Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vsgnj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T02:03:12.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Global Change, Space Weather, and Climate

from Part I - Future Earth and Planetary Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2018

Tom Beer
Affiliation:
IUGG Commission on Climatic and Environmental Change (CCEC)
Jianping Li
Affiliation:
Beijing Normal University
Keith Alverson
Affiliation:
UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre
Get access

Summary

Space weather encompasses the various processes that connect the physics of the Sun with that of the Earth`s environment, which consists of a very complex system involving the interaction between variations on the solar surface and the electrodynamic environment of the Earth, controlled by its magnetic field. On the basis of the last fifty years of extensive spacecraft observations both in the near-Earth space environment and in the solar system we now have a sufficiently good understanding of the physics, which allows us to start making predictions relevant for society at large. Enormous forces are released during solar eruptions that lead to risks to our society. An important aspect of the Sun–Earth connection is the possibility of a link between solar variations and climate. If such a link exists and can be quantified, it has significant implications regarding the possibility of predicting climate changes, natural or man-made, and mitigating the societal effects
Type
Chapter
Information
Global Change and Future Earth
The Geoscience Perspective
, pp. 28 - 39
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abreu, Jose A, Beer, Jürg, Ferriz-Mas, Antonio, McCracken, Kenneth G, and Steinhilber, Friedhelm. Is there a planetary influence on solar activity? Astronomy & Astrophysics, 548:A88, 2012.Google Scholar
Armstrong, James C, and Zmuda, AJ. Triaxial magnetic measurements of field-aligned currents at 800 kilometers in the auroral region: Initial results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (28): 68026807, 1973.Google Scholar
Baker, Daniel N, Li, X, Pulkkinen, A, Ngwira, CM, Mays, ML, Galvin, AB, and Simunac, KDC. A major solar eruptive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space weather scenarios. Space Weather, 11 (10): 585591, 2013.Google Scholar
Baker, Daniel N, Jackson, Jamie M, and Thompson, Lauren K. Predicting and mitigating socio-economic impacts of extreme space weather: Benefits of improved forecasts. Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications, 1: 113, 2014.Google Scholar
Balmaseda, Magdalena A, Trenberth, Kevin E, and Källén, Erland. Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (9): 17541759, 2013.Google Scholar
Bond, Gerard, Kromer, Bernd, Beer, Juerg, Muscheler, Raimund, Evans, Michael N, Showers, William, Hoffmann, Sharon, Lotti-Bond, Rusty, Hajdas, Irka, and Bonani, Georges. Persistent solar influence on north atlantic climate during the holocene. Science, 294 (5549): 21302136, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunne, Eimear M, Gordon, Hamish, Kürten, Andreas, Almeida, João, Duplissy, Jonathan, Williamson, Christina, Ortega, Ismael K, Pringle, Kirsty J, Adamov, Alexey, Baltensperger, Urs et al. Global atmospheric particle formation from cern cloud measurements. Science, 354 (6316): 11191124, 2016.Google Scholar
Eddy, John A. Climate and the changing sun. Climatic Change, 1 (2): 173190, 1977.Google Scholar
Finlay, Christopher C, Aubert, Julien, and Gillet, Nicolas. Gyre-driven decay of the earth’s magnetic dipole. Nature communications, 7, 2016.Google Scholar
Friis-Christensen, E, and Lassen, K. Length of the solar cycle: An indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate. Science, 254 (5032): 698700, 1991.Google Scholar
Friis-Christensen, Eigil, Lühr, H, and Hulot, Gauthier. Swarm: A constellation to study the earth’s magnetic field. Earth, Planets and Space, 58 (4): 351358, 2006.Google Scholar
Friis-Christensen, Eigil, Lühr, Hermann, Hulot, Gauthier, Haagmans, Roger, and Purucker, Michael. Geomagnetic Research from Space. Eos, 90 (25): 213214, 2009.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, WD, Joselyn, JA, Kamide, Y, Kroehl, HW, Rostoker, G, Tsurutani, BT, and Vasyliunas, VM. What is a geomagnetic storm? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 99 (A4): 57715792, 1994.Google Scholar
Gopalswamy, N, Barbieri, L, Cliver, EW, Lu, G, Plunkett, SP, and Skoug, RM. Introduction to violent sun-earth connection events of October–November 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 110 (A9), 2005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011268.Google Scholar
Gray, Lesley J, Beer, Jürg, Geller, Marvin, Haigh, Joanna D, Lockwood, Michael, Matthes, Katja, Cubasch, Ulrich, Fleitmann, Dominik, Harrison, G, Hood, L et al. Solar influences on climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 48 (4), 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heirtzler, James R, Allen, Joe H, and Wilkinson, Daniel C. Ever-present south Atlantic anomaly damages spacecraft. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 83 (15): 165169, 2002.Google Scholar
Herschel, W. Some remarks on the stability of the light of the sun. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, 166: 1796, 1796.Google Scholar
Hulot, Gauthier, Eymin, Céline, Langlais, Benoît, Mandea, Mioara, and Olsen, Nils. Small-scale structure of the geodynamo inferred from oersted and magsat satellite data. Nature, 4160 (6881): 620623, 2002.Google Scholar
Imbrie, J, Berger, André, Boyle, EA, Clemens, SC, Duffy, A, Howard, WR, Kukla, G, Kutzbach, J, Martinson, DG, McIntyre, A et al. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles 2. The 100,000-year cycle. Paleoceanography, 8 (6): 699735, 1993.Google Scholar
Kirkby, Jasper, Curtius, Joachim, Almeida, João, Dunne, Eimear, Duplissy, Jonathan, Ehrhart, Sebastian, Franchin, Alessandro, Gagné, Stéphanie, Ickes, Luisa, Kürten, Andreas et al. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature, 476 (7361): 429433, 2011.Google Scholar
Kirkby, Jasper, Duplissy, Jonathan, Sengupta, Kamalika, Frege, Carla, Gordon, Hamish, Williamson, Christina, Heinritzi, Martin, Simon, Mario, Yan, Chao, Almeida, João et al. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature, 533 (7604): 521526, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krausmann, E, Andersson, E, Gibbs, M, and Murtagh, W. Space weather and critical infrastructures: Findings and outlooks. EUR 28237 EN, 2016. doi: 10.2788/152877.Google Scholar
Labitzke, Karin, and Van Loon, Harry. Associations between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO and the atmosphere. Part I: The troposphere and stratosphere in the northern hemisphere in winter. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 50 (3): 197206, 1988.Google Scholar
Laken, Benjamin A, Palle, Enric, Calogovic, Jasa, and Dunne, Eimear M. A cosmic ray-climate link and cloud observations. J. Space Weath. Space Clim., 2: A18, 2012. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2012018.Google Scholar
Lassen, K, and Friis-Christensen, E. Reply [to solar cycle lengths and climate: A reference revisited]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 105 (A12): 2749327495, 2000. ISSN 2156–2202. doi: 10.1029/2000JA900067. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JA900067.Google Scholar
Lassen, Knud, and Friis-Christensen, Eigil. Variability of the solar cycle length during the past five centuries and the apparent association with terrestrial climate. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 57 (8): 835845, 1995.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Mike, and Fröhlich, Claus. Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Volume 463, pages 24472460. The Royal Society, 2007.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Mike, Harrison, Richard Giles, Woollings, T, and Solanki, Sami K. Are cold winters in Europe associated with low solar activity? Environmental Research Letters, 5 (2): 024001, 2010.Google Scholar
Marsh, Nigel, and Svensmark, Henrik. Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate. Space Science Reviews, 94 (1–2): 215230, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maus, Stefan, MacMillan, Susan, Chernova, T, Choi, S, Dater, D, Golovkov, V, Lesur, V, Lowes, F, Lühr, H, Mai, W et al. The 10th-generation international geomagnetic reference field. Geophysical Journal International, 161 (3): 561565, 2005.Google Scholar
McCracken, K G, Beer, J, Steinhilber, F, and Abreu, J. A phenomenological study of the cosmic ray variations over the past 9400 years, and their implications regarding solar activity and the solar dynamo. Solar Physics, 286 (2): 609627, 2013. ISSN 1573–093X. doi: 10.1007/s11207–013–0265–0. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207–013–0265–0.Google Scholar
Neff, U, Burns, SJ, Mangini, A, Mudelsee, M, Fleitmann, D, and Matter, A. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature, 411 (6835): 290293, 2001.Google Scholar
Ney, Edward P. Cosmic radiation and the weather. Nature, 183: 451452, 1959.Google Scholar
Ngwira, Chigomezyo M, Pulkkinen, Antti, Mays, M Leila, Kuznetsova, Maria M, Galvin, AB, Simunac, Kristin, Baker, Daniel N, Li, Xinlin, Zheng, Yihua, and Glocer, Alex. Simulation of the 23 July 2012 extreme space weather event: What if this extremely rare cme was earth directed? Space Weather, 11 (12): 671679, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partamies, N, Juusola, L, Tanskanen, E, Kauristie, K, Weygand, JM, and Ogawa, Y. Substorms during different storm phases. In Annales Geophysicae, 29, 2031–2043.Google Scholar
Plainaki, Christina, Lilensten, Jean, Radioti, Aikaterini, Andriopoulou, Maria, Milillo, Anna, Nordheim, Tom A, Dandouras, Iannis, Coustenis, Athena, Grassi, Davide, Mangano, Valeria et al. Planetary space weather: Scientific aspects and future perspectives. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 6: A31, 2016.Google Scholar
Riley, Pete. On the probability of occurrence of extreme space weather events. Space Weather, 10 (2), 2012.Google Scholar
Schlegel, Kristian, Lühr, Hermann, Maurice, J-P St, Crowley, Geoff, and Hackert, Chris. Thermospheric density structures over the polar regions observed with champ. Annales Geophysicae, 23, 16591672, 2005.Google Scholar
Shaviv, Nir J. Publisher’s note: Cosmic ray diffusion from the galactic spiral arms, iron meteorites, and a possible climatic connection [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 051102 (2002)]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 89: 089901, Aug 2002. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.089901. URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.089901.Google Scholar
Shaviv, Nir J. Using the oceans as a calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 113 (A11), 2008.Google Scholar
Solanki, SK and Fligge, M. Solar irradiance variations and climate. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64 (5): 677685, 2002.Google Scholar
Soon, WH, Posmentier, ES, and Baliunas, SL. Inference of solar irradiance variability from terrestrial temperature changes, 1880–1993: An astrophysical application of the sun-climate connection. The Astrophysical Journal, 472 (2): 891, 1996.Google Scholar
Stefani, F, Giesecke, A, Weber, N, and Weier, T. Synchronized helicity oscillations: A link between planetary tides and the solar cycle? Solar Physics, 1–16, 2016. ISSN 1573–093X. doi: 10.1007/s11207–016–0968–0. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0968-0.Google Scholar
Svensmark, Henrik. Evidence of nearby supernovae affecting life on earth. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 423 (2): 12341253, 2012. ISSN 1365–2966. doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2966.2012.20953.x. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2966.2012.20953.x.Google Scholar
Svensmark, Henrik, and Friis-Christensen, Eigil. Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage – a missing link in solar-climate relationships. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 59 (11): 12251232, 1997.Google Scholar
Svensmark, Henrik, Pedersen, Jens Olaf P, Marsh, Nigel D, Enghoff, Martin B, and Uggerhøj, Ulrik I. Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Volume 463, pages 385396. The Royal Society, 2007.Google Scholar
Svensmark, Henrik, Enghoff, Martin B, and Pedersen, Jens Olaf Pepke. Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50nm) to changes in ion-nucleation. Physics Letters A, 377 (37): 23432347, 2013.Google Scholar
Svensmark, J, Enghoff, MB, Shaviv, NJ, and Svensmark, Henrik. The response of clouds and aerosols to cosmic ray decreases. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(9): 81528181, 2016.Google Scholar
Victor, David G, and Kennel, Charles F. Climate policy: ditch the 2 °C warming goal. Nature, 1219(9), 81478151.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×