Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction: The Tale I Read on Your Face Depends on Who I Believe You Are: Introducing How Social Factors Might Influence the Decoder's Interpretation of Facial Expression
- 1 Implications of Ingroup-Outgroup Membership for Interpersonal Perceptions: Faces and Emotion
- 2 When Two Do the Same, It Might Not Mean the Same: The Perception of Emotional Expressions Shown by Men and Women
- 3 It Takes One to Know One Better: Controversy about the Cultural Ingroup Advantage in Communicating Emotion as a Theoretical Rather Than Methodological Issue
- 4 Beauty Is in the Eyes of the Perceiver: The Impact of Affective Stereotyping on the Perception of Outgroup Members' Facial Expressions
- 5 The Perception of Crying in Women and Men: Angry Tears, Sad Tears, and the “Right Way” to Cry
- 6 Tell Me a Story: Emotional Responses to Emotional Expression during Leader “Storytelling”
- 7 Apples and Oranges: Methodological Requirements for Testing a Possible Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Judgments from Facial Expressions
- 8 Others' Faces' Tales: An Integration
- Index
- Cambridge Cultural Social Studies
- References
2 - When Two Do the Same, It Might Not Mean the Same: The Perception of Emotional Expressions Shown by Men and Women
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 August 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction: The Tale I Read on Your Face Depends on Who I Believe You Are: Introducing How Social Factors Might Influence the Decoder's Interpretation of Facial Expression
- 1 Implications of Ingroup-Outgroup Membership for Interpersonal Perceptions: Faces and Emotion
- 2 When Two Do the Same, It Might Not Mean the Same: The Perception of Emotional Expressions Shown by Men and Women
- 3 It Takes One to Know One Better: Controversy about the Cultural Ingroup Advantage in Communicating Emotion as a Theoretical Rather Than Methodological Issue
- 4 Beauty Is in the Eyes of the Perceiver: The Impact of Affective Stereotyping on the Perception of Outgroup Members' Facial Expressions
- 5 The Perception of Crying in Women and Men: Angry Tears, Sad Tears, and the “Right Way” to Cry
- 6 Tell Me a Story: Emotional Responses to Emotional Expression during Leader “Storytelling”
- 7 Apples and Oranges: Methodological Requirements for Testing a Possible Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Judgments from Facial Expressions
- 8 Others' Faces' Tales: An Integration
- Index
- Cambridge Cultural Social Studies
- References
Summary
When he appears as a Ghost he had a countenance more in sorrow than in anger.
(Shakespeare, Hamlet, I.iii.232)Authors' Note
Ursula Hess, Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal. Reginald B. Adams, Jr., Department of Psychology, Tufts University. Robert E. Kleck, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Fonds de Formation des Chercheurs et l'Aide à la Recherche to Ursula Hess and Robert E. Kleck. We would like to thank Pierre Philippot for his helpful comments on a previous draft and Francois Labelle for the creation of the “aliens.”
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Ursula Hess, Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, CP 8888, Station A, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada (hess.ursula@uqam.ca).
Introduction
Humans are very sensitive to faces. Faces attract attention and have an important impact on our perception of a social interaction. Faces inform us about the gender, ethnicity, age, and state of health of our interaction partners and also convey information about their likely intelligence, maturity, dominance, sociability, and many other characteristics. In addition, human faces are able to communicate information about the emotions of others. Thus, faces provide us with important hints regarding the behaviors and intentions that we may expect from our interaction partners.
It is interesting that an important aspect of emotional expressions is that they also provide social information to the decoder.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Group Dynamics and Emotional Expression , pp. 33 - 50Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007
References
Adams, R. B., Jr., Hess, U., & Kleck, R. E. (2006). Emotion in the neutral face: The influence of gender-emotion stereotypes and gender-related facial appearance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
, , & (1992). Which are the stimuli in facial displays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1050–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1997). The emotions: An integrative approach. In , , & (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 513–541). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, & (2001). The functions of freezing in the social interactions of juvenile high- and low-aggressive mice. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 463–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1989). Were the physiognomists right? Personality correlates of facial babyishness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 266–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 312–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1986). Perceiving character in faces: The impact of age-related craniofacial changes on social perception. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In & (Eds.), Handbook of emotions, 2nd ed. (pp. 447–460). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
(1994). Learning to outwit a competitor in mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1872/1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Originally published 1872).Google Scholar
(1990). Status, sex, and smiling: The effect of smiling in men and women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16, 531–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1932). A study of the laughing and smiling of preschool children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 40, 452–472.Google Scholar
, , , , & (1988). Power displays between women and men in discussions of gender-linked tasks: A multichannel study. Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 580–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
, & (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Sex differences in emotionality: Fact or stereotype?Feminism & Psychology, 3, 303–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1989). Relations among emotion appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1987). Gender, nonverbal behavior, and perceived dominance: A test of the theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 257–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Carney, D. R., & Murphy, N. A. (2002). Gender differences in smiling. In (Ed.), An empirical reflection on the smile (pp. 155–185). New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
, , , & (2001). Status, gender, and nonverbal behavior in candid and posed photographs: A study of conversations between university employees. Sex Roles, 44, 677–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1980). The eye of the very young beholder: Sex typing of infants by young children. Child Development, 51, 598–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1998). License or obligation to smile: The effect of power and sex on amount and type of smiling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1332–1342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1977). Body politics: Power, sex and nonverbal communication. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Henley, N. M. (1995). Body politics revisited: What do we know today? In & (Eds.), Gender, power, and communication in human relationships (pp. 27–61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
, , & (2004). Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression. Emotion, 4, 378–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2005). Who may frown and who should smile? Dominance, affiliation, and the display of happiness and anger. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 515–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., Beaupré, M. G., & Cheung, N. (2002). Who to whom and why – cultural differences and similarities in the function of smiles. In (Ed.), An empirical reflection on the smile (pp. 187–216). New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
, , & (1997). The intensity of emotional facial expressions and decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 241–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (2000). The influence of expression intensity, gender, and ethnicity on judgments of dominance and affiliation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 265–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1995). The intensity of facial expressions is determined by underlying affective state and social situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 280–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , & (2000). Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions. Cognition and Emotion, 609–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, C. F. (1985). Human dominance signals: The primate in us. In & (Eds.), Power, dominance, and nonverbal communication (pp. 89–108). New York: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1981). A cross-cultural exploration of physiognomic traits of dominance and happiness. Ethnology and Sociobiology, 2, 41–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaFrance, M., & Hecht, M. A. (1999). Option or obligation to smile: The effects of power and gender on facial expression. In , , & (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 45–70). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
LaFrance, M., & Hecht, M. A. (2000). Gender and smiling: A meta-analysis. In (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 118–142). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaFrance, M., & Henley, N. M. (1994). On oppressing hypotheses: Or differences in nonverbal sensitivity revisited. In & (Eds.), Power/gender: Social relations in theory and practice. Inquiries in social construction (pp. 287–311). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
(2000). When leaders display emotion: How followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 221–234.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1987). Affect, personality, and facial expressive characteristics of older people. Psychology and Aging, 2, 64–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1987). Emotion communication skills in young, middle-aged, and older women. Psychology and Aging, 2, 193–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2005). Why do fear and anger look the way they do? Form and social function in facial expressions. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 31, 73–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2005). The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5, 119–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1997). The influence of status and sex on observer judgments of anger displays. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., Jr. (1973). Leadership and communication in young chimpanzees. In (Ed.), Precultural primate behavior (pp. 192–225). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., Jr. (1974). A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In & (Eds.), Behavior of nonhuman primates (pp. 83–153). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, & (1997). Situational differences in intentional smiling: A cross-cultural exploration. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 297–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. In & (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 637–663). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (1999). An investigation into the perception of dominance from schematic faces: A study using the World-Wide Web. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 31, 341–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, S. A. (2000). Thinking about gender, thinking about theory: Gender and emotional experience. In (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 3–23). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17
- Cited by