Christian atonement theology is the attempt to spell out how Christ is supposed to have helped us. It envisions the possibility of recreating a broken world, of redeeming what would otherwise be lost. In Western society since at least the seventeenth century the offender has been the paradigm case of such potential loss, but the possibility of redemption in this life has for much of that time hardly been in view. On the contrary, various forms of punishment or retribution have been a surrogate for eternal punishment. The motto guiding punishment has been the motto Dante set over the gates of hell: ‘Abandon hope.’ Over the past thousand years offenders have been hanged, put in the pillory, transported, whipped, put in solitary confinement, set on the treadwheel, and sent to Borstal. None of this has reduced crime. As we have seen, there are those who conclude that, with regard to offenders, ‘nothing works’.