My purpose in this chapter is to explore portraits of the royal family and their dwarfs at the Spanish Habsburg courts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Conventionally, encounters between the two have been presented as a binary with the “normal/ideal” body of the elite figure at one extreme and the “anomalous,” non-standard dwarf at the other. However, the royal family's own impairments complicate who exactly is “normal” in this context, bearing in mind that “normal” is a modern term for what was conceptualized in the early modern period as everyday phenomena on the one hand and uncommon phenomena on the other. It is important to recognize that ideas about bodies—like the language we use to describe them—are not fixed, but extremely fluid, and culturally specific. It is useful, therefore, to embrace the flexible, early modern approach, whereby the difference between “regular” and “anomalous” bodies was a matter of degrees rather than absolutes. An assessment of the portraits can shed light on these complex issues, not least by revealing what aspects of a dwarf's role and appearance were deemed worthy of memorialization on canvas and which were excluded.

In Spanish courts, dwarfs were counted among the gente de placer (literally “people of pleasure”), whose number included people of average height who entertained with a mixture of physical and verbal humor, and the locos—a loose category that embraced the talkative as well as the genuinely insane.