When Barbara Cole visited a social-service center in Orange County, California, in 1991, she

Cole responded by helping to organize the California Coalition for Immigration Reform that sponsored Proposition 187, the “Save Our State” initiative, as a ballot referendum that would prohibit undocumented immigrants from receiving state-financed social services. Under the initiative, such immigrants could not receive nonemergency health care, prenatal and childbirth services, child welfare, foster care, and public elementary, high school, or college education. Social services, rights that characterize what the British philosopher T. H. Marshall called social citizenship, could go only to citizens. The social wage - all those state-provided services that bolster individual earnings - belonged only to some, not all, who inhabited the nation.