This glycopeptide antibiotic has bactericidal activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA. It is only bacteriostatic for most enterococci. It is used for therapy of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea unresponsive to metronidazole, for which it has to be given by mouth. It is not significantly absorbed from the gut.

Serum level monitoring is required to ensure therapeutic levels are achieved and to limit toxicity. Successful treatment of MRSA infections requires levels above the traditionally recommended range. Under-dosing and problems associated with the sampling and the timing of serum-level monitoring are problems that may result in decreased efficacy of vancomycin in the treatment of infection. The efficacy of vancomycin depends on the time for which the serum level exceeds the MIC for the micro-organism rather than the attainment of high peak levels. Administration of vancomycin as a continuous IV infusion is therefore an ideal method of administration for optimum efficacy. Once the infusion reaches a steady state, the timing for serum-level monitoring is not crucial, and samples can be taken at any time.