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4 - The Challenge to Distinguish Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures (SSDS) Formed by Glaciotectonic, Periglacial and Seismic Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Area

A Review and Synthesis

from Part II - Methods and Techniques for Fault Identification and Dating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

By
Katharina Müller ,
Jutta Winsemann ,
Małgorzata (Gosia) Pisarska-Jamroży ,
Thomas Lege ,
Thomas Spies  and
Christian Brandes
Edited by
Holger Steffen ,
Odleiv Olesen  and
Raimo Sutinen
Holger Steffen
Affiliation:
Lantmäteriet, Sweden
Odleiv Olesen
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Norway
Raimo Sutinen
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Finland
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Summary

This chapter gives an overview of the use of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) as palaeoearthquake indicators in formerly glaciated and periglacial areas. We review the most important processes of soft-sediment deformation and the different nomenclature used in the scientific communities.

So-called seismites are beds with SSDS that formed because of seismic shaking. However, in regions that were affected by glacial and periglacial processes, the use of SSDS as palaeoearthquake indicator is challenging and interpretation must be done with care. Earthquakes are only one trigger process of many that can cause liquefaction and/or fluidization of sediments, leading to the formation of SSDS. Ice-sheet loading, glaciotectonism and freeze and thaw processes in glacial and periglacial environments are also potential trigger processes that can cause the formation of similar types of SSDS, which can be easily mistaken for seismites. Therefore, we provide clear criteria to recognize seismites in the field. The combination of deformation bands that occur in the vicinity of basement faults with carefully evaluated SSDS is a robust indicator for palaeoearthquakes.

Keywords

Soft-Sediment Deformation StructuresDeformation BandEarthquakePalaeoseismologyGlaciotectonicsNeotectonicsLiquefactionFluidizationNomenclatureCryoturbation
Type
Chapter
Information
Glacially-Triggered Faulting , pp. 67 - 88
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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