Gimenez-Palop, O, Gabau, E, Capel, I, Caixas, A, Rigla, M. Kallmann syndrome and ichthyosis: a case of contiguous gene deletion syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017;2017:EDM170083.Google Scholar

Jarzabek, K, Wolczynski, S, Lesniewicz, R, Plessis, G, Kottler, ML. Evidence that FGFR1 loss-of-function mutations may cause variable skeletal malformations in patients with Kallmann syndrome. Adv Med Sci 2012;57:314–21.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Georgopoulos, NA. Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:124–34.Google Scholar

Men, M, Wu, J, Zhao, Y, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic spectra of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 2020;113:158–66.Google Scholar

Stamou, MI, Plummer, L, Galli-Tsinopoulou, A, Stergidou, D, Koika, V, Georgopoulos, NA. Unilateral renal agenesis as an early marker for genetic screening in Kallmann syndrome. Hormones (Athens) 2019;18:103–5.Google Scholar

Lanfranco, F, Kamischke, A, Zitzmann, M, Nieschlag, E. Klinefelter’s syndrome. Lancet 2004;364:273–83.Google Scholar

Oates, RD. The genetic basis of male reproductive failure. Urol Clin North Am 2008;35:257–70, ix.Google Scholar

Bearelly, P, Oates, R. Recent advances in managing and understanding Klinefelter syndrome. F1000Res 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-112.Google Scholar

Kamischke, A, Baumgardt, A, Horst, J, Nieschlag, E. Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter syndrome. J Androl 2003;24:41–18.Google Scholar

Abdelmoula, NB, Amouri, A, Portnoi, MF, et al. Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization assessment of sex-chromosome mosaicism in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Ann Genet 2004;47:163–75.Google Scholar

Rajender, A, Oates, R. Evaluation and management of Klinefelter syndrome. AUA Update 2018. Available from: auau.auanet.org/content/update-series-2018-lesson-24-evaluation-and-management-klinefelter-syndrome#group-tabs-node-course-default1.Google Scholar

Gravholt, CH, Chang, S, Wallentin, M, Fedder, J, Moore, P, Skakkebaek, A. Klinefelter Syndrome: integrating genetics, neuropsychology, and endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2018;39:389–423.Google Scholar

Kanakis, GA, Nieschlag, E. Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018;86:135–44.Google Scholar

Brinton, LA. Breast cancer risk among patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2011;100:814–18.Google Scholar

Williams, LA, Pankratz, N, Lane, J, et al. Klinefelter syndrome in males with germ cell tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer 2018;124:3900–8.Google Scholar

Oates, RD. The natural history of endocrine function and spermatogenesis in Klinefelter syndrome: what the data show. Fertil Steril 2012;98:266–73.Google Scholar

Maiburg, M, Repping, S, Giltay, J. The genetic origin of Klinefelter syndrome and its effect on spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2012;98:253–60.Google Scholar

Boeri, L, Palmisano, F, Preto, M, et al. Sperm retrieval rates in non-mosaic Klinefelter patients undergoing testicular sperm extraction: what expectations do we have in the real-life setting? Andrology 2020;8:680–7.Google Scholar

Corona, G, Pizzocaro, A, Lanfranco, F, et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:265–75.Google Scholar

Zitzmann, M, Bongers, R, Werler, S, et al. Gene expression patterns in relation to the clinical phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:E518–23.Google Scholar

Ghieh, F, Mitchell, V, Mandon-Pepin, B, Vialard, F. Genetic defects in human azoospermia. Basic Clin Androl 2019;29:4.Google Scholar

Jedidi, I, Ouchari, M, Yin, Q. Sex chromosomes-linked single-gene disorders involved in human infertility. Eur J Med Genet 2019;62:103560.Google Scholar

Vockel, M, Riera-Escamilla, A, Tuttelmann, F, Krausz, C. The X chromosome and male infertility. Hum Genet 2021;140:203–15.Google Scholar

Boroujeni, PB, Sabbaghian, M, Totonchi, M, et al. Expression analysis of genes encoding TEX11, TEX12, TEX14 and TEX15 in testis tissues of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. JBRA Assist Reprod 2018;22:185–92.Google Scholar

Sha, Y, Zheng, L, Ji, Z, et al. A novel TEX11 mutation induces azoospermia: a case report of infertile brothers and literature review. BMC Med Genet 2018;19:63.Google Scholar

Yang, F, Silber, S, Leu, NA, et al. TEX11 is mutated in infertile men with azoospermia and regulates genome-wide recombination rates in mouse. EMBO Mol Med 2015;7:1198–210.Google Scholar

Yatsenko, AN, Georgiadis, AP, Ropke, A, et al. X-linked TEX11 mutations, meiotic arrest, and azoospermia in infertile men. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2097–107.Google Scholar

Milunsky, A, Milunsky, JM, Dong, W, Hovhannisyan, H, Oates, RD. A contiguous microdeletion syndrome at Xp23.13 with non-obstructive azoospermia and congenital cataracts. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020;37:471–5.Google Scholar

Lubahn, DB, Joseph, DR, Sullivan, PM, Willard, HF, French, FS, Wilson, EM. Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science 1988;240:327–30.Google Scholar

Ferlin, A, Vinanzi, C, Garolla, A, et al. Male infertility and androgen receptor gene mutations: clinical features and identification of seven novel mutations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:606–10.Google Scholar

Abou Alchamat, G, Madania, A, Alhalabi M. Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS): the identification of c.1783C>T mutation in two unrelated infertile men. BMJ Case Rep 2017;2017:bcr2017220361.Google Scholar

Goglia, U, Vinanzi, C, Zuccarello, D, et al. Identification of a novel mutation in exon 1 of androgen receptor gene in an azoospermic patient with mild androgen insensitivity syndrome: case report and literature review. Fertil Steril 2011;96:1165–9.Google Scholar

Yue, F, Zhang, H, Xi, Q, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis and genetic counseling: a case report of eight 46,XX males and a literature review. Mol Cytogenet 2019;12:44.Google Scholar

Terribile, M, Stizzo, M, Manfredi, C, et al. 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD): a case report and systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019;55:371.Google Scholar

Lahn, BT, Page, DC. Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome. Science 1997;278:675–80.Google Scholar

Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T, Skaletsky, H, Brown, LG, et al. The AZFc region of the Y chromosome features massive palindromes and uniform recurrent deletions in infertile men. Nat Genet 2001;29:279–86.Google Scholar

Colaco, S, Modi, D. Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018;16:14.Google Scholar

Sun, C, Skaletsky, H, Rozen, S, et al. Deletion of azoospermia factor a (AZFa) region of human Y chromosome caused by recombination between HERV15 proviruses. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9:2291–6.Google Scholar

Hopps, CV, Mielnik, A, Goldstein, M, Palermo, GD, Rosenwaks, Z, Schlegel, PN. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1660–5.Google Scholar

Gueler, B, Sonne, SB, Zimmer, J, et al. AZFa protein DDX3Y is differentially expressed in human male germ cells during development and in testicular tumours: new evidence for phenotypic plasticity of germ cells. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1547–55.Google Scholar

Repping, S, Skaletsky, H, Lange, J, et al. Recombination between palindromes P5 and P1 on the human Y chromosome causes massive deletions and spermatogenic failure. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:906–22.Google Scholar

Stouffs, K, Lissens, W, Verheyen, G, et al. Expression pattern of the Y-linked PRY gene suggests a function in apoptosis but not in spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 2004;10:15–21.Google Scholar

Rozen, SG, Marszalek, JD, Irenze, K, et al. AZFc deletions and spermatogenic failure: a population-based survey of 20,000 Y chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 2012;91:890–6.Google Scholar

Sadeghi-Nejad, H, Oates, RD. The Y chromosome and male infertility. Curr Opin Urol 2008;18:628–32.Google Scholar

Oates, RD, Silber, S, Brown, LG, Page, DC. Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2813–24.Google Scholar

Kalantari, H, Asia, S, Totonchi, M, et al. Delineating the association between isodicentric chromosome Y and infertility: a retrospective study. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1091–6.Google Scholar

Yang, Y, Hao, W. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of isodicentric Y chromosomes. Mol Cytogenet 2019;12:55.Google Scholar

Zamani, AG, Tuncez, E, Yildirim, MS, Acar, A. Genetic evaluation of an infertile male with a ring Y chromosome and SHOX deletion. Genet Couns 2013;24:449–54.Google Scholar

Jiang, Y, Yue, F, Wang, R, et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an isodicentric Yq and a neocentric isochromosome Yp in an azoospermic male. Mol Med Rep 2020;21:918–26.Google Scholar

Lange, J, Skaletsky, H, van Daalen, SK, et al. Isodicentric Y chromosomes and sex disorders as byproducts of homologous recombination that maintains palindromes. Cell 2009;138:855–69.Google Scholar

Wang, H, Jia, Z, Mao, A, et al. Analysis of balanced reciprocal translocations in patients with subfertility using single-molecule optical mapping. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020;39:509–16.Google Scholar

Zhang, H, Wang, R, Yu, Y, et al. Non-Robertsonian translocations involving chromosomes 13, 14, or 15 in male infertility: 28 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e14730.Google Scholar

Goutaki, M, Maurer, E, Halbeisen, FS, et al. The international primary ciliary dyskinesia cohort (iPCD Cohort): methods and first results. Eur Respir J 2017;49:1601181.Google Scholar

Leigh, MW, Pittman, JE, Carson, JL, et al. Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartagener syndrome. Genet Med 2009;11:473–87.Google Scholar

Avellino, GJ, Oates, RD. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. In: Skinner, MK, ed. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Academic Press, 2018; pp. 271–5.Google Scholar

Ji, ZY, Sha, YW, Ding, L, Li, P. Genetic factors contributing to human primary ciliary dyskinesia and male infertility. Asian J Androl 2017;19:515–20.Google Scholar

Knowles, MR, Daniels, LA, Davis, SD, Zariwala, MA, Leigh, MW. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Recent advances in diagnostics, genetics, and characterization of clinical disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:913–22.Google Scholar

Ebner, T, Maurer, M, Oppelt, P, et al. Healthy twin live-birth after ionophore treatment in a case of theophylline-resistant Kartagener syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015;32:873–7.Google Scholar

Kordus, RJ, Price, RL, Davis, JM, Whitman-Elia, GF. Successful twin birth following blastocyst culture of embryos derived from the immotile ejaculated spermatozoa from a patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia: a case report. J Assist Reprod Genet 2008;25:437–43.Google Scholar

Davila Garza, SA, Patrizio, P. Reproductive outcomes in patients with male infertility because of Klinefelter’s syndrome, Kartagener’s syndrome, round-head sperm, dysplasia fibrous sheath, and ‘stump’ tail sperm: an updated literature review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013;25:229–46.Google Scholar

Hayden, RP, Wright, DL, Toth, TL, Tanrikut, C. Selective use of percutaneous testis biopsy to optimize IVF-ICSI outcomes: a case series. Fertil Res Pract 2016;2:7.Google Scholar

Paff, T, Loges, NT, Aprea, I, et al. Mutations in PIH1D3 cause X-linked primary ciliary dyskinesia with outer and inner dynein arm defects. Am J Hum Genet 2017;100:160–8.Google Scholar

Chemes, HE. Phenotypic varieties of sperm pathology: genetic abnormalities or environmental influences can result in different patterns of abnormal spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2018;194:41–56.Google Scholar

Sha, Y, Yang, X, Mei, L, et al. DNAH1 gene mutations and their potential association with dysplasia of the sperm fibrous sheath and infertility in the Han Chinese population. Fertil Steril 2017;107:1312–18.Google Scholar

Moretti, E, Gambera, L, Stendardi, A, Belmonte, G, Salvatici, MC, Collodel, G. Characterisation of three systematic sperm tail defects and their influence on ICSI outcome. Andrologia 2018;50:e13128.Google Scholar

Moretti, E, Pascarelli, NA, Belmonte, G, Renieri, T, Collodel, G. Sperm with fibrous sheath dysplasia and anomalies in head-neck junction: focus on centriole and centrin 1. Andrologia 2017;49(7).Google Scholar

Elkina, YL, Kuravsky, ML, Bragina, EE, et al. Detection of a mutation in the intron of sperm-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in patients with fibrous sheath dysplasia of the sperm flagellum. Andrologia 2017;49(2).Google Scholar

Baccetti, B, Collodel, G, Estenoz, M, Manca, D, Moretti, E, Piomboni, P. Gene deletions in an infertile man with sperm fibrous sheath dysplasia. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2790–4.Google Scholar

Ghedir, H, Braham, A, Viville, S, Saad, A, Ibala-Romdhane, S. Comparison of sperm morphology and nuclear sperm quality in SPATA16- and DPY19L2-mutated globozoospermic patients. Andrologia 2019;51:e13277.Google Scholar

Guo, Y, Jiang, J, Zhang, H, et al. Proteomic analysis of Dpy19l2-deficient human globozoospermia reveals multiple molecular defects. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019;13:e1900007.Google Scholar

Oud, MS, Okutman, O, Hendricks, LAJ, et al. Exome sequencing reveals novel causes as well as new candidate genes for human globozoospermia. Hum Reprod 2020;35:240–52.Google Scholar

Ortega, V, Oyanedel, J, Fleck-Lavergne, D, Horta, F, Mercado-Campero, A, Palma-Ceppi, C. Macrozoospermia associated with mutations of AURKC gene: first case report in Latin America and literature review. Rev Int Androl 2020;18:159–63.Google Scholar

Eloualid, A, Rouba, H, Rhaissi, H, et al. Prevalence of the Aurora kinase C c.144delC mutation in infertile Moroccan men. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1086–90.Google Scholar

Dieterich, K, Soto Rifo, R, Faure, AK, et al. Homozygous mutation of AURKC yields large-headed polyploid spermatozoa and causes male infertility. Nat Genet 2007;39:661–5.Google Scholar

Dieterich, K, Zouari, R, Harbuz, R, et al. The Aurora Kinase C c.144delC mutation causes meiosis I arrest in men and is frequent in the North African population. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:1301–9.Google Scholar

Ounis, L, Zoghmar, A, Coutton, C, et al. Mutations of the aurora kinase C gene causing macrozoospermia are the most frequent genetic cause of male infertility in Algerian men. Asian J Androl 2015;17:68–73.Google Scholar

Guthauser, B, Pollet-Villard, X, Boitrelle, F, Vialard, F. Is intracouple assisted reproductive technology an option for men with large-headed spermatozoa? A literature review and a decision guide proposal. Basic Clin Androl 2016;26:8.Google Scholar

Jequier, AM, Ansell, ID, Bullimore, NJ. Congenital absence of the vasa deferentia presenting with infertility. J Androl 1985;6:15–19.Google Scholar

Shaw, G, Renfree, MB. Wolffian duct development. Sex Dev 2014;8:273–80.Google Scholar

Arroteia, KF, Garcia, PV, Barbieri, MF, Justino, ML, Pereira, LAV. The epididymis: embryology, structure, function, and its role in fertilization and infertility. In: Pereira, LV, ed. Embryology - Updates and Highlights on Classic Topics. Croatia: In Tech, 2012; pp. 41–66.Google Scholar

de Mello, Santos T, Hinton, BT. We, the developing rete testis, efferent ducts, and Wolffian duct, all hereby agree that we need to connect. Andrology 2019;7:581–7.Google Scholar

Netter, FN. The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations; Reproductive System. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2011.Google Scholar

Liou, TG, Rubenstein, RC. Carrier screening, incidence of cystic fibrosis, and difficult decisions. JAMA 2009;302:2595–6.Google Scholar

Buchwald, M, Tsui, LC, Riordan, JR. The search for the cystic fibrosis gene. Am J Physiol 1989;257:L47–52.Google Scholar

Riordan, JR, Rommens, JM, Kerem, B, et al. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA. Science 1989;245:1066–73.Google Scholar

Anguiano, A, Oates, RD, Amos, JA, et al. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. A primarily genital form of cystic fibrosis. JAMA 1992;267:1794–7.Google Scholar

Dohle, GR, Veeze, HJ, Overbeek, SE, et al. The complex relationships between cystic fibrosis and congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: clinical, electrophysiological and genetic data. Hum Reprod 1999;14:371–4.Google Scholar

Yu, J, Chen, Z, Ni, Y, Li, Z. CFTR mutations in men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD): a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2012;27:25–35.Google Scholar

de Souza, DAS, Faucz, FR, Pereira-Ferrari, L, Sotomaior, VS, Raskin, S. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens as an atypical form of cystic fibrosis: reproductive implications and genetic counseling. Andrology 2018;6:127–35.Google Scholar

Khan, MJ, Pollock, N, Jiang, H, et al. X-linked ADGRG2 mutation and obstructive azoospermia in a large Pakistani family. Sci Rep 2018;8:16280.Google Scholar

Pagin, A, Bergougnoux, A, Girodon, E, et al. Novel ADGRG2 truncating variants in patients with X-linked congenital absence of vas deferens. Andrology 2020;8:618–24.Google Scholar

Yuan, P, Liang, ZK, Liang, H, et al. Expanding the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of Chinese patients with congenital absence of vas deferens bearing CFTR and ADGRG2 alleles. Andrology 2019;7:329–40.Google Scholar

Wu, YN, Chen, KC, Wu, CC, Lin, YH, Chiang, HS. SLC9A3 affects vas deferens development and associates with Taiwanese congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:3562719.Google Scholar

McCallum, T, Milunsky, J, Munarriz, R, Carson, R, Sadeghi-Nejad, H, Oates, R. Unilateral renal agenesis associated with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: phenotypic findings and genetic considerations. Hum Reprod 2001;16:282–8.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Sigman, M, Collura, B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM Guideline Part 1. J Urol 2021;205:36–43.Google Scholar

Garcia-Mengual, E, Trivino, JC, Saez-Cuevas, A, Bataller, J, Ruiz-Jorro, M, Vendrell, X. Male infertility: establishing sperm aneuploidy thresholds in the laboratory. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36:371–81.Google Scholar

Hotaling, J, Carrell, DT. Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications and future directions. Andrology 2014;2:339–50.Google Scholar

Franasiak, JM, Forman, EJ, Hong, KH, et al. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril 2014;101:656–63 e1.Google Scholar

Nybo, AA, Wohlfahrt, J, Christens, P, Olsen, J, Melbye, M. Is maternal age an independent risk factor for fetal loss? West J Med 2000;173:331.Google Scholar

Brahem, S, Mehdi, M, Elghezal, H, Saad, A. The effects of male aging on semen quality, sperm DNA fragmentation and chromosomal abnormalities in an infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011;28:425–32.Google Scholar

Moskovtsev, SI, Willis, J, Mullen, JB. Age-related decline in sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity in patients evaluated for male infertility. Fertil Steril 2006;85:496–9.Google Scholar

D’Onofrio, BM, Rickert, ME, Frans, E, et al. Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:432–8.Google Scholar

Sharma, R, Agarwal, A, Rohra, VK, Assidi, M, Abu-Elmagd, M, Turki, RF. Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015;13:35.Google Scholar

Cayan, S, Shavakhabov, S, Kadioğlu, A. Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique. J Androl 2009;30:33–40.Google Scholar

Damsgaard, J, Joensen, UN, Carlsen, E, et al. Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels: a study of 7035 healthy young men from six European countries. Eur Urol 2016;70:1019–29.Google Scholar

Goldstein, M. Surgical management of male infertility. In: Wein, AJ, Kavoussi, LR, Partin, AW, Peters, CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology, 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016, pp. XXX–XXX.Google Scholar

Johnson, D, Sandlow, J. Treatment of varicoceles: techniques and outcomes. Fertil Steril 2017;108:378–84.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2014;102:1556–60.Google Scholar

Silay, MS, Hoen, L, Quadackaers, J, et al. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol 2019;75:448–61.Google Scholar

Pryor, JL, Howards, SS. Varicocele. Urol Clin North Am 1987;14:499–513.Google Scholar

Fretz, PC, Sandlow, JI. Varicocele: current concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am 2002;29:921–37.Google Scholar

Nagler, HM, Grotas, AB. Varicocele. In: Lipshultz, LI, Howards, SS, Niederberger, CS, eds. Infertility in the Male, 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009; pp. 332–61.Google Scholar

Sylora, JA, Pryor, JL. Varicocele. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1994;5:309–14.Google Scholar

Raman, JD, Walmsley, K, Goldstein, M. Inheritance of varicoceles. Urology 2005;65:1186–9.Google Scholar

Santana, VP, Miranda-Furtado, CL, de Oliveira-Gennaro, FG, Dos Reis, RM. Genetics and epigenetics of varicocele pathophysiology: an overview. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017;34:839–47.Google Scholar

Tulloch, WS. A consideration of sterility factors in the light of subsequent pregnancies. II. Sub fertility in the male. (Tr. Edinburgh Obst. Soc. Session 104). Edinb Med J 1951;59:29–34.Google Scholar

Tulloch, WS. Varicocele in subfertility; results of treatment. Br Med J 1955;2:356–8.Google Scholar

Turek, PJ. Male reproductive physiology. In: Wein, AJ, Kavoussi, LR, Partin, AW, Peters, CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016; pp. 516–637.e5.Google Scholar

Tisi, PV. Varicose veins. BMJ Clin Evid 2011;2011.Google Scholar

Ahlberg, NE, Bartley, O, Chidekel, N. Right and left gonadal veins. An anatomical and statistical study. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1966;4:593–601.Google Scholar

Shafik, A, Bedeir, GA. Venous tension patterns in cord veins. I. In normal and varicocele individuals. J Urol 1980;123:383–5.Google Scholar

Vanlangenhove, P, Dhondt, E, Van Maele, G, Van Waesberghe, S, Delanghe, E, Defreyne, L. Internal spermatic vein insufficiency in varicoceles: a different entity in adults and adolescents? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;205:667–75.Google Scholar

Coolsaet, BL. The varicocele syndrome: venography determining the optimal level for surgical management. J Urol 1980;124:833–9.Google Scholar

Gat, Y, Bachar, GN, Zukerman, Z, Belenky, A, Gornish, M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril 2004;81:424–9.Google Scholar

Cariati, M, Pieri, S, Agresti, P, et al. Diagnosis of right-sided varicocele: a retrospective comparative study between clinical examination, Doppler findings, US imaging and vascular anatomy at phlebography. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:1998–2006.Google Scholar

Siegel, Y, Gat, Y, Bacher, GN, Gornish, M. A proposed anatomic typing of the right internal spermatic vein: importance for percutaneous sclerotherapy of varicocele. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006;29:192–7.Google Scholar

Gleason, A, Bishop, K, Xi, Y, Fetzer, DT. Isolated right-sided varicocele: is further workup necessary? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019;212:802–7.Google Scholar

Mieusset, R, Bujan, L. Testicular heating and its possible contributions to male infertility: a review. Int J Androl 1995;18:169–84.Google Scholar

Zorgniotti, AW, Macleod, J. Studies in temperature, human semen quality, and varicocele. Fertil Steril 1973;24:854–63.Google Scholar

Goldstein, M, Eid, JF. Elevation of intratesticular and scrotal skin surface temperature in men with varicocele. J Urol 1989;142:743–5.Google Scholar

Wright, EJ, Young, GP, Goldstein, M. Reduction in testicular temperature after varicocelectomy in infertile men. Urology 1997;50:257–9.Google Scholar

Merla, A, Ledda, A, Di Donato, L, Romani, GL. Assessment of the effects of varicocelectomy on the thermoregulatory control of the scrotum. Fertil Steril 2004;81:471–2.Google Scholar

Zorgniotti, AW, Sealfon, AI, Toth, A. Chronic scrotal hypothermia as a treatment for poor semen quality. Lancet 1980;1:904–6.Google Scholar

Jung, A, Eberl, M, Schill, WB. Improvement of semen quality by nocturnal scrotal cooling and moderate behavioural change to reduce genital heat stress in men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Reproduction 2001;121:595–603.Google Scholar

Fang, Z-Y, Xiao, W, Chen, S-R, Zhang, M-H, Qiu, Y, Liu, Y-X. Biologic response of sperm and seminal plasma to transient testicular heating. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2019;24:1401–25.Google Scholar

Abdelhamid, MHM, Esquerre-Lamare, C, Walschaerts, M, et al. Experimental mild increase in testicular temperature has drastic, but reversible, effect on sperm aneuploidy in men: a pilot study. Reprod Biol 2019;19:189–94.Google Scholar

Kilinç, F, Kayaselcuk, F, Aygun, C, Guvel, S, Egilmez, T, Ozkardes, H. Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis. J Urol 2004;172:1188–91.Google Scholar

Goren, MR, Kilinc, F, Kayaselcuk, F, Ozer, C, Oguzulgen, I, Hasirci, E. Effects of experimental left varicocele repair on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions and angiogenesis in rat testis. Andrologia 2017;49(2).Google Scholar

Lee, J-D, Jeng, S-Y, Lee, T-H. Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in the internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. J Urol 2006;175(3 Pt 1):1045–8; discussion 1048.Google Scholar

Sendoel, A, Hengartner, MO. Apoptotic cell death under hypoxia. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014;29:168–76.Google Scholar

Sermeus, A, Michiels, C. Reciprocal influence of the p53 and the hypoxic pathways. Cell Death Dis 2011;2:e164.Google Scholar

Ghandehari-Alavijeh, R, Tavalaee, M, Zohrabi, D, Foroozan-Broojeni, S, Abbasi, H, Nasr-Esfahani, MH. Hypoxia pathway has more impact than inflammation pathway on etiology of infertile men with varicocele. Andrologia 2019;51:e13189.Google Scholar

Hendin, BN, Kolettis, PN, Sharma, RK, Thomas, AJ, Agarwal, A. Varicocele is associated with elevated spermatozoal reactive oxygen species production and diminished seminal plasma antioxidant capacity. J Urol 1999;161:1831–4.Google Scholar

Wang, Y-J, Zhang, R-Q, Lin, Y-J, Zhang, R-G, Zhang, W-L. Relationship between varicocele and sperm DNA damage and the effect of varicocele repair: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2012;25:307–14.Google Scholar

Barati, E, Nikzad, H, Karimian, M. Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020;77:93–113.Google Scholar

Smith, R, Kaune, H, Parodi, D, et al. Increased sperm DNA damage in patients with varicocele: relationship with seminal oxidative stress. Hum Reprod 2006;21:986–93.Google Scholar

Ardestani Zadeh, A, Arab, D, Kia, NS, Heshmati, S, Amirkhalili, SN. The role of vitamin E – selenium – folic acid supplementation in improving the sperm parameters after varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urol J 2019;16:495–500.Google Scholar

Kızılay, F, Altay, B. Evaluation of the effects of antioxidant treatment on sperm parameters and pregnancy rates in infertile patients after varicocelectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Impot Res 2019;31:424–31.Google Scholar

Chen, Y-W, Niu, Y-H, Wang, D-Q, et al. Effect of adjuvant drug therapy after varicocelectomy on fertility outcome in males with varicocele-associated infertility: systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia 2018;50:e13070.Google Scholar

Shiraishi, K, Takihara, H, Matsuyama, H. Elevated scrotal temperature, but not varicocele grade, reflects testicular oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. World J Urol 2010;28:359–64.Google Scholar

Barwell, R. 100 cases of varicocele treated by the subcutaneous wire loop. Lancet 1885;1:978.Google Scholar

Bennet, W. Varicocele, particularly with reference to its radical cure. Lancet 1889;1:261–3.Google Scholar

Sawczuk, IS, Hensle, TW, Burbige, KA, Nagler, HM. Varicoceles: effect on testicular volume in prepubertal and pubertal males. Urology 1993;41:466–8.Google Scholar

Lipshultz, LI, Corriere, JN. Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient. J Urol 1977;117:175–6.Google Scholar

Sigman, M, Jarow, JP. Ipsilateral testicular hypotrophy is associated with decreased sperm counts in infertile men with varicoceles. J Urol 1997;158:605–7.Google Scholar

Patel, SR, Sigman, M. Prevalence of testicular size discrepancy in infertile men with and without varicoceles. Urology 2010;75:566–8.Google Scholar

Steeno, O, Knops, J, Declerck, L, Adimoelja, A, van de Voorde, H. Prevention of fertility disorders by detection and treatment of varicocele at school and college age. Andrologia 1976;8:47–53.Google Scholar

Sayfan, J, Siplovich, L, Koltun, L, Benyamin, N. Varicocele treatment in pubertal boys prevents testicular growth arrest. J Urol 1997;157:1456–7.Google Scholar

Thomas, JC, Elder, JS. Testicular growth arrest and adolescent varicocele: does varicocele size make a difference? J Urol 2002;168(4 Pt 2):1689–91; discussion 1691.Google Scholar

Owen, RC, McCormick, BJ, Figler, BD, Coward, RM. A review of varicocele repair for pain. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6(Suppl 1):S20–9.Google Scholar

Lomboy, JR, Coward, RM. The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management. Semin Intervent Radiol 2016;33:163–9.Google Scholar

Sirvent, JJ, Bernat, R, Navarro, MA, Rodriguez Tolra, J, Guspi, R, Bosch, R. Leydig cell in idiopathic varicocele. Eur Urol 1990;17:257–61.Google Scholar

Rege, N, Phadke, A, Bhatt, J, et al. Serum gonadotropins and testosterone in infertile patients with varicocele. Fertil Steril 1979;31:413–16.Google Scholar

Hudson, RW, Perez-Marrero, RA, Crawford, VA, McKay, DE. Hormonal parameters of men with varicoceles before and after varicocelectomy. Fertil Steril 1985;43:905–10.Google Scholar

Swerdloff, RS, Walsh, PC. Pituitary and gonadal hormones in patients with varicocele. Fertil Steril 1975;26:1006–12.Google Scholar

Redmon, JB, Drobnis, EZ, Sparks, A, Wang, C, Swan, SH. Semen and reproductive hormone parameters in fertile men with and without varicocele. Andrologia 2019;51:e13407.Google Scholar

Abdel-Meguid, TA, Farsi, HM, Al-Sayyad, A, Tayib, A, Mosli, HA, Halawani, AH. Effects of varicocele on serum testosterone and changes of testosterone after varicocelectomy: a prospective controlled study. Urology 2014;84:1081–7.Google Scholar

Dabaja, AA, Goldstein, M. When is a varicocele repair indicated: the dilemma of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction? Asian J Androl 2016;18:213–16.Google Scholar

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2014;102:1556–60.Google Scholar

Panner Selvam, MK, Agarwal, A. Sperm and seminal plasma proteomics: molecular changes associated with varicocele-mediated male infertility. World J Mens Health 2020;38:472–83.Google Scholar

Kavoussi, PK, Hunn, C, Gilkey, MS, et al. Sertoli cell only syndrome induced by a varicocele. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8:405–8.Google Scholar

Nagao, RR, Plymate, SR, Berger, RE, Perin, EB, Paulsen, CA. Comparison of gonadal function between fertile and infertile men with varicoceles. Fertil Steril 1986;46:930–3.Google Scholar

Damsgaard, J, Joensen, UN, Carlsen, E, et al. Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels: a study of 7035 healthy young men from six European countries. Eur Urol 2016;70:1019–29.Google Scholar

MacLeod, J. Seminal cytology in the presence of varicocele. Fertil Steril 1965;16:735–57.Google Scholar

Dubin, L, Amelar, RD. Varicocele size and results of varicocelectomy in selected subfertile men with varicocele. Fertil Steril 1970;21:606–9.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP, Ogle, SR, Eskew, LA. Seminal improvement following repair of ultrasound detected subclinical varicoceles. J Urol 1996;155:1287–90.Google Scholar

Sun, X-L, Wang, J-L, Peng, Y-P, et al. Bilateral is superior to unilateral varicocelectomy in infertile males with left clinical and right subclinical varicocele: a prospective randomized controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol 2018;50:205–10.Google Scholar

Eskew, LA, Watson, NE, Wolfman, N, Bechtold, R, Scharling, E, Jarow, JP. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of varicoceles. Fertil Steril 1993;60:693–7.Google Scholar

Freeman, S, Bertolotto, M, Richenberg, J, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: guidelines and recommendations of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) for detection, classification, and grading. Eur Radiol 2020;30:11–25.Google Scholar

Hirsh, AV, Cameron, KM, Tyler, JP, Simpson, J, Pryor, JP. The Doppler assessment of varicoceles and internal spermatic vein reflux in infertile men. Br J Urol 1980;52:50–6.Google Scholar

Netto Júnior, NR, Lerner, JS, Paolini, RM, de Góes, GM. Varicocele: the value of reflux in the spermatic vein. Int J Fertil 1980;25:71–4.Google Scholar

Nadel, SN, Hutchins, GM, Albertsen, PC, White, RI. Valves of the internal spermatic vein: potential for misdiagnosis of varicocele by venography. Fertil Steril 1984;41:479–81.Google Scholar

Hart, RR, Rushton, HG, Belman, AB. Intraoperative spermatic venography during varicocele surgery in adolescents. J Urol 1992;148:1514–16.Google Scholar

Harris, JD, McConnell, BJ, Lipshultz, LI, McConnell, RW, Conoley, PH. Radioisotope angiography in diagnosis of varicocele. Urology 1980;16:69–72.Google Scholar

Wheatley, JK, Fajman, WA, Witten, FR. Clinical experience with the radioisotope varicocele scan as a screening method for the detection of subclinical varicoceles. J Urol 1982;128:57–9.Google Scholar

Paz, A, Melloul, M. Comparison of radionuclide scrotal blood-pool index versus gonadal venography in the diagnosis of varicocele. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1069–74.Google Scholar

Hirsh, AV, Kellett, MJ, Robertson, G, Pryor, JP. Doppler flow studies, venography and thermography in the evaluation of varicoceles of fertile and subfertile men. Br J Urol 1980;52:560–5.Google Scholar

Mieusset, R, Bujan, L, Mondinat, C, Mansat, A, Pontonnier, F, Grandjean, H. Association of scrotal hyperthermia with impaired spermatogenesis in infertile men. Fertil Steril 1987;48:1006–11.Google Scholar

Johnsen, SG, Agger, P. Quantitative evaluation of testicular biopsies before and after operation for varicocele. Fertil Steril 1978;29:58–63.Google Scholar

Lyon, RP, Marshall, S, Scott, MP. Varicocele in childhood and adolescence: implication in adulthood infertility? Urology 1982;19:641–4.Google Scholar

Kass, EJ, Belman, AB. Reversal of testicular growth failure by varicocele ligation. J Urol 1987;137:475–6.Google Scholar

Paduch, DA, Niedzielski, J. Repair versus observation in adolescent varicocele: a prospective study. J Urol 1997;158(3 Pt 2):1128–32.Google Scholar

Zhou, T, Zhang, W, Chen, Q, et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on testis volume and semen parameters in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2015;17:1012–16.Google Scholar

Cayan, S, Akbay, E, Bozlu, M, et al. The effect of varicocele repair on testicular volume in children and adolescents with varicocele. J Urol 2002;168:731–4.Google Scholar

Papanikolaou, F, Chow, V, Jarvi, K, Fong, B, Ho, M, Zini, A. Effect of adult microsurgical varicocelectomy on testicular volume. Urology 2000;56:136–9.Google Scholar

Li, F, Yue, H, Yamaguchi, K, et al. Effect of surgical repair on testosterone production in infertile men with varicocele: a meta-analysis. Int J Urol 2012;19:149–54.Google Scholar

Chen, X, Yang, D, Lin, G, Bao, J, Wang, J, Tan, W. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in the treatment of hypogonadism in subfertile males with clinical varicocele: a meta-analysis. Andrologia 2017;49(10).Google Scholar

Su, LM, Goldstein, M, Schlegel, PN. The effect of varicocelectomy on serum testosterone levels in infertile men with varicoceles. J Urol 1995;154:1752–5.Google Scholar

Sathya Srini, V, Belur Veerachari, S. Does varicocelectomy improve gonadal function in men with hypogonadism and infertility? Analysis of a prospective study. Int J Endocrinol 2011;2011:916380.Google Scholar

Tanrikut, C, Goldstein, M, Rosoff, JS, Lee, RK, Nelson, CJ, Mulhall, JP. Varicocele as a risk factor for androgen deficiency and effect of repair. BJU Int 2011;108:1480–4.Google Scholar

Najari, BB, Introna, L, Paduch, DA. Improvements in patient-reported sexual function after microsurgical varicocelectomy. Urology 2017;110:104–9.Google Scholar

Tiseo, BC, Esteves, SC, Cocuzza, MS. Summary evidence on the effects of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile men. Asian J Androl 2016;18:239–45.Google Scholar

Madhusoodanan, V, Patel, P, Blachman-Braun, R, Ramasamy, R. Semen parameter improvements after microsurgical subinguinal varicocele repair are durable for more than 12 months. Can Urol Assoc J 2020;14:E80–3.Google Scholar

Chu, DI, Zderic, SA, Shukla, AR, et al. Does varicocelectomy improve semen analysis outcomes in adolescents without testicular asymmetry? J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:76.e1–5.Google Scholar

Samplaski, MK, Lo, KC, Grober, ED, Zini, A, Jarvi, KA. Varicocelectomy to “upgrade” semen quality to allow couples to use less invasive forms of assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 2017;108:609–12.Google Scholar

Kirby, EW, Wiener, LE, Rajanahally, S, Crowell, K, Coward, RM. Undergoing varicocele repair before assisted reproduction improves pregnancy rate and live birth rate in azoospermic and oligospermic men with a varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2016;106:1338–43.Google Scholar

Lewis, SEM, John Aitken, R, Conner, SJ, et al. The impact of sperm DNA damage in assisted conception and beyond: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2013;27:325–37.Google Scholar

Zini, A, Dohle, G. Are varicoceles associated with increased deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation? Fertil Steril 2011;96:1283–7.Google Scholar

Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Bradley, CK, Garrido, N. Reproductive outcomes of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with high levels of DNA fragmentation in semen: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2017;108:456–67.e1.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Majzoub, A, Esteves, SC, Ko, E, Ramasamy, R, Zini, A. Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: practice recommendations based on clinical scenarios. Transl Androl Urol 2016;5:935–50.Google Scholar

Machen, GL, Sandlow, JI. Extended indications for varicocelectomy. F1000Res 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1579.Google Scholar

Balasubramanian, A, Thirumavalavan, N, Scovell, JM, et al. An infertile couple’s long and expensive path to varicocele repair. Urology 2019;124:131–5.Google Scholar

Abd Ellatif, ME, Asker, W, Abbas, A, et al. Varicocelectomy to treat pain, and predictors of success: a prospective study. Curr Urol 2012;6:33–6.Google Scholar

Gat, Y, Goren, M. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term follow-up of prostate volume reduction after sclerotherapy of the internal spermatic veins. Andrologia 2018;50(2).Google Scholar

Rastrelli, G, Vignozzi, L, Corona, G, Maggi, M. Testosterone and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:259–71.Google Scholar

Wosnitzer, M, Roth, JA. Optical magnification and Doppler ultrasound probe for varicocelectomy. Urology 1983;22:24–6.Google Scholar

Halpern, J, Mittal, S, Pereira, K, Bhatia, S, Ramasamy, R. Percutaneous embolization of varicocele: technique, indications, relative contraindications, and complications. Asian J Androl 2016;18:234–8.Google Scholar

Mehan, DJ, Andrus, CH, Parra, RO. Laparoscopic internal spermatic vein ligation: report of a new technique. Fertil Steril 1992;58:1263–6.Google Scholar

Li, M, Wang, Z, Li, H. Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery varicocelectomy versus conventional laparoscopic varicocele ligation: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2016;44:985–93.Google Scholar

Esposito, C, Valla, JS, Najmaldin, A, et al. Incidence and management of hydrocele following varicocele surgery in children. J Urol 2004;171:1271–3.Google Scholar

Yu, W, Rao, T, Ruan, Y, Yuan, R, Cheng, F. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy in adolescents: artery ligation and artery preservation. Urology 2016;89:150–4.Google Scholar

Palomo, A. Radical cure of varicocele by a new technique; preliminary report. J Urol 1949;61:604–7.Google Scholar

Salem, HK, Mostafa, T. Preserved testicular artery at varicocele repair. Andrologia 2009;41:241–5.Google Scholar

Matsuda, T, Horii, Y, Yoshida, O. Should the testicular artery be preserved at varicocelectomy? J Urol 1993;149(5 Pt 2):1357–60.Google Scholar

Cocuzza, M, Pagani, R, Coelho, R, Srougi, M, Hallak, J. The systematic use of intraoperative vascular Doppler ultrasound during microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy improves precise identification and preservation of testicular blood supply. Fertil Steril 2010;93:2396–9.Google Scholar

Szabo, R, Kessler, R. Hydrocele following internal spermatic vein ligation: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Urol 1984;132:924–5.Google Scholar

Kass, EJ, Marcol, B. Results of varicocele surgery in adolescents: a comparison of techniques. J Urol 1992;148(2 Pt 2):694–6.Google Scholar

Murray, RR, Mitchell, SE, Kadir, S, et al. Comparison of recurrent varicocele anatomy following surgery and percutaneous balloon occlusion. J Urol 1986;135:286–9.Google Scholar

Ivanissevich, O. Left varicocele due to reflux; experience with 4,470 operative cases in forty-two years. J Int Coll Surg 1960;34:742–55.Google Scholar

Chan, P. Management options of varicoceles. Indian J Urol 2011;27:65–73.Google Scholar

Liu, X, Zhang, H, Ruan, X, et al. Macroscopic and microsurgical varicocelectomy: what’s the intraoperative difference? World J Urol 2013;31:603–8.Google Scholar

Goldstein, M, Gilbert, BR, Dicker, AP, Dwosh, J, Gnecco, C. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: an artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J Urol 1992;148:1808–11.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, Schlegel, PN. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with and without testicular delivery. Urology 2006;68:1323–6.Google Scholar

Marmar, JL, Kim, Y. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy: a technical critique and statistical analysis of semen and pregnancy data. J Urol 1994;152:1127–32.Google Scholar

Niederberger, Craig S., Ohlander, Samuel J., Pagani, Rodrigo L., and Goldstein, Marc. Male Infertility. Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20161048666, 66, 1428–1452.e13.Google Scholar

Johnson, D, Sandlow, J. Treatment of varicoceles: techniques and outcomes. Fertil Steril 2017;108:378–84.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, MH, Wilets, IF, Nagler, HM. Treatment outcome after varicocelectomy. A critical analysis. Urol Clin North Am 1994;21:517–29.Google Scholar

Madgar, I, Weissenberg, R, Lunenfeld, B, Karasik, A, Goldwasser, B. Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men. Fertil Steril 1995;63:120–4.Google Scholar

Asafu-Adjei, D, Judge, C, Deibert, CM, Li, G, Stember, D, Stahl, PJ. Systematic review of the impact of varicocele grade on response to surgical management. J Urol 2020;203:48–56.Google Scholar

Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Roque, M, Agarwal, A. Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2016;18:246–53.Google Scholar

Marks, JL, McMahon, R, Lipshultz, LI. Predictive parameters of successful varicocele repair. J Urol 1986;136:609–12.Google Scholar

Çayan, S, Orhan, İ, Akbay, E, Kadıoğlu, A. Systematic review of treatment methods for recurrent varicoceles to compare post-treatment sperm parameters, pregnancy and complication rates. Andrologia 2019;51:e13419.Google Scholar

Cayan, S, Shavakhabov, S, Kadioğlu, A. Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique. J Androl 2009;30:33–40.Google Scholar

Demirdöğen, ŞO, Özkaya, F, Cinislioğlu, AE, et al. A comparison between the efficacy and safety of microscopic inguinal and subinguinal varicocelectomy. Turk J Urol 2019;45:254–60.Google Scholar

Marte, A, Sabatino, MD, Borrelli, M, et al. LigaSure vessel sealing system in laparoscopic Palomo varicocele ligation in children and adolescents. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2007;17:272–5.Google Scholar

Schulster, ML, Cohn, MR, Najari, BB, Goldstein, M. Microsurgically assisted inguinal hernia repair and simultaneous male fertility procedures: rationale, technique and outcomes. J Urol 2017;198:1168–74.Google Scholar

Lee, RK, Li, PS, Goldstein, M. Simultaneous vasectomy and varicocelectomy: indications and technique. Urology 2007;70:362–5.Google Scholar

Macey, MR, Owen, RC, Ross, SS, Coward, RM. Best practice in the diagnosis and treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents. Ther Adv Urol 2018;10:273–82.Google Scholar

Jungwirth, A, Giwercman, A, Tournaye, H, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update. Eur Urol 2012;62:324–32.Google Scholar

Locke, JA, Noparast, M, Afshar, K. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:437–45.Google Scholar

Diamond, DA, Zurakowski, D, Bauer, SB, et al. Relationship of varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy to semen parameters in adolescents. J Urol 2007;178(4 Pt 2):1584–8.Google Scholar

Harel, M, Herbst, KW, Nelson, E. Practice patterns in the surgical approach for adolescent varicocelectomy. Springerplus 2015;4:772.Google Scholar

Keene, DJB, Cervellione, RM. Antegrade sclerotherapy in adolescent varicocele patients. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:305.e1–6.Google Scholar

Hung, JWS, Yam, FSD, Chung, KLY, et al. Comparison of scrotal antegrade sclerotherapy and laparoscopic Palomo surgery in treatment of adolescent varicocele: a 15-year review. J Pediatr Urol 2018;14:534.e1–5.Google Scholar

Silay, MS, Hoen, L, Quadackaers, J, et al. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol 2019;75:448–61.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Rana, M, Qiu, E, AlBunni, H, Bui, AD, Henkel, R. Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility. Andrologia 2018;50:e13126.Google Scholar

Bachir, BG, Jarvi, K. Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic conditions resulting in male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2014;41:67–81.Google Scholar

Gimenes, F, Souza, RP, Bento, JC, et al. Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nat Rev Urol 2014;11:672–87.Google Scholar

Gregory, M, Cyr, DG. The blood–epididymis barrier and inflammation. Spermatogenesis 2014;4:e979619.Google Scholar

Wolff, H. The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1143–57.Google Scholar

Brunner, RJ, Demeter, JH, Sindhwani, P. Review of guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility. World J Mens Health 2019;37:128–37.Google Scholar

Gdoura, R, Kchaou, W, Znazen, A, Chakroun, N, Fourati, M, Ammar-Keskes, L, et al. Screening for bacterial pathogens in semen samples from infertile men with and without leukocytospermia. Andrologia 2008;40:209–18.Google Scholar

Sergerie, M, Mieusset, R, Croute, F, Daudin, M, Bujan, L. High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness. Fertil Steril 2007;88:970.e1–7.Google Scholar

Evenson, DP, Jost, LK, Corzett, M, Balhorn, R. Characteristics of human sperm chromatin structure following an episode of influenza and high fever: a case study. J Androl 2000;21:739–46.Google Scholar

Hærvig, KK, Kierkegaard, L, Lund, R, Bruunsgaard, H, Osler, M, Schmidt, L. Is male factor infertility associated with midlife low-grade inflammation? A population based study. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2018;21:146–54.Google Scholar

Smith, KB, Smith, MS. Obesity statistics. Prim Care 2016;43:121–35, ix.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Kim, S, Chen, Z, Sundaram, R, Schisterman, EF, Buck Louis, GM. The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Hum Reprod 2014;29:193–200.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Behr, B, Pera, RR, Cullen, MR. Relationship between semen production and medical comorbidity. Fertil Steril 2015;103:66–71.Google Scholar

Lamm, S, Chidakel, A, Bansal, R. Obesity and hypogonadism. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43:239–45.Google Scholar

Morelli, A, Vignozzi, L, Maggi, M. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: insights from the high-fat diet experimental rabbit animal model. Minerva Endocrinol 2016;41:240–9.Google Scholar

Phillips, KP, Tanphaichitr, N. Mechanisms of obesity-induced male infertility. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010;5:229–51.Google Scholar

Pilatz, A, Hudemann, C, Wolf, J, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the seminal cytokine network in morbidly obese males. Andrology 2017;5:23–30.Google Scholar

Leisegang, K, Henkel, R, Agarwal, A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019;82:e13178.Google Scholar

Kahn, BE, Brannigan, RE. Obesity and male infertility. Curr Opin Urol 2017;27:441–5.Google Scholar

La Cava, A. Leptin in inflammation and autoimmunity. Cytokine 2017;98:51–8.Google Scholar

Leisegang, K, Bouic, PJD, Menkveld, R, Henkel, RR. Obesity is associated with increased seminal insulin and leptin alongside reduced fertility parameters in a controlled male cohort. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014;12:34.Google Scholar

Leisegang, K, Bouic, PJD, Henkel, RR. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased seminal inflammatory cytokines and reproductive dysfunction in a case-controlled male cohort. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016;76:155–63.Google Scholar

Lotti, F, Corona, G, Cocci, A, et al. The prevalence of midline prostatic cysts and the relationship between cyst size and semen parameters among infertile and fertile men. Hum Reprod 2018;33:2023–34.Google Scholar

Yucel, C, Keskin, MZ, Cakmak, O, et al. Predictive value of pre-operative inflammation-based prognostic scores (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-eosinophil ratio) in testicular sperm extraction: a pilot study. Andrology 2017;5:1100–4.Google Scholar

Cito, G, Coccia, ME, Picone, R, et al. Male inflammatory parameters are not useful to predict the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results from a cross-sectional study. World J Mens Health 2019;37:347–54.Google Scholar

Bar-Chama, N, Goluboff, E, Fisch, H. Infection and pyospermia in male infertility. Is it really a problem? Urol Clin North Am 1994;21:469–75.Google Scholar

Stanton, PG. Regulation of the blood–testis barrier. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016;59:166–73.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, C. Microbiome: a bag of surprises. Nature 2017;551:S40–1.Google Scholar

Wolfe, AJ, Toh, E, Shibata, N, et al. Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:1376–83.Google Scholar

Keck, C, Gerber-Schäfer, C, Clad, A, Wilhelm, C, Breckwoldt, M. Seminal tract infections: impact on male fertility and treatment options. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4:891–903.Google Scholar

Syriou, V, Papanikolaou, D, Kozyraki, A, Goulis, DG. Cytokines and male infertility. Eur Cytokine Netw 2018;29:73–82.Google Scholar

Comhaire, F, Verschraegen, G, Vermeulen, L. Diagnosis of accessory gland infection and its possible role in male infertility. Int J Androl 1980;3:32–45.Google Scholar

Lackner, JE, Herwig, R, Schmidbauer, J, Schatzl, G, Kratzik, C, Marberger, M. Correlation of leukocytospermia with clinical infection and the positive effect of antiinflammatory treatment on semen quality. Fertil Steril 2006;86:601–5.Google Scholar

Jue, JS, Ramasamy, R. Significance of positive semen culture in relation to male infertility and the assisted reproductive technology process. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6:916–22.Google Scholar

Cottell, E, Harrison, RF, McCaffrey, M, Walsh, T, Mallon, E, Barry-Kinsella, C. Are seminal fluid microorganisms of significance or merely contaminants? Fertil Steril 2000;74:465–70.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Pilatz, A, Diemer, T, Schuppe, HC, Rusz, A, Wagenlehner, F. Male urogenital infections: impact of infection and inflammation on ejaculate parameters. World J Urol 2013;31:717–23.Google Scholar

Trum, JW, Mol, BW, Pannekoek, Y, et al. Value of detecting leukocytospermia in the diagnosis of genital tract infection in subfertile men. Fertil Steril 1998;70:315–19.Google Scholar

Weng, S-L, Chiu, C-M, Lin, F-M, et al. Bacterial communities in semen from men of infertile couples: metagenomic sequencing reveals relationships of seminal microbiota to semen quality. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e110152.Google Scholar

Bachmann, LH, Manhart, LE, Martin, DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61 Suppl 8:S763–9.Google Scholar

Gottesman, T, Yossepowitch, O, Samra, Z, Rosenberg, S, Dan, M. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in men with urethritis and in high risk asymptomatic males in Tel Aviv: a prospective study. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:127–32.Google Scholar

Cox, C, McKenna, JP, Watt, AP, Coyle, PV. Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium are found to be significantly associated with microscopy-confirmed urethritis in a routine genitourinary medicine setting. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:861–7.Google Scholar

Schiefer, HG. Microbiology of male urethroadnexitis: diagnostic procedures and criteria for aetiologic classification. Andrologia 1998;30 Suppl 1:7–13.Google Scholar

Bachir, BG, Jarvi, K. Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic conditions resulting in male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2014;41:67–81.Google Scholar

Yeboah, ED, Marmar, JL. Urethral stricture and semen quality. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1994;39:310–15.Google Scholar

Calhoun, EA, Meenan, RT, O’Keeffe Rosetti, MC, Gao, SY, Brown, S, Quentin Clemens, J. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a managed care population. J Urol 2005;173(4S):9–10.Google Scholar

Naber, KG. Management of bacterial prostatitis: what’s new? BJU Int 2008;101 Suppl 3:7–10.Google Scholar

Drach, GW, Fair, WR, Meares, EM, Stamey, TA. Classification of benign diseases associated with prostatic pain: prostatitis or prostatodynia? J Urol 1978;120:266.Google Scholar

Nickel, JC, Shoskes, D, Wang, Y, et al. How does the pre-massage and post-massage 2-glass test compare to the Meares-Stamey 4-glass test in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome? J Urol 2006;176:119–24.Google Scholar

Krieger, JN, Nyberg, L, Nickel, JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999;282:236–7.Google Scholar

Hua, VN, Schaeffer, AJ. Acute and chronic prostatitis. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:483–94.Google Scholar

Nickel, JC, Moon, T. Chronic bacterial prostatitis: an evolving clinical enigma. Urology 2005;66:2–8.Google Scholar

Nickel, JC, Downey, J, Johnston, B, Clark, J; Canadian Prostatitis Research Group. Predictors of patient response to antibiotic therapy for the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 2001;165:1539–44.Google Scholar

Cheah, PY, Liong, ML, Yuen, KH, et al. Initial, long-term, and durable responses to terazosin, placebo, or other therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 2004;64:881–6.Google Scholar

Yu, X, Jiang, D-S, Wang, J, et al. Fluoroquinolone use and the risk of collagen-associated adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2019;42:1025–33.Google Scholar

Stephenson, AL, Wu, W, Cortes, D, Rochon, PA. Tendon injury and fluoroquinolone use: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2013;36:709–21.Google Scholar

Rosenstein, D, McAninch, JW. Urologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:495–518.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Krause, W, Ludwig, M. Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:421–32.Google Scholar

McConaghy, JR, Panchal, B. Epididymitis: an overview. Am Fam Physician 2016;94:723–6.Google Scholar

Haidl, G, Allam, JP, Schuppe, HC. Chronic epididymitis: impact on semen parameters and therapeutic options. Andrologia 2008;40:92–6.Google Scholar

Berger, RE, Alexander, ER, Harnisch, JP, et al. Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases. J Urol 1979;121:750–4.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Garbe, C, Weissbach, L, et al. [Initial therapy of acute unilateral epididymitis using ofloxacin. II. Andrological findings]. Urologe A 1990;29:277–80.Google Scholar

Dietz, O. [The change in the degree of fertility during the course of acute nonspecific epididymitis]. (Contribution to the pathogenesis of primary inhibition of spermiogenesis). Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1960;211:160–6.Google Scholar

Osegbe, DN. Testicular function after unilateral bacterial epididymo-orchitis. Eur Urol 1991;19:204–8.Google Scholar

Rusz, A, Pilatz, A, Wagenlehner, F, et al. Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility. World J Urol 2012;30:23–30.Google Scholar

Schuppe, H-C, Pilatz, A, Hossain, H, Diemer, T, Wagenlehner, F, Weidner, W. Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017;114:339–46.Google Scholar

Stammler, A, Hau, T, Bhushan, S, et al. Epididymitis: ascending infection restricted by segmental boundaries. Hum Reprod 2015;30:1557–65.Google Scholar

Michel, V, Pilatz, A, Hedger, MP, Meinhardt, A. Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences. Asian J Androl 2015;17:756–63.Google Scholar

Dohle, GR. Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract. Andrologia 2003;35:321–4.Google Scholar

Klein, B, Pant, S, Bhushan, S, et al. Dexamethasone improves therapeutic outcomes in a preclinical bacterial epididymitis mouse model. Hum Reprod 2019;34:1195–205.Google Scholar

Hviid, A, Rubin, S, Mühlemann, K. Mumps. Lancet 2008;371:932–44.Google Scholar

Burgher, SW. Acute scrotal pain. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1998;16:781–809, vi.Google Scholar

Davis, NF, McGuire, BB, Mahon, JA, Smyth, AE, O’Malley, KJ, Fitzpatrick, JM. The increasing incidence of mumps orchitis: a comprehensive review. BJU Int 2010;105:1060–5.Google Scholar

Barták, V. Sperm count, morphology and motility after unilateral mumps orchitis. J Reprod Fertil 1973;32:491–4.Google Scholar

Lo, NC, Hotez, PJ. Public health and economic consequences of vaccine hesitancy for measles in the united states. JAMA Pediatr 2017;171:887–92.Google Scholar

Glasser, JW, Feng, Z, Omer, SB, Smith, PJ, Rodewald, LE. The effect of heterogeneity in uptake of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine on the potential for outbreaks of measles: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:599–605.Google Scholar

Peltola, H, Heinonen, OP, Valle, M, et al. The elimination of indigenous measles, mumps, and rubella from Finland by a 12-year, two-dose vaccination program. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1397–402.Google Scholar

Marlow, MA, Marin, M, Moore, K, Patel, M. CDC guidance for use of a third dose of MMR vaccine during mumps outbreaks. J Public Health Manag Pract 2020;26:109–15.Google Scholar

Craighead, JE, Mahoney, EM, Carver, DH, Naficy, K, Fremont-Smith, P. Orchitis due to Coxsackie virus group B, type 5. Report of a case with isolation of virus from the testis. N Engl J Med 1962;267:498–500.Google Scholar

Minzter, A. Orchitis as a complication of Coxsackie virus infection. J Med Soc N J 1963;60:463–6.Google Scholar

Freij, L, Norrby, R, Olsson, B. A small outbreak of Coxsackie B5 infection with two cases of cardiac involvement and orchitis followed by testicular atrophy. Acta Med Scand 1970;187:177–81.Google Scholar

Willems, WR, Hornig, C, Bauer, H, Klingmüller, V. A case of Coxsackie A9 virus infection with orchitis. J Med Virol 1978;3:137–40.Google Scholar

Willems, WR, Hornig, C, Bauer, H, Klingmüller, V. Orchitis caused by Coxsackie A 9. Lancet 1977;2:1350.Google Scholar

Casella, R, Leibundgut, B, Lehmann, K, Gasser, TC. Mumps orchitis: report of a mini-epidemic. J Urol 1997;158:2158–61.Google Scholar

Ip, CCK, Tumali, K, Hoh, IM, Arunasalam, A. Acute epididymo-orchitis from Brucellosis melitensis in Australia. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:e230007.Google Scholar

Agrawal, V, Ranjan, R. Scrotal abscess consequent on syphilitic epididymo-orchitis. Trop Doct 2019;49:45–7.Google Scholar

Cift, A, Yucel, MO. Comparison of inflammatory markers between Brucella and non-Brucella epididymo-orchitis. Int Braz J Urol 2018;44:771–8.Google Scholar

Street, EJ, Justice, ED, Kopa, Z, et al. The 2016 European guideline on the management of epididymo-orchitis. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28:744–9.Google Scholar

Bosilkovski, M, Kamiloski, V, Miskova, S, Balalovski, D, Kotevska, V, Petrovski, M. Testicular infection in brucellosis: report of 34 cases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2018;51:82–7.Google Scholar

Naber, KG, Bergman, B, Bishop, MC, et al. EAU guidelines for the management of urinary and male genital tract infections. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Working Group of the Health Care Office (HCO) of the European Association of Urology (EAU). Eur Urol 2001;40:576–88.Google Scholar

Handsfield, HH, Lipman, TO, Harnisch, JP, Tronca, E, Holmes, KK. Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men. Diagnosis, natural course, prevalence and significance. N Engl J Med 1974;290:117–23.Google Scholar

Korenromp, EL, Sudaryo, MK, de Vlas, SJ, et al. What proportion of episodes of gonorrhoea and chlamydia becomes symptomatic? Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:91–101.Google Scholar

Abusarah, EA, Awwad, ZM, Charvalos, E, Shehabi, AA. Molecular detection of potential sexually transmitted pathogens in semen and urine specimens of infertile and fertile males. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;77:283–6.Google Scholar

Sellami, H, Znazen, A, Sellami, A, et al. Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria in semen of male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia: the effect on semen parameters and spermatozoa apoptosis markers. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e98903.Google Scholar

Senior, K. Chlamydia: a much underestimated STI. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:517–18.Google Scholar

Paavonen, J, Eggert-Kruse, W. Chlamydia trachomatis: impact on human reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:433–47.Google Scholar

Cai, T, Pisano, F, Nesi, G, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis versus common uropathogens as a cause of chronic bacterial prostatitis: is there any difference? Results of a prospective parallel-cohort study. Investig Clin Urol 2017;58:460–7.Google Scholar

Mazzoli, S, Cai, T, Addonisio, P, Bechi, A, Mondaini, N, Bartoletti, R. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is related to poor semen quality in young prostatitis patients. Eur Urol 2010;57:708–14.Google Scholar

Karam, GH, Martin, DH, Flotte, TR, et al. Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections among sexually active men. J Infect Dis 1986;154:900–3.Google Scholar

Rondeau, P, Valin, N, Decré, D, Girard, P-M, Lacombe, K, Surgers, L. Chlamydia trachomatis screening in urine among asymptomatic men attending an STI clinic in Paris: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:31.Google Scholar

Mackern-Oberti, JP, Motrich, RD, Breser, ML, Sánchez, LR, Cuffini, C, Rivero, VE. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract: an update. J Reprod Immunol 2013;100:37–53.Google Scholar

Hosseinzadeh, S, Brewis, IA, Pacey, AA, Moore, HD, Eley, A. Coincubation of human spermatozoa with Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro causes increased tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins. Infect Immun 2000;68:4872–6.Google Scholar

Hosseinzadeh, S, Brewis, IA, Eley, A, Pacey, AA. Co-incubation of human spermatozoa with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E causes premature sperm death. Hum Reprod 2001;16:293–9.Google Scholar

Hosseinzadeh, S, Pacey, AA, Eley, A. Chlamydia trachomatis-induced death of human spermatozoa is caused primarily by lipopolysaccharide. J Med Microbiol 2003;52(Pt 3):193–200.Google Scholar

Eley, A, Hosseinzadeh, S, Hakimi, H, Geary, I, Pacey, AA. Apoptosis of ejaculated human sperm is induced by co-incubation with Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2601–7.Google Scholar

Eley, A, Pacey, AA, Galdiero, M, Galdiero, M, Galdiero, F. Can Chlamydia trachomatis directly damage your sperm? Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:53–7.Google Scholar

Custo, GM, Lauro, V, Saitto, C, Frongillo, RF. Chlamydial infection and male infertility: an epidemiological study. Arch Androl 1989;23:243–8.Google Scholar

Wolff, H, Neubert, U, Zebhauser, M, Bezold, G, Korting, HC, Meurer, M. Chlamydia trachomatis induces an inflammatory response in the male genital tract and is associated with altered semen quality. Fertil Steril 1991;55:1017–19.Google Scholar

Cengiz, T, Aydoğanli, L, Baykam, M, et al. Chlamydial infections and male infertility. Int Urol Nephrol 1997;29:687–93.Google Scholar

Witkin, SS, Kligman, I, Bongiovanni, AM. Relationship between an asymptomatic male genital tract exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis and an autoimmune response to spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2952–5.Google Scholar

Munoz, MG, Witkin, SS. Autoimmunity to spermatozoa, asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection and gamma delta T lymphocytes in seminal fluid from the male partners of couples with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1070–4.Google Scholar

Moazenchi, M, Totonchi, M, Salman Yazdi, R, et al. The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm parameters and male fertility: a comprehensive study. Int J STD AIDS 2018;29:466–73.Google Scholar

Cai, T, Wagenlehner, FME, Mondaini, N, et al. Effect of human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis co-infection on sperm quality in young heterosexual men with chronic prostatitis-related symptoms. BJU Int 2014;113:281–7.Google Scholar

Close, CE, Wang, SP, Roberts, PL, Berger, RE. The relationship of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis to the parameters of male fertility and sperm autoimmunity. Fertil Steril 1987;48:880–3.Google Scholar

Nagy, B, Corradi, G, Vajda, Z, Gimes, R, Csömör, S. The occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the semen of men participating in an IVF programme. Hum Reprod 1989;4:54–6.Google Scholar

Ruijs, GJ, Kauer, FM, Jager, S, Schröder, PF, Schirm, J, Kremer, J. Is serology of any use when searching for correlations between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility? Fertil Steril 1990;53:131–6.Google Scholar

Soffer, Y, Ron-El, R, Golan, A, Herman, A, Caspi, E, Samra, Z. Male genital mycoplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis culture: its relationship with accessory gland function, sperm quality, and autoimmunity. Fertil Steril 1990;53:331–6.Google Scholar

Bjercke, S, Purvis, K. Chlamydial serology in the investigation of infertility. Hum Reprod 1992;7:621–4.Google Scholar

Dieterle, S, Mahony, JB, Luinstra, KE, Stibbe, W. Chlamydial immunoglobulin IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and semen are not associated with the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA or rRNA in semen from male partners of infertile couples. Hum Reprod 1995;10:315–19.Google Scholar

Eggert-Kruse, W, Buhlinger-Gopfarth, N, Rohr, G, et al. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in semen and relationship with parameters of male fertility. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1408–17.Google Scholar

Eggert-Kruse, W, Rohr, G, Demirakca, T, et al. Chlamydial serology in 1303 asymptomatic subfertile couples. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1464–75.Google Scholar

Habermann, B, Krause, W. Altered sperm function or sperm antibodies are not associated with chlamydial antibodies in infertile men with leucocytospermia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;12:25–9.Google Scholar

Mackern-Oberti, JP, Motrich, RD, Breser, ML, et al. Male rodent genital tract infection with Chlamydia muridarum: persistence in the prostate gland that triggers self-immune reactions in genetically susceptible hosts. J Urol 2011;186:1100–6.Google Scholar

Motrich, RD, Sanchez, L, Maccioni, M, Mackern-Oberti, JP, Rivero, VE. Male rat genital tract infection with Chlamydia muridarum has no significant consequence on male fertility. J Urol 2012;187:1911–17.Google Scholar

Puerta Suarez, J, Sanchez, LR, Salazar, FC, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis neither exerts deleterious effects on spermatozoa nor impairs male fertility. Sci Rep 2017;7:1126.Google Scholar

Dehghan Marvast, L, Talebi, AR, Ghasemzadeh, J, Hosseini, A, Pacey, AA. Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity. Andrologia 2018;50(3).Google Scholar

Eggert-Kruse, W, Rohr, G, Kunt, B, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril 2003;80:660–3.Google Scholar

Hosseinzadeh, S, Eley, A, Pacey, AA. Semen quality of men with asymptomatic chlamydial infection. J Androl 2004;25:104–9.Google Scholar

Meyer, T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms 2016;4:25.Google Scholar

Mårdh, PA, Colleen, S, Sylwan, J. Inhibitory effect on the formation of chlamydial inclusions in McCoy cells by seminal fluid and some of its components. Invest Urol 1980;17:510–13.Google Scholar

Moss, TR, Darougar, S, Woodland, RM, Nathan, M, Dines, RJ, Cathrine, V. Antibodies to Chlamydia species in patients attending a genitourinary clinic and the impact of antibodies to C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci on the sensitivity and the specificity of C. trachomatis serology tests. Sex Transm Dis 1993;20:61–5.Google Scholar

Gdoura, R, Kchaou, W, Chaari, C, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections and semen quality of infertile men. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:129.Google Scholar

Gdoura, R, Kchaou, W, Ammar-Keskes, L, et al. Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples. J Androl 2008;29:198–206.Google Scholar

Ondondo, RO, Whittington, WLH, Astete, SG, Totten, PA. Differential association of Ureaplasma species with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. Sex Transm Infect 2010;86:271–5.Google Scholar

Ito, S, Hanaoka, N, Shimuta, K, et al. Male non-gonococcal urethritis: from microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features. Int J Urol 2016;23:325–31.Google Scholar

Gnarpe, H, Friberg, J. Mycoplasma and human reproductive failure. I. The occurrence of different mycoplasmas in couples with reproductive failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;114:727–31.Google Scholar

Swenson, CE, Toth, A, O’Leary, WM. Ureaplasma urealyticum and human infertility: the effect of antibiotic therapy on semen quality. Fertil Steril 1979;31:660–5.Google Scholar

Toth, A, Lesser, ML, Brooks, C, Labriola, D. Subsequent pregnancies among 161 couples treated for T-mycoplasma genital-tract infection. N Engl J Med 1983;308:505–7.Google Scholar

Fowlkes, DM, MacLeod, J, O’Leary, WM. T-mycoplasmas and human infertility: correlation of infection with alterations in seminal parameters. Fertil Steril 1975;26:1212–18.Google Scholar

Upadhyaya, M, Hibbard, BM, Walker, SM. The effect of Ureaplasma urealyticum on semen characteristics. Fertil Steril 1984;41:304–8.Google Scholar

Naessens, A, Foulon, W, Debrucker, P, Devroey, P, Lauwers, S. Recovery of microorganisms in semen and relationship to semen evaluation. Fertil Steril 1986;45:101–5.Google Scholar

Rose, BI, Scott, B. Sperm motility, morphology, hyperactivation, and ionophore-induced acrosome reactions after overnight incubation with mycoplasmas. Fertil Steril 1994;61:341–8.Google Scholar

Núñez-Calonge, R, Caballero, P, Redondo, C, Baquero, F, Martínez-Ferrer, M, Meseguer, MA. Ureaplasma urealyticum reduces motility and induces membrane alterations in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2756–61.Google Scholar

Reichart, M, Kahane, I, Bartoov, B. In vivo and in vitro impairment of human and ram sperm nuclear chromatin integrity by sexually transmitted Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. Biol Reprod 2000;63:1041–8.Google Scholar

Lee, JS, Kim, KT, Lee, HS, Yang, KM, Seo, JT, Choe, JH. Concordance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile couples: impact on semen parameters. Urology 2013;81:1219–24.Google Scholar

Liu, J, Wang, Q, Ji, X, et al. Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis infections, and semen quality in infertile and fertile men in China. Urology 2014;83:795–9.Google Scholar

Fowlkes, DM, Dooher, GB, O’Leary, WM. Evidence by scanning electron microscopy for an association between spermatozoa and T-mycoplasmas in men of infertile marriage. Fertil Steril 1975;26:1203–11.Google Scholar

Busolo, F, Zanchetta, R, Bertoloni, G. Mycoplasmic localization patterns on spermatozoa from infertile men. Fertil Steril 1984;42:412–17.Google Scholar

Busolo, F, Zanchetta, R. The effect of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum on hamster egg in vitro penetration by human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 1985;43:110–14.Google Scholar

Kalugdan, T, Chan, PJ, Seraj, IM, King, A. Polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of mycoplasma consensus gene in sperm with low oocyte penetration capacity. Fertil Steril 1996;66:793–7.Google Scholar

Potts, JM, Sharma, R, Pasqualotto, F, Nelson, D, Hall, G, Agarwal, A. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with abnormal reactive oxygen species levels and absence of leukocytospermia. J Urol 2000;163:1775–8.Google Scholar

Ahmadi, MH, Mirsalehian, A, Sadighi Gilani, MA, Bahador, A, Talebi, M. Asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma hominis negatively affects semen parameters and leads to male infertility as confirmed by improved semen parameters after antibiotic treatment. Urology 2017;100:97–102.Google Scholar

Ahmadi, MH, Mirsalehian, A, Gilani, MAS, Bahador, A, Talebi, M. Improvement of semen parameters after antibiotic therapy in asymptomatic infertile men infected with Mycoplasma genitalium. Infection 2018;46:31–8.Google Scholar

de Louvois, J, Blades, M, Harrison, RF, Hurley, R, Stanley, VC. Frequency of mycoplasma in fertile and infertile couples. Lancet 1974;1:1073–5.Google Scholar

Harrison, RF, de Louvois, J, Blades, M, Hurley, R. Doxycycline treatment and human infertility. Lancet 1975;1:605–7.Google Scholar

de Jong, Z, Pontonnier, F, Plante, P, et al. Comparison of the incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in infertile men and in donors of semen. Eur Urol 1990;18:127–31.Google Scholar

Ombelet, W, Bosmans, E, Janssen, M, et al. Semen parameters in a fertile versus subfertile population: a need for change in the interpretation of semen testing. Hum Reprod 1997;12:987–93.Google Scholar

Al-Sweih, NA, Al-Fadli, AH, Omu, AE, Rotimi, VO. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections and seminal quality in infertile and fertile men in Kuwait. J Androl 2012;33:1323–9.Google Scholar

Desai, S, Cohen, S, Khatamee, M, Leiter, E. Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) infection: does it have a role in male infertility? J Urol 1980;124:469–71.Google Scholar

Cintron, RD, Wortham, JW, Acosta, A. The association of semen factors with the recovery of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Fertil Steril 1981;36:648–52.Google Scholar

Lewis, RW, Harrison, RM, Domingue, GJ. Culture of seminal fluid in a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril 1981;35:194–8.Google Scholar

Lumpkin, MM, Smith, TF, Coulam, CB, O’Brien, PC. Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination: its effect on conception and semen analysis parameters. Int J Fertil 1987;32:122.Google Scholar

Shalhoub, D, Abdel-Latif, A, Fredericks, CM, Mathur, S, Rust, PF. Physiological integrity of human sperm in the presence of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Arch Androl 1986;16:75–80.Google Scholar

Gerovassili, A, Marcandona, O, Asimakopoulos, B, Karavasilis, V, Panopoulou, M, Ikonomidis, A. Relationship between Chlamydia-Ureaplasma-Mycoplasma genital detection with semen concentration and motility among Greek men. Int J Fertil Steril 2017;11:130–3.Google Scholar

Kanakas, N, Mantzavinos, T, Boufidou, F, Koumentakou, I, Creatsas, G. Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen: is there any effect on in vitro fertilization outcome? Fertil Steril 1999;71:523–7.Google Scholar

Montagut, JM, Leprêtre, S, Degoy, J, Rousseau, M. Ureaplasma in semen and IVF. Hum Reprod 1991;6:727–9.Google Scholar

Moragianni, D, Dryllis, G, Andromidas, P, et al. Genital tract infection and associated factors affect the reproductive outcome in fertile females and females undergoing in vitro fertilization. Biomed Rep 2019;10:231–7.Google Scholar

Shalika, S, Dugan, K, Smith, RD, Padilla, SL. The effect of positive semen bacterial and Ureaplasma cultures on in-vitro fertilization success. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2789–92.Google Scholar

Levy, R, Layani-Milon, MP, Giscard D’Estaing, S, et al. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in semen from asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples prior to in vitro fertilization. Int J Androl 1999;22:113–18.Google Scholar

Blanchard, A, Hentschel, J, Duffy, L, Baldus, K, Cassell, GH. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in the urogenital tract of adults, in amniotic fluid, and in the respiratory tract of newborns. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17 Suppl 1:S148–53.Google Scholar

Stellrecht, KA, Woron, AM, Mishrik, NG, Venezia, RA. Comparison of multiplex PCR assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1528–33.Google Scholar

Teng, K, Li, M, Yu, W, Li, H, Shen, D, Liu, D. Comparison of PCR with culture for detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in clinical samples from patients with urogenital infections. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2232–4.Google Scholar

Povlsen, K, Jensen, JS, Lind, I. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum by PCR and biovar determination by liquid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:3211–16.Google Scholar

Frølund, M, Björnelius, E, Lidbrink, P, Ahrens, P, Jensen, JS. Comparison between culture and a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e102743.Google Scholar

Huang, C, Zhu, HL, Xu, KR, Wang, SY, Fan, LQ, Zhu, WB. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2015;3:809–16.Google Scholar

Kasturi, SS, Osterberg, EC, Tannir, J, Brannigan, RE. The effect of genital tract infection and inflammation on male infertility. In: Lipshultz, LI, Howards, SS, Niederberger, CS, eds. Infertility in the Male, 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009; pp. 295–330.Google Scholar

Holmes, KK, Handsfield, HH, Wang, SP, et al. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. N Engl J Med 1975;292:1199–205.Google Scholar

Pellati, D, Mylonakis, I, Bertoloni, G, et al. Genital tract infections and infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;140:3–11.Google Scholar

Fowler, JE, Mariano, M. Bacterial infection and male infertility: absence of immunoglobulin A with specificity for common Escherichia coli 0-serotypes in seminal fluid of infertile men. J Urol 1983;130:171–4.Google Scholar

Hillier, SL, Rabe, LK, Muller, CH, Zarutskie, P, Kuzan, FB, Stenchever, MA. Relationship of bacteriologic characteristics to semen indices in men attending an infertility clinic. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:800–4.Google Scholar

Merino, G, Carranza-Lira, S, Murrieta, S, Rodriguez, L, Cuevas, E, Morán, C. Bacterial infection and semen characteristics in infertile men. Arch Androl 1995;35:43–7.Google Scholar

Esfandiari, N, Saleh, RA, Abdoos, M, Rouzrokh, A, Nazemian, Z. Positive bacterial culture of semen from infertile men with asymptomatic leukocytospermia. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2002;47:265–70.Google Scholar

Teague, NS, Boyarsky, S, Glenn, JF. Interference of human spermatozoa motility by Escherichia coli. Fertil Steril 1971;22:281–5.Google Scholar

Wolff, H, Panhans, A, Stolz, W, Meurer, M. Adherence of Escherichia coli to sperm: a mannose mediated phenomenon leading to agglutination of sperm and E. coli. Fertil Steril 1993;60:154–8.Google Scholar

el-Mulla, KF, Köhn, FM, Dandal, M, et al. In vitro effect of Escherichia coli on human sperm acrosome reaction. Arch Androl 1996;37:73–8.Google Scholar

Diemer, T, Weidner, W, Michelmann, HW, Schiefer, HG, Rovan, E, Mayer, F. Influence of Escherichia coli on motility parameters of human spermatozoa in vitro. Int J Androl 1996;19:271–7.Google Scholar

Diemer, T, Huwe, P, Michelmann, HW, Mayer, F, Schiefer, HG, Weidner, W. Escherichia coli-induced alterations of human spermatozoa. An electron microscopy analysis. Int J Androl 2000;23:178–86.Google Scholar

Schulz, M, Sánchez, R, Soto, L, Risopatrón, J, Villegas, J. Effect of Escherichia coli and its soluble factors on mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine translocation, viability, and motility of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2010;94:619–23.Google Scholar

Boguen, R, Treulen, F, Uribe, P, Villegas, JV. Ability of Escherichia coli to produce hemolysis leads to a greater pathogenic effect on human sperm. Fertil Steril 2015;103:1155–61.Google Scholar

Zeyad, A, Hamad, M, Amor, H, Hammadeh, ME. Relationships between bacteriospermia, DNA integrity, nuclear protamine alteration, sperm quality and ICSI outcome. Reprod Biol 2018;18:115–21.Google Scholar

Muzny, CA, Schwebke, JR. The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:423–5.Google Scholar

Tuttle, JP, Holbrook, TW, Derrick, FC. Interference of human spermatozoal motility by Trichomonas vaginalis. J Urol 1977;118:1024–5.Google Scholar

Jarecki-Black, JC, Lushbaugh, WB, Golosov, L, Glassman, AB. Trichomonas vaginalis: preliminary characterization of a sperm motility inhibiting factor. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1988;18:484–9.Google Scholar

Gopalkrishnan, K, Hinduja, IN, Kumar, TC. Semen characteristics of asymptomatic males affected by Trichomonas vaginalis. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1990;7:165–7.Google Scholar

Lloyd, GL, Case, JR, De Frias, D, Brannigan, RE. Trichomonas vaginalis orchitis with associated severe oligoasthenoteratospermia and hypogonadism. J Urol 2003;170:924.Google Scholar

Gong, Y-H, Liu, Y, Li, P, et al. A nonobstructive azoospermic patient with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in testes. Asian J Androl 2018;20:97–8.Google Scholar

Benchimol, M, de Andrade Rosa, I, da Silva Fontes, R, Burla Dias, AJ. Trichomonas adhere and phagocytose sperm cells: adhesion seems to be a prominent stage during interaction. Parasitol Res 2008;102:597–604.Google Scholar

Krause, W, Herbstreit, F, Slenzka, W. Are viral infections the cause of leukocytospermia? Andrologia 2002;34:87–90.Google Scholar

Kapranos, N, Petrakou, E, Anastasiadou, C, Kotronias, D. Detection of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus in the semen of men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2003;79 Suppl 3:1566–70.Google Scholar

Yang, YS, Ho, HN, Chen, HF, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and viral shedding in the genital tract of infertile couples. J Med Virol 1995;45:179–82.Google Scholar

Levy, R, Najioullah, F, Keppi, B, et al. Detection of cytomegalovirus in semen from a population of men seeking infertility evaluation. Fertil Steril 1997;68:820–5.Google Scholar

Naumenko, V, Tyulenev, Y, Kurilo, L, et al. Detection and quantification of human herpes viruses types 4–6 in sperm samples of patients with fertility disorders and chronic inflammatory urogenital tract diseases. Andrology 2014;2:687–94.Google Scholar

Bezold, G, Schuster-Grusser, A, Lange, M, Gall, H, Wolff, H, Peter, RU. Prevalence of human herpesvirus types 1–8 in the semen of infertility patients and correlation with semen parameters. Fertil Steril 2001;76:416–18.Google Scholar

Bezold, G, Politch, JA, Kiviat, NB, Kuypers, JM, Wolff, H, Anderson, DJ. Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1087–97.Google Scholar

Green, J, Monteiro, E, Bolton, VN, Sanders, P, Gibson, PE. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by PCR in semen from patients with and without penile warts. Genitourin Med 1991;67:207–10.Google Scholar

Lai, YM, Lee, JF, Huang, HY, Soong, YK, Yang, FP, Pao, CC. The effect of human papillomavirus infection on sperm cell motility. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1152–5.Google Scholar

Luttmer, R, Dijkstra, MG, Snijders, PJF, et al. Presence of human papillomavirus in semen in relation to semen quality. Hum Reprod 2016;31:280–6.Google Scholar

Garolla, A, Engl, B, Pizzol, D, et al. Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: new evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection. Fertil Steril 2016;105:65–72.e1.Google Scholar

Korhonen, C, Srinivasan, S, Huang, D, et al. Semen bacterial concentrations and HIV-1 RNA shedding among HIV-1-seropositive Kenyan men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017;74:250–7.Google Scholar

Chéret, A, Durier, C, Mélard, A, et al. Impact of early cART on HIV blood and semen compartments at the time of primary infection. PLoS ONE 2017;12:e0180191.Google Scholar

Krieger, JN, Coombs, RW, Collier, AC, et al. Fertility parameters in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1991;164:464–9.Google Scholar

Crittenden, JA, Handelsman, DJ, Stewart, GJ. Semen analysis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Fertil Steril 1992;57:1294–9.Google Scholar

Anderson, DJ, O’Brien, TR, Politch, JA, et al. Effects of disease stage and zidovudine therapy on the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in semen. JAMA 1992;267:2769–74.Google Scholar

Politch, JA, Mayer, KH, Abbott, AF, Anderson, DJ. The effects of disease progression and zidovudine therapy on semen quality in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive men. Fertil Steril 1994;61:922–8.Google Scholar

Dondero, F, Rossi, T, D’Offizi, G, et al. Semen analysis in HIV seropositive men and in subjects at high risk for HIV infection. Hum Reprod 1996;11:765–8.Google Scholar

Muller, CH, Coombs, RW, Krieger, JN. Effects of clinical stage and immunological status on semen analysis results in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive men. Andrologia 1998;30 Suppl 1:15–22.Google Scholar

Nicopoullos, JDM, Almeida, PA, Ramsay, JWA, Gilling-Smith, C. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of intrauterine insemination following sperm washing. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2289–97.Google Scholar

Dulioust, E, Du, AL, Costagliola, D, et al. Semen alterations in HIV-1 infected men. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2112–18.Google Scholar

Nicopoullos, JDM, Almeida, P, Vourliotis, M, Gilling-Smith, C. A decade of the sperm-washing programme: correlation between markers of HIV and seminal parameters. HIV Med 2011;12:195–201.Google Scholar

Pavili, L, Daudin, M, Moinard, N, et al. Decrease of mitochondrial DNA level in sperm from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 linked to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2151–6.Google Scholar

Frapsauce, C, Grabar, S, Leruez-Ville, M, et al. Impaired sperm motility in HIV-infected men: an unexpected adverse effect of efavirenz? Hum Reprod 2015;30:1797–806.Google Scholar

Quayle, AJ, Xu, C, Mayer, KH, Anderson, DJ. T lymphocytes and macrophages, but not motile spermatozoa, are a significant source of human immunodeficiency virus in semen. J Infect Dis 1997;176:960–8.Google Scholar

Kim, LU, Johnson, MR, Barton, S, et al. Evaluation of sperm washing as a potential method of reducing HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples wishing to have children. AIDS 1999;13:645–51.Google Scholar

Semprini, AE, Levi-Setti, P, Bozzo, M, et al. Insemination of HIV-negative women with processed semen of HIV-positive partners. Lancet 1992;340:1317–19.Google Scholar

Marina, S, Marina, F, Alcolea, R, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 – serodiscordant couples can bear healthy children after undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 1998;70:35–9.Google Scholar

Persico, T, Savasi, V, Ferrazzi, E, Oneta, M, Semprini, AE, Simoni, G. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA and DNA by extractive and in situ PCR in unprocessed semen and seminal fractions isolated by semen-washing procedure. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1525–30.Google Scholar

Zafer, M, Horvath, H, Mmeje, O, et al. Effectiveness of semen washing to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and assist pregnancy in HIV-discordant couples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2016;105:645–55.e2.Google Scholar

Musso, D, Roche, C, Robin, E, Nhan, T, Teissier, A, Cao-Lormeau, V-M. Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerging Infect Dis 2015;21:359–61.Google Scholar

Oliveira, DBL, Durigon, GS, Mendes, ÉA, et al. Persistence and intra-host genetic evolution of Zika virus infection in symptomatic adults: a special view in the male reproductive system. Viruses 2018;10:615.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, SA, Jamieson, DJ, Honein, MA, Petersen, LR. Zika virus and birth defects – reviewing the evidence for causality. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1981–7.Google Scholar

Mansuy, JM, Suberbielle, E, Chapuy-Regaud, S, et al. Zika virus in semen and spermatozoa. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:1106–7.Google Scholar

Nicastri, E, Castilletti, C, Liuzzi, G, Iannetta, M, Capobianchi, MR, Ippolito, G. Persistent detection of Zika virus RNA in semen for six months after symptom onset in a traveller returning from Haiti to Italy, February 2016. Euro Surveill 2016;21:30314.Google Scholar

Huits, R, De Smet, B, Ariën, KK, Van Esbroeck, M, Bottieau, E, Cnops, L. Zika virus in semen: a prospective cohort study of symptomatic travellers returning to Belgium. Bull World Health Organ 2017;95:802–9.Google Scholar

Kurscheidt, FA, Mesquita, CSS, Damke, GMZF, et al. Persistence and clinical relevance of Zika virus in the male genital tract. Nat Rev Urol 2019;16:211–30.Google Scholar

Mead, PS, Duggal, NK, Hook, SA, et al. Zika virus shedding in semen of symptomatic infected men. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1377–85.Google Scholar

Joguet, G, Mansuy, J-M, Matusali, G, et al. Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: a prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:1200–8.Google Scholar

Borges, ED, Vireque, AA, Berteli, TS, Ferreira, CR, Silva, AS, Navarro, PA. An update on the aspects of Zika virus infection on male reproductive system. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019;36:1339–49.Google Scholar

Lackner, JE, Lakovic, E, Waldhör, T, Schatzl, G, Marberger, M. Spontaneous variation of leukocytospermia in asymptomatic infertile males. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1757–60.Google Scholar

el-Demiry, MI, Young, H, Elton, RA, Hargreave, TB, James, K, Chisholm, GD. Leucocytes in the ejaculate from fertile and infertile men. Br J Urol 1986;58:715–20.Google Scholar

Wolff, H, Anderson, DJ. Immunohistologic characterization and quantitation of leukocyte subpopulations in human semen. Fertil Steril 1988;49:497–504.Google Scholar

Wolff, H, Politch, JA, Martinez, A, Haimovici, F, Hill, JA, Anderson, DJ. Leukocytospermia is associated with poor semen quality. Fertil Steril 1990;53:528–36.Google Scholar

Arata De Bellabarba, G, Tortoler, I. Nonsperm cells in human semen and their relationship with semen parameters. Arch Androl 2000;45:131–6.Google Scholar

Gonzales, GF, Kortebani, G, Mazzolli, AB. Leukocytospermia and function of the seminal vesicles on seminal quality. Fertil Steril 1992;57:1058–65.Google Scholar

Aziz, N, Agarwal, A, Lewis-Jones, I, Sharma, RK, Thomas, AJ. Novel associations between specific sperm morphological defects and leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 2004;82:621–7.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, West, K, Buckingham, D. Leukocytic infiltration into the human ejaculate and its association with semen quality, oxidative stress, and sperm function. J Androl 1994;15:343–52.Google Scholar

Tomlinson, MJ, Barratt, CL, Cooke, ID. Prospective study of leukocytes and leukocyte subpopulations in semen suggests they are not a cause of male infertility. Fertil Steril 1993;60:1069–75.Google Scholar

el-Demiry, MI, Hargreave, TB, Busuttil, A, James, K, Chisholm, GD. Identifying leucocytes and leucocyte subpopulations in semen using monoclonal antibody probes. Urology 1986;28:492–6.Google Scholar

Yanushpolsky, EH, Politch, JA, Hill, JA, Anderson, DJ. Is leukocytospermia clinically relevant? Fertil Steril 1996;66:822–5.Google Scholar

Thomas, J, Fishel, SB, Hall, JA, Green, S, Newton, TA, Thornton, SJ. Increased polymorphonuclear granulocytes in seminal plasma in relation to sperm morphology. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2418–21.Google Scholar

Berger, RE, Karp, LE, Williamson, RA, Koehler, J, Moore, DE, Holmes, KK. The relationship of pyospermia and seminal fluid bacteriology to sperm function as reflected in the sperm penetration assay. Fertil Steril 1982;37:557–64.Google Scholar

Maruyama, DK, Hale, RW, Rogers, BJ. Effects of white blood cells on the in vitro penetration of zona-free hamster eggs by human spermatozoa. J Androl 1985;6:127–35.Google Scholar

Moubasher, A, Sayed, H, Mosaad, E, Mahmoud, A, Farag, F, Taha, EA. Impact of leukocytospermia on sperm dynamic motility parameters, DNA and chromosomal integrity. Cent European J Urol 2018;71:470–5.Google Scholar

Kaleli, S, Oçer, F, Irez, T, Budak, E, Aksu, MF. Does leukocytospermia associate with poor semen parameters and sperm functions in male infertility? The role of different seminal leukocyte concentrations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;89:185–91.Google Scholar

Cavagna, M, Oliveira, JBA, Petersen, CG, et al. The influence of leukocytospermia on the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012;10:44.Google Scholar

Lackner, JE, Märk, I, Sator, K, Huber, J, Sator, M. Effect of leukocytospermia on fertilization and pregnancy rates of artificial reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 2008;90:869–71.Google Scholar

Ricci, G, Granzotto, M, Luppi, S, et al. Effect of seminal leukocytes on in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril 2015;104:87–93.Google Scholar

Castellini, C, D’Andrea, S, Martorella, A, et al. Relationship between leukocytospermia, reproductive potential after assisted reproductive technology, and sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Andrology 2020;8:125–35.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of sperm capacitation and pathological damage. Mol Reprod Dev 2017;84:1039–52.Google Scholar

Bisht, S, Faiq, M, Tolahunase, M, Dada, R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol 2017;14:470–85.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, Buckingham, DW, Brindle, J, Gomez, E, Baker, HW, Irvine, DS. Analysis of sperm movement in relation to the oxidative stress created by leukocytes in washed sperm preparations and seminal plasma. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2061–71.Google Scholar

Iwasaki, A, Gagnon, C. Formation of reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa of infertile patients. Fertil Steril 1992;57:409–16.Google Scholar

Gil-Guzman, E, Ollero, M, Lopez, MC, et al. Differential production of reactive oxygen species by subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1922–30.Google Scholar

Ollero, M, Gil-Guzman, E, Lopez, MC, et al. Characterization of subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation: implications in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1912–21.Google Scholar

Krausz, C, Mills, C, Rogers, S, Tan, SL, Aitken, RJ. Stimulation of oxidant generation by human sperm suspensions using phorbol esters and formyl peptides: relationships with motility and fertilization in vitro. Fertil Steril 1994;62:599–605.Google Scholar

Plante, M, de Lamirande, E, Gagnon, C. Reactive oxygen species released by activated neutrophils, but not by deficient spermatozoa, are sufficient to affect normal sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1994;62:387–93.Google Scholar

Richthoff, J, Elzanaty, S, Rylander, L, Hagmar, L, Giwercman, A. Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males. Int J Androl 2008;31:31–9.Google Scholar

Dai, J-B, Wang, Z-X, Qiao, Z-D. The hazardous effects of tobacco smoking on male fertility. Asian J Androl 2015;17:954–60.Google Scholar

Asare-Anane, H, Bannison, SB, Ofori, EK, Ateko, RO, Bawah, AT, Amanquah, SD, et al. Tobacco smoking is associated with decreased semen quality. Reprod Health 2016;13:90.Google Scholar

Trummer, H, Habermann, H, Haas, J, Pummer, K. The impact of cigarette smoking on human semen parameters and hormones. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1554–9.Google Scholar

He, Y, Zou, L, Luo, W, et al. Heavy metal exposure, oxidative stress and semen quality: exploring associations and mediation effects in reproductive-aged men. Chemosphere 2020;244:125498.Google Scholar

Khushboo, M, Murthy, MK, Devi, MS, et al. Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following copper exposure in Wistar albino rats: ameliorative potentials of L-carnitine. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018;25:1837–62.Google Scholar

Kaur, S, Saluja, M, Bansal, MP. Bisphenol A induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice testes: modulation by selenium. Andrologia 2018;50(3).Google Scholar

Ullah, A, Pirzada, M, Jahan, S, Ullah, H, Khan, MJ. Bisphenol A analogues bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S induce oxidative stress, disrupt daily sperm production, and damage DNA in rat spermatozoa: a comparative in vitro and in vivo study. Toxicol Ind Health 2019;35:294–303.Google Scholar

de Lamirande, E, Leduc, BE, Iwasaki, A, Hassouna, M, Gagnon, C. Increased reactive oxygen species formation in semen of patients with spinal cord injury. Fertil Steril 1995;63:637–42.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, Clarkson, JS, Fishel, S. Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function. Biol Reprod 1989;41:183–97.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, Buckingham, D, Harkiss, D. Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 1993;97:441–50.Google Scholar

Alvarez, JG, Touchstone, JC, Blasco, L, Storey, BT. Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity. J Androl 1987;8:338–48.Google Scholar

Jones, R, Mann, T, Sherins, R. Peroxidative breakdown of phospholipids in human spermatozoa, spermicidal properties of fatty acid peroxides, and protective action of seminal plasma. Fertil Steril 1979;31:531–7.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, Irvine, DS, Wu, FC. Prospective analysis of sperm-oocyte fusion and reactive oxygen species generation as criteria for the diagnosis of infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:542–51.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ. Impact of oxidative stress on male and female germ cells: implications for fertility. Reproduction. 2020;159:R189–201.Google Scholar

Mishra, S, Kumar, R, Malhotra, N, Singh, N, Dada, R. Mild oxidative stress is beneficial for sperm telomere length maintenance. World J Methodol 2016;6:163–70.Google Scholar

Tahamtan, S, Tavalaee, M, Izadi, T, et al. Reduced sperm telomere length in individuals with varicocele is associated with reduced genomic integrity. Sci Rep 2019;9:4336.Google Scholar

Twigg, J, Fulton, N, Gomez, E, Irvine, DS, Aitken, RJ. Analysis of the impact of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation on the structural and functional integrity of human spermatozoa: lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and effectiveness of antioxidants. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1429–36.Google Scholar

Alvarez, JG, Sharma, RK, Ollero, M, et al. Increased DNA damage in sperm from leukocytospermic semen samples as determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Fertil Steril 2002;78:319–29.Google Scholar

Guz, J, Gackowski, D, Foksinski, M, et al. Comparison of oxidative stress/DNA damage in semen and blood of fertile and infertile men. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e68490.Google Scholar

Kodama, H, Yamaguchi, R, Fukuda, J, Kasai, H, Tanaka, T. Increased oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the spermatozoa of infertile male patients. Fertil Steril 1997;68:519–24.Google Scholar

Stahl, PJ, Cogan, C, Mehta, A, Bolyakov, A, Paduch, DA, Goldstein, M. Concordance among sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity assays and semen parameters. Fertil Steril 2015;104:56–61.e1.Google Scholar

Erenpreiss, J, Hlevicka, S, Zalkalns, J, Erenpreisa, J. Effect of leukocytospermia on sperm DNA integrity: a negative effect in abnormal semen samples. J Androl 2002;23:717–23.Google Scholar

Sharma, RK, Pasqualotto, AE, Nelson, DR, Thomas, AJ, Agarwal, A. Relationship between seminal white blood cell counts and oxidative stress in men treated at an infertility clinic. J Androl 2001;22:575–83.Google Scholar

Saleh, RA, Agarwal, A, Kandirali, E, et al. Leukocytospermia is associated with increased reactive oxygen species production by human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2002;78:1215–24.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Sharma, RK, Nallella, KP, Thomas, AJ, Alvarez, JG, Sikka, SC. Reactive oxygen species as an independent marker of male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2006;86:878–85.Google Scholar

Agarwal, A, Mulgund, A, Alshahrani, S, et al. Reactive oxygen species and sperm DNA damage in infertile men presenting with low level leukocytospermia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014;12:126.Google Scholar

Jerre, E, Bungum, M, Evenson, D, Giwercman, A. Sperm chromatin structure assay high DNA stainability sperm as a marker of early miscarriage after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2019;112:46–53.e2.Google Scholar

Malić Vončina, S, Golob, B, Ihan, A, Kopitar, AN, Kolbezen, M, Zorn, B. Sperm DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential combined are better for predicting natural conception than standard sperm parameters. Fertil Steril 2016;105:637–44.e1.Google Scholar

Bareh, GM, Jacoby, E, Binkley, P, Chang, T-CA, Schenken, RS, Robinson, RD. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation assessment in normozoospermic male partners of couples with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a prospective study. Fertil Steril 2016;105:329–36.e1.Google Scholar

Wu, H, Whitcomb, BW, Huffman, A, et al. Associations of sperm mitochondrial DNA copy number and deletion rate with fertilization and embryo development in a clinical setting. Hum Reprod 2019;34:163–70.Google Scholar

McQueen, DB, Zhang, J, Robins, JC. Sperm DNA fragmentation and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2019;112:54–60.e3.Google Scholar

Lewis, SE, Sterling, ES, Young, IS, Thompson, W. Comparison of individual antioxidants of sperm and seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 1997;67:142–7.Google Scholar

Lewis, SE, Boyle, PM, McKinney, KA, Young, IS, Thompson, W. Total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma is different in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 1995;64:868–70.Google Scholar

Smith, R, Vantman, D, Ponce, J, Escobar, J, Lissi, E. Total antioxidant capacity of human seminal plasma. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1655–60.Google Scholar

Kovalski, NN, de Lamirande, E, Gagnon, C. Reactive oxygen species generated by human neutrophils inhibit sperm motility: protective effect of seminal plasma and scavengers. Fertil Steril 1992;58:809–16.Google Scholar

Otasevic, V, Stancic, A, Korac, A, Jankovic, A, Korac, B. Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species in human male fertility. A crossroad of cellular signaling and pathology. Biofactors 2020;46:206–19.Google Scholar

Hellstrom, WJ, Bell, M, Wang, R, Sikka, SC. Effect of sodium nitroprusside on sperm motility, viability, and lipid peroxidation. Fertil Steril 1994;61:1117–22.Google Scholar

Lewis, SE, Donnelly, ET, Sterling, ES, Kennedy, MS, Thompson, W, Chakravarthy, U. Nitric oxide synthase and nitrite production in human spermatozoa: evidence that endogenous nitric oxide is beneficial to sperm motility. Mol Hum Reprod 1996;2:873–8.Google Scholar

O’Bryan, MK, Zini, A, Cheng, CY, Schlegel, PN. Human sperm endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression: correlation with sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1143–7.Google Scholar

Beckman, JS, Beckman, TW, Chen, J, Marshall, PA, Freeman, BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:1620–4.Google Scholar

Weinberg, JB, Doty, E, Bonaventura, J, Haney, AF. Nitric oxide inhibition of human sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1995;64:408–13.Google Scholar

Rosselli, M, Dubey, RK, Imthurn, B, Macas, E, Keller, PJ. Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1786–90.Google Scholar

Nobunaga, T, Tokugawa, Y, Hashimoto, K, et al. Elevated nitric oxide concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males: nitric oxide inhibits sperm motility. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996;36:193–7.Google Scholar

Revelli, A, Bergandi, L, Massobrio, M, Lindblom, B, Bosia, A, Ghigo, D. The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration, sperm motility, leukocytospermia, or sperm culture. Fertil Steril 2001;76:496–500.Google Scholar

Fuchs, TA, Abed, U, Goosmann, C, et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol 2007;176:231–41.Google Scholar

Wolff, H, Anderson, DJ. Evaluation of granulocyte elastase as a seminal plasma marker for leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 1988;50:129–32.Google Scholar

Rajasekaran, M, Hellstrom, WJ, Naz, RK, Sikka, SC. Oxidative stress and interleukins in seminal plasma during leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 1995;64:166–71.Google Scholar

Zorn, B, Virant-Klun, I, Meden-Vrtovec, H. Semen granulocyte elastase: its relevance for the diagnosis and prognosis of silent genital tract inflammation. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1978–84.Google Scholar

Henkel, R, Schill, WB. Sperm separation in patients with urogenital infections. Andrologia 1998;30 Suppl 1:91–7.Google Scholar

Zorn, B, Ihan, A, Kopitar, AN, Kolbezen, M, Sesek-Briski, A, Meden-Vrtovec, H. Changes in sperm apoptotic markers as related to seminal leukocytes and elastase. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;21:84–92.Google Scholar

Maegawa, M, Kamada, M, Irahara, M, et al. A repertoire of cytokines in human seminal plasma. J Reprod Immunol 2002;54(1–2):33–42.Google Scholar

Shimoya, K, Matsuzaki, N, Ida, N, et al. Detection of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) and interleukin (IL)-6 in human seminal plasma and effect of leukospermia on these cytokine levels. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995;34:311–16.Google Scholar

Omu, AE, Al-Qattan, F, Al-Abdul-Hadi, FM, Fatinikun, MT, Fernandes, S. Seminal immune response in infertile men with leukocytospermia: effect on antioxidant activity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999;86:195–202.Google Scholar

Comhaire, F, Bosmans, E, Ombelet, W, Punjabi, U, Schoonjans, F. Cytokines in semen of normal men and of patients with andrological diseases. Am J Reprod Immunol 1994;31(2–3):99–103.Google Scholar

Naz, RK, Kaplan, P. Increased levels of interleukin-6 in seminal plasma of infertile men. J Androl 1994;15:220–7.Google Scholar

Hill, JA, Haimovici, F, Politch, JA, Anderson, DJ. Effects of soluble products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages (lymphokines and monokines) on human sperm motion parameters. Fertil Steril 1987;47:460–5.Google Scholar

Eldamnhoury, EM, Elatrash, GA, Rashwan, HM, El-Sakka, AI. Association between leukocytospermia and semen interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in infertile men. Andrology 2018;6:775–80.Google Scholar

Moretti, E, Collodel, G, Mazzi, L, Campagna, M, Iacoponi, F, Figura, N. Resistin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and human semen parameters in the presence of leukocytospermia, smoking habit, and varicocele. Fertil Steril 2014;102:354–60.Google Scholar

Naz, RK, Evans, L, Armstrong, JS, Sikka, SC. Decreased levels of interleukin-12 are not correlated with leukocyte concentration and superoxide dismutase activity in semen of infertile men. Arch Androl 1998;41:91–6.Google Scholar

Huleihel, M, Lunenfeld, E, Horowitz, S, et al. Expression of IL-12, IL-10, PGE2, sIL-2R and sIL-6R in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. Andrologia 1999;31:283–8.Google Scholar

Ohta, S, Wada, H, Gabazza, EC, Nobori, T, Fuse, H. Evaluation of tissue factor antigen level in human seminal plasma. Urol Res 2002;30:317–20.Google Scholar

Rajasekaran, M, Hellstrom, W, Sikka, S. Quantitative assessment of cytokines (GRO alpha and IL-10) in human seminal plasma during genitourinary inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996;36:90–5.Google Scholar

Zeinali, M, Hadian Amree, A, Khorramdelazad, H, Karami, H, Abedinzadeh, M. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the seminal plasma of infertile men suffering from varicocele. Andrologia 2017;49(6).Google Scholar

Hajizadeh Maleki, B, Tartibian, B. Resistance exercise modulates male factor infertility through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms in infertile men: a RCT. Life Sci 2018;203:150–60.Google Scholar

Hajizadeh Maleki, B, Tartibian, B. High-intensity interval training modulates male factor infertility through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms in infertile men: a randomized controlled trial. Cytokine 2020;125:154861.Google Scholar

Barbonetti, A, Castellini, C, D’Andrea, S, et al. Prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies and relationship of degree of sperm auto-immunization to semen parameters and post-coital test outcome: a retrospective analysis of over 10 000 men. Hum Reprod 2019;34:834–41.Google Scholar

Lu, S-M, Li, X, Wang, S-L, et al. Success rates of in vitro fertilization versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with serum anti-sperm antibodies: a consecutive cohort study. Asian J Androl 2019;21:473–7.Google Scholar

Jiang, Y, Cui, D, Du, Y, et al. Association of anti-sperm antibodies with chronic prostatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Reprod Immunol 2016;118:85–91.Google Scholar

Vazquez-Levin, MH, Marín-Briggiler, CI, Veaute, C. Antisperm antibodies: invaluable tools toward the identification of sperm proteins involved in fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014;72:206–18.Google Scholar

Shibahara, H, Shiraishi, Y, Hirano, Y, Suzuki, T, Takamizawa, S, Suzuki, M. Diversity of the inhibitory effects on fertilization by anti-sperm antibodies bound to the surface of ejaculated human sperm. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1469–73.Google Scholar

Bathla, H, Sidhu, KS. Effect of sperm-agglutinating antibodies on sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1996;41:528–33.Google Scholar

Fedder, J, Askjaer, SA, Hjort, T. Nonspermatozoal cells in semen: relationship to other semen parameters and fertility status of the couple. Arch Androl 1993;31:95–103.Google Scholar

Kortebani, G, Gonzales, GF, Barrera, C, Mazzolli, AB. Leucocyte populations in semen and male accessory gland function: relationship with antisperm antibodies and seminal quality. Andrologia 1992;24:197–204.Google Scholar

Gonzales, GF, Kortebani, G, Mazzolli, AB. Effect of isotypes of antisperm antibodies on semen quality. Int J Androl 1992;15:220–8.Google Scholar

Paschke, R, Schulze Bertelsbeck, D, Bahrs, S, Heinecke, A, Behre, HM. Seminal sperm antibodies exhibit an unstable spontaneous course and an increased incidence of leucocytospermia. Int J Androl 1994;17:135–9.Google Scholar

Eggert-Kruse, W, Neuer, A, Clussmann, C, et al. Seminal antibodies to human 60kd heat shock protein (HSP 60) in male partners of subfertile couples. Hum Reprod 2002;17:726–35.Google Scholar

Zini, A, Lefebvre, J, Kornitzer, G, et al. Anti-sperm antibody levels are not related to fertilization or pregnancy rates after IVF or IVF/ICSI. J Reprod Immunol 2011;88:80–4.Google Scholar

Zini, A, Fahmy, N, Belzile, E, Ciampi, A, Al-Hathal, N, Kotb, A. Antisperm antibodies are not associated with pregnancy rates after IVF and ICSI: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2011;26:1288–95.Google Scholar

Trevor, C (ed). World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.Google Scholar

Eggert-Kruse, W, Bellmann, A, Rohr, G, Tilgen, W, Runnebaum, B. Differentiation of round cells in semen by means of monoclonal antibodies and relationship with male fertility. Fertil Steril 1992;58:1046–55.Google Scholar

Sigman, M, Lopes, L. The correlation between round cells and white blood cells in the semen. J Urol 1993;149(5 Pt 2):1338–40.Google Scholar

Couture, M, Ulstein, M, Leonard, J, Paulsen, CA. Improved staining method for differentiating immature germ cells from white blood cells in human seminal fluid. Andrologia 1976;8:61–6.Google Scholar

Wolff, H. The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1143–57.Google Scholar

Williams, MA, Wick, A, Smith, DC. The influence of staining procedure on differential round cell analysis in stained smears of human semen. Biotech Histochem 1996;71:118–22.Google Scholar

Endtz, AW. A rapid staining method for differentiating granulocytes from “germinal cells” in Papanicolaou-stained semen. Acta Cytol 1974;18:2–7.Google Scholar

Politch, JA, Wolff, H, Hill, JA, Anderson, DJ. Comparison of methods to enumerate white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril 1993;60:372–5.Google Scholar

Wolff, H. Methods for the detection of male genital tract inflammation. Andrologia 1998;30 Suppl 1:35–9.Google Scholar

Villegas, J, Schulz, M, Vallejos, V, Henkel, R, Miska, W, Sánchez, R. Indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies for the detection of leukocytospermia: comparison with peroxidase staining. Andrologia 2002;34:69–73.Google Scholar

Ricci, G, Presani, G, Guaschino, S, Simeone, R, Perticarari, S. Leukocyte detection in human semen using flow cytometry. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1329–37.Google Scholar

Jochum, M, Pabst, W, Schill, WB. Granulocyte elastase as a sensitive diagnostic parameter of silent male genital tract inflammation. Andrologia 1986;18:413–19.Google Scholar

Leino, L, Virkkunen, P. An automated chemiluminescence test for diagnosis of leukocytospermia. Int J Androl 1991;14:271–7.Google Scholar

Branigan, EF, Spadoni, LR, Muller, CH. Identification and treatment of leukocytospermia in couples with unexplained infertility. J Reprod Med 1995;40:625–9.Google Scholar

Yamamoto, M, Hibi, H, Katsuno, S, Miyake, K. Antibiotic and ejaculation treatments improve resolution rate of leukocytospermia in infertile men with prostatitis. Nagoya J Med Sci 1995;58(1–2):41–5.Google Scholar

Omu, AE, al-Othman, S, Mohamad, AS, al-Kaluwby, NM, Fernandes, S. Antibiotic therapy for seminal infection. Effect on antioxidant activity and T-helper cytokines. J Reprod Med 1998;43:857–64.Google Scholar

Yanushpolsky, EH, Politch, JA, Hill, JA, Anderson, DJ. Antibiotic therapy and leukocytospermia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Fertil Steril 1995;63:142–7.Google Scholar

Erel, CT, Sentürk, LM, Demir, F, Irez, T, Ertüngealp, E. Antibiotic therapy in men with leukocytospermia. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1997;42:206–10.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Chang, TS, Marshall, FF. Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 1991;55:235–42.Google Scholar

Hagan, S, Khurana, N, Chandra, S, et al. Differential expression of novel biomarkers (TLR-2, TLR-4, COX-2, and Nrf-2) of inflammation and oxidative stress in semen of leukocytospermia patients. Andrology 2015;3:848–55.Google Scholar

Gambera, L, Serafini, F, Morgante, G, Focarelli, R, De Leo, V, Piomboni, P. Sperm quality and pregnancy rate after COX-2 inhibitor therapy of infertile males with abacterial leukocytospermia. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1047–51.Google Scholar

Kavoussi, PK, Gilkey, MS, Hunn, C, et al. Ibuprofen does not have an adverse impact on semen parameters. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018;35:2201–4.Google Scholar

Vicari, E, La Vignera, S, Calogero, AE. Antioxidant treatment with carnitines is effective in infertile patients with prostatovesiculoepididymitis and elevated seminal leukocyte concentrations after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Fertil Steril 2002;78:1203–8.Google Scholar

Piomboni, P, Gambera, L, Serafini, F, Campanella, G, Morgante, G, De Leo, V. Sperm quality improvement after natural anti-oxidant treatment of asthenoteratospermic men with leukocytospermia. Asian J Androl 2008;10:201–6.Google Scholar

Oliva, A, Multigner, L. Ketotifen improves sperm motility and sperm morphology in male patients with leukocytospermia and unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 2006;85:240–3.Google Scholar

Lasfargues, JE, Custis, D, Morrone, F, Carswell, J, Nguyen, T. A model for estimating spinal cord injury prevalence in the United States. Paraplegia 1995;33:62–8.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Nash, MS, Lynne, CM. Male fertility following spinal cord injury: facts and fiction. Phys Ther 1996;76:1221–31.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Santa-Cruz, C, Lynne, CM. Sperm from spinal cord injured men lose motility faster than sperm from normal men: the effect is exacerbated at body compared to room temperature. J Urol 1997;157:2150–3.Google Scholar

Linsenmeyer, TA, Perkash, I. Infertility in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:747–54.Google Scholar

Aird, IA, Vince, GS, Bates, MD, Johnson, PM, Lewis-Jones, ID. Leukocytes in semen from men with spinal cord injuries. Fertil Steril 1999;72:97–103.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Lynne, CM. The method of assisted ejaculation affects the outcome of semen quality studies in men with spinal cord injury: a review. NeuroRehabilitation 2000;15:89–100.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Bloch, WE, Lynne, CM. Predictors of necrospermia in men with spinal cord injury. J Urol 1998;159:844–7.Google Scholar

Trabulsi, EJ, Shupp-Byrne, D, Sedor, J, Hirsch, IH. Leukocyte subtypes in electroejaculates of spinal cord injured men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:31–4.Google Scholar

Basu, S, Lynne, CM, Ruiz, P, Aballa, TC, Ferrell, SM, Brackett, NL. Cytofluorographic identification of activated T-cell subpopulations in the semen of men with spinal cord injuries. J Androl 2002;23:551–6.Google Scholar

Padron, OF, Brackett, NL, Sharma, RK, Lynne, CM, Thomas, AJ, Agarwal, A. Seminal reactive oxygen species and sperm motility and morphology in men with spinal cord injury. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1115–20.Google Scholar

Vargas-Baquero, E, Johnston, S, Sánchez-Ramos, A, Arévalo-Martín, A, Wilson, R, Gosálvez, J. The incidence and etiology of sperm DNA fragmentation in the ejaculates of males with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 2020;58:803–10.Google Scholar

Randall, JM, Evans, DH, Bird, VG, Aballa, TC, Lynne, CM, Brackett, NL. Leukocytospermia in spinal cord injured patients is not related to histological inflammatory changes in the prostate. J Urol 2003;170:897–900.Google Scholar

Christiansen, E, Tollefsrud, A, Purvis, K. Sperm quality in men with chronic abacterial prostatovesiculitis verified by rectal ultrasonography. Urology 1991;38:545–9.Google Scholar

Leib, Z, Bartoov, B, Eltes, F, Servadio, C. Reduced semen quality caused by chronic abacterial prostatitis: an enigma or reality? Fertil Steril 1994;61:1109–16.Google Scholar

Krieger, JN, Berger, RE, Ross, SO, Rothman, I, Muller, CH. Seminal fluid findings in men with nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. J Androl 1996;17:310–18.Google Scholar

Weidner, W, Jantos, C, Schiefer, HG, Haidl, G, Friedrich, HJ. Semen parameters in men with and without proven chronic prostatitis. Arch Androl 1991;26:173–83.Google Scholar

Pasqualotto, FF, Sharma, RK, Potts, JM, Nelson, DR, Thomas, AJ, Agarwal, A. Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Urology 2000;55:881–5.Google Scholar

Menkveld, R, Huwe, P, Ludwig, M, Weidner, W. Morphological sperm alternations in different types of prostatitis. Andrologia 2003;35:288–93.Google Scholar

Ludwig, M, Kümmel, C, Schroeder-Printzen, I, Ringert, RH, Weidner, W. Evaluation of seminal plasma parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis or leukocytospermia. Andrologia 1998;30 Suppl 1:41–7.Google Scholar

Motrich, RD, Maccioni, M, Molina, R, et al. Reduced semen quality in chronic prostatitis patients that have cellular autoimmune response to prostate antigens. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2567–72.Google Scholar

Fu, W, Zhou, Z, Liu, S, et al. The effect of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) on semen parameters in human males: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e94991.Google Scholar

Condorelli, RA, Russo, GI, Calogero, AE, Morgia, G, La Vignera, S. Chronic prostatitis and its detrimental impact on sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2017;40:1209–18.Google Scholar

Huang, C, Long, X, Jing, S, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections and semen quality in 19,098 infertile men in China. World J Urol 2016;34:1039–44.Google Scholar

Zhou, YH, Ma, HX, Shi, XX, Liu, Y. Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2018;51:778–83.Google Scholar

Peerayeh, SN, Yazdi, RS, Zeighami, H. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection with varicocele-related infertility. J Infect Dev Ctries 2008;2:116–19.Google Scholar

Shen, L, Zhang, L, Zhang, X. [An analysis of CMV infection in 115 cases with viral hepatitis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1996;30:157–9.Google Scholar

Martorell, M, Gil-Salom, M, Pérez-Vallés, A, Garcia, JA, Rausell, N, Senpere, A. Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in testicular biopsies from nonobstructive azoospermic men. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:1132–6.Google Scholar

Behboudi, E, Mokhtari-Azad, T, Yavarian, J, et al. Molecular detection of HHV1–5, AAV and HPV in semen specimens and their impact on male fertility. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2019;22:133–8.Google Scholar

Bujan, L, Sergerie, M, Moinard, N, et al. Decreased semen volume and spermatozoa motility in HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment. J Androl 2007;28:444–52.Google Scholar

Tomlinson, MJ, White, A, Barratt, CL, Bolton, AE, Cooke, ID. The removal of morphologically abnormal sperm forms by phagocytes: a positive role for seminal leukocytes? Hum Reprod 1992;7:517–22.Google Scholar

Kung, AW, Ho, PC, Wang, C. Seminal leucocyte subpopulations and sperm function in fertile and infertile Chinese men. Int J Androl 1993;16:189–94.Google Scholar

Wang, AW, Politch, J, Anderson, D. Leukocytospermia in male infertility patients in China. Andrologia 1994;26:167–72.Google Scholar

Homa, ST, Vassiliou, AM, Stone, J, et al. A Comparison between two assays for measuring seminal oxidative stress and their relationship with sperm DNA fragmentation and semen parameters. Genes (Basel) 2019;10:236.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section 2 - Clinical Evaluation of the Infertile Male

Access options

References

Further Reading

References

References

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

References

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Book contents

Section 2 - Clinical Evaluation of the Infertile Male

Access options

References

Further Reading

References

References

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

References

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive