References
Alix, C. (2007). Wood artifacts and technology at Qitchauvik. In An Ipiutak Outlier: A Late 1st millennium AD Qarigi in Golovnin Bay. Shared Beringian Heritage Program. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, pp. 95–134.
Alix, C. (2009). Deering wood technology. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 233–41.
Anderson, D. D. (1962). Cape Krusenstern Ipiutak Economic and Settlement Patterns. M.A. Brown University.
Anderson, D. D. (1972). An archaeological survey of the Noatak drainage, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology, 9 (1), 66–117.
Anderson, D. D. (1978). Tulaagiaq: A transitional Near Ipiutak-Ipiutak archaeological site from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 19 (1), 45–57.
Anderson, D. D. (1983). Changing prehistoric Eskimo subsistence patterns: A working paper. In Cultures of the Bering Sea Region, papers from an International Symposium (Moscow), edited by H. N. Michael and J. W. VanStone. New York, NY: International Research and Exchanges Board, pp. 62–83.
Anderson, D. D. (1984). Prehistory of north Alaska. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5, Arctic. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 80–93.
Anderson, D. D. (1988). Onion Portage: The archaeology of a stratified site from the Kobuk River, northwest Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 22 (1–2), 1–163.
Anderson, S. (2011). From Tundra to Forest: Ceramic Distribution and Social Interaction in Northwest Alaska. Ph.D. University of Washington.
Arutiunov, S. A. and Sergeev, D. A. (2006a) [1969] Ancient Cultures of the Asiatic Eskimos: The Uelen Cemetery. Anchorage, AK: Shared Beringian Program, National Park Service. [Translation by R. L. Bland of Drevnie kul’tury aziatskikh eskimosov (Uelenskii mogil’nik), Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.]
Arutiunov, S. A. and Sergeev, D. A. (2006b) [1975]. Problems in the Ethnic History of the Bering Sea: Ekven Cemetery. Anchorage, AK: Shared Beringian Program, National Park Service. [Translation by R. L. Bland of Problemy etnishiskoi istorii Beringomoria: Ekven mogil’nik, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Institut Etografi Imeni, N.N. Moscow: Milkukho-Maklaia.]
Auger, E. E. (2005). The Way of Inuit Art: Aesthetics and History in and beyond the Arctic. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland and Co.
Bird, B. W., Abbott, M. B, Finney, B. P. and Kutchko, B. (2009). A 2000 year varve-based climate record from the central Brooks Range, Alaska. Journal of Paleolimnology, 41 (1), 25–41.
Bogorz, W. (1904–9). The Chukchee, Part II. Religion. Reprint from Vol. VII, Part II, Jesup North Pacific Expedition, edited by Franz Boas. Vol. XL, Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Bowers, P. M. (Editor) (2009). The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research. Monograph in preparation for the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Village Safe Water Office, the City of Deering, and the Deering IRA Council. Northern Land Use Research, Inc., Fairbanks.
Bunker, E. C., Chatwin, C. B. and Farkas, A. R. (1970).“Animal Style” Art from East to West. New York, NY: The Asia Society.
Burch, E. S. (1981). Traditional Eskimo Hunters of Point Hope, Alaska: 1800–1875. North Slope Borough.
Campbell, J. M. (1962). Cultural succession at Anaktuvuk Pass, arctic Alaska. In Prehistoric Cultural Relations between the Arctic and Temperate Zones of North America, edited by J. M. Campbell. Technical Paper No. 11, Arctic Institute of North America, Montreal, pp. 39–54,
Clark, D. W. (1977). Hahanudan Lake: An Ipiutak Related Occupation of Western Interior Alaska. Mercury Series Archaeological Survey Paper 71. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
Collins, H. B. (1937). Archaeology of Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 96 (1).
Collins, H. B. (1964). The arctic and subarctic. In Prehistoric Man in the New World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 85–114.
Collins, H. B. (1971). Composite masks: Chinese and Eskimo. Anthropologica, XIII, 271–8.
Collins, H. B. (1973). Eskimo art. In The Far North: 2000 years of American Eskimo and Indian Art. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, pp. 1–31.
Collins, H. B. (1976). The Okvik figurine: Madonna or Bear Mother. Folk, 17, 125–32.
Crass, B. (1998). Pre-Christian Inuit Mortuary Practices: A Compendium of Archaeological and Ethnographical Sources. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin.
de Laguna, F. (1934). The Archaeology of Cook Inlet, Alaska. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
Dumond, D. E. (1977). Eskimos and Aleuts. London: Thames and Hudson.
Dumond, D. E. (1978). Alaska and the Northwest coast. In Ancient Native Americans. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman, pp. 45–93.
Dumond, D. E. (1982). Trends and traditions in Alaskan prehistory: The place of Norton culture. Arctic Anthropology, 19 (2), 39–51.
Dumond, D. E. (1987). Eskimos and Aleuts, Second Edition. London: Thames and Hudson.
Dumond, D. E. (2000). The Norton tradition. Arctic Anthropology, 37 (2), 1–22.
Dumond, D. E. (2009). A Note on labret use around the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Alaska Journal of Anthropology, 7 (2), 121–34.
Eliade, M. (1964). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gal, R. (1982). Appendix I: An annotated roster of archaeological radiocarbon dates from Alaska, north of 68° latitude. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 20 (1–2), 159–80.
Gannon, B. (1987). 1986 Archaeological survey along the proposed airport road relocation right of way, Kotzebue, Alaska. Unpublished report, Alaska Department of Transportation, Fairbanks. Dated April 29, 1987.
Ge, Q., and Wu, W. (2011). Climate during the Medieval Climate Anomaly in China. In Medieval Climate Anomaly. PAGES News, 19 (1), 24–6.
Gerlach, S. C. (1989). Models of Caribou Exploitation, Butchery, and Processing at the Croxton Site, Tukuto Lake, Alaska. Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, Brown University.
Gerlach, S. C. and Mason, O. K. (1992). Calibrated radiocarbon dates and cultural interaction in the western Arctic. Arctic Anthropology, 29 (1), 54–81.
Giddings, J. L. (1964). The Archaeology of Cape Denbigh. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Giddings, J. L. (1967). Ancient Men of the Arctic. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Giddings, J. L. and Anderson, D. D. (1986). Beach Ridge Archaeology of Cape Krusenstern: Eskimo and Pre-Eskimo Settlements around Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Publications in Archeology 20. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Hall, E. S. (1974). Archaeological investigations in the Noatak River valley, Summer 1973. Contributions from the Center for Northern Studies, No. 1, 460–523.
Hall, E. S. (1990). A Cultural Resource Site Reconnaissance of Proposed Construction Areas in the Vicinity of Point Hope, Alaska. Technical Memorandum 35, Brockport, NY: Edwin S. Hall and Associates.
Harritt, R. K. (1994). Eskimo Prehistory on the Seward Peninsula. Research Report AR 21. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service.
Harritt, R. K. (1995). The development and spread of the whale hunting complex in Bering Strait: Retrospective and prospects. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic. Studies in Whaling No. 3, Occasional Paper No. 36, Circumpolar Institute. Edmonton: University of Alberta, pp. 33–51.
Hill, E. (2011). The historical ecology of walrus exploitation in the North Pacific. In Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacific. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 41–64.
Hoff, R., Thorsen, S. and Miraglia, R. (1991). Report of Section 106 Investigation. Historic Site Numbers: NOA-287, 288, Allotment FF 017606 Max Wilson, Sr. Archeology Section, Bureau of Indian Affairs, On file, Anchorage: State Historic Preservation Office, Office of History and Archaeology, State of Alaska.
Hoffecker, J. F. and Mason, O. K. (2010). Cape Espenberg Thule Origins Project. Alaska Journal of Anthropology, 8 (1), 143–4.
Hosley, E. (1967). Archaeological Evaluation of Ancient Habitation Site and Surface and Submarine Geology, Point Hope, Alaska. Report to the U.S. Corps of Engineers, Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska.
Hosley, E. (1972). Archaeological evaluation of ancient habitation site, Point Hope, Alaska. In Point Hope Beach Erosion, Point Hope, Alaska, Appendix A, Survey Report, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, Anchorage.
Irving, W. H. (1962). 1961 Field work in the western Brooks Range, Alaska. Preliminary Report. Arctic Anthropology, 1 (1), 76–83.
Jenness, D. (1952). Discussion of H. Larsen, “The Ipiutak Culture: Its Origin and Relationships.” Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of Americanists 3. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 30–4.
Jensen, A. M. (1997). An Archaeological Field Survey in Connection with Proposed Construction at the Ipiutaq Site and Old Town Site, Point Hope, Alaska. UIC Science Division Technical Report #1. Barrow, AK: UIC Cultural Resources, prepared for LCMF, Inc.
Jensen, A. M. (2009). Nuvuk: Point Barrow, Alaska: The Thule Cemetery and Ipiutak Occupation. Ph.D. Bryn Mawr College.
Jettmar, K. (1964). Art of the Steppes. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
Larsen, H. (1952). The Ipiutak culture: Its origin and relationships. In Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of Americanists. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 22–34.
Larsen, H. (1968a). Near Ipiutak and Uwelen-Okvik. Folk, 10, 81–90.
Larsen, H. (1968b). Trail Creek: Final report on the excavation of two caves on Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Acta Arctica, 15, 7–79.
Larsen, H. (1969/70). Some examples of bear cult among the Eskimos and other northern peoples. Folk, 11–12, 27–42.
Larsen, H. (1979/80). Examples of Ipiutak art from Point Spencer, Alaska. Folk, 21/22, 17–28.
Larsen, H. (1982). An artifactual comparison of finds of Norton and related cultures. Arctic Anthropology, 19 (2), 53–8.
Larsen, H. (2001). Deering: A Men’s House from Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Publications of the [Danish] National Museum, Ethnographical Series, Volume 19. Department of Ethnography, SILA – Greenland Research Centre, Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
Larsen, H. and Rainey, F. (1948). Ipiutak and the Arctic Whale Hunting Culture. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 42. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
Lawn, B. (1975). University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVIII. Sect. F. Arctic. Radiocarbon, 7 (2), 207–15.
Lommel, A. (1967). The World of the Early Hunters: Medicine Men, Shamans and Artists. London: Evelyn, Adams & Mackay.
Lowenstein, T. (2008). Ultimate Americans: Point Hope, Alaska: 1826–1909. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
Lutz, B. J. (1972). A Methodology for Determining Regional Intercultural Variation Within Norton, an Alaskan Archaeological Culture. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania.
Lutz, B. (1973). An archaeological karigi at the site of UngLaqLiq, western Alaska. Arctic Anthropology, 10–1, 111–9.
Maschner, H. D. G. (2008). Fishtails, ancestors, and Old Islanders: Chirikof Island, the Alaska Peninsula and the dynamics of Western Alaska prehistory. Alaska Journal of Anthropology, 6 (1–2), 171–83.
Maschner, H. D. G. and Reedy-Maschner, K. (1998). Raid, retreat, defend (Repeat): The archaeology and ethnohistory of warfare on the North Pacific Rim. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 17, 19–51.
Mason, O. K. (1998). The contest between Ipiutak, Old Bering Sea and Birnirk polities and the origin of whaling during the first millennium A.D. along Bering Strait. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 17 (3), 240–325.
Mason, O. K. (2000). Archaeological Rorshach in delineating Ipiutak, Punuk and Birnirk in NW Alaska: Masters, slaves or partners in trade? In Identities and Cultural Contacts in the Arctic, Publication No. 8. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center, pp. 229–51.
Mason, O. K. (2006). Ipiutak remains mysterious: A focal place still out of focus. In Dynamics of Northern Societies, Proceedings of a Symposium. Copenhagen: Danish National Museum and Danish Polar Center, pp. 106–20.
Mason, O. K. (2009a). The multiplication of forms: Bering Strait harpoon heads as a demic and macroevolutionary proxy. In Macroevolution in Human Prehistory: Evolutionary Theory and Processual Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer Verlag, pp. 73–107.
Mason, O. K. (2009b). Art, power, and cosmos in Bering Strait prehistory. In Gifts from the Ancestors: Ancient Ivories from Bering Strait. Exhibition catalog. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Museum of Art, pp. 112–25.
Mason, O. K. (2009c). Mask affinities. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Safe Water Archaeological Project, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 249–66.
Mason, O. K. (2009d). The Ipiutak cult on the Seward Peninsula. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Safe Water Archaeological Project, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 267–72.
Mason, O. K. (2010). An assessment of the Archives of Professor Helge Larsen held at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen. Report.
Mason, O. K. (2012). Memories of warfare: Archaeology and oral history in assessing the conflict and alliance model of Ernest S. Burch. Arctic Anthropology 49 (2), 72–91.
Mason, O. K. (n.d. a). From Norton to Ipiutak: The onset of sedentary salmonizers to its crisis. In Handbook of Arctic Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In press.
Mason, O. K. (n.d. b). The Old Bering Sea florescence. In Handbook of Arctic Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In press.
Mason, O. K. (n.d. c). Thule origins in the Old Bering Sea culture: The Inter-relationship of Punuk and Birnirk. In Handbook of Arctic Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In press.
Mason, O. K. and Barber, V. (2003). A paleogeographic preface to the origins of whaling: Cold is better. In Indigenous Ways to the Present: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic, edited by A. P. McCartney. Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton and Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 69–108.
Mason, O. K. and Bowers, P. M. (2009). The origin of Thule is always elsewhere: Early Thule within Kotzebue Sound, cul de sac or nursery? In The Thule Culture: New Perspectives in Inuit Prehistory: An International Symposium in Honor of Research Professor H.C. Gulløv. Copenhagen: Danish National Museum, pp. 25–44.
Mason, O. K. and Gerlach, S. C. (1995). Chukchi sea hot spots, paleo-polynyas and caribou crashes: Climatic and ecological constraints on northern Alaska prehistory. Arctic Anthropology, 32 (1), 101–30.
Mason, O. K. and Jordan, J. W. (1993). Heightened North Pacific storminess and synchronous late Holocene erosion of northwest Alaska beach ridge complexes. Quaternary Research, 40 (1), 55–69.
Mason, O. K., Ganley, M. L., Sweeney, M., Alix, C. and Barber, V. (2007). An Ipiutak Outlier: A Late 1st millennium AD Qarigi in Golovnin Bay. Shared Beringian Heritage Program. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service.
McGhee, R. (1976). Differential artistic productivity in the Eskimo cultural tradition. Current Anthropology, 17 (2), 203–20.
Mills, R. O., Gerlach, S. C. and Bowers, P. M. (2005). Stability and change in the use of place at the Kame Terrace site, Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska (New Series), 4 (1), 27–58.
Morrow, P. and Volkman, T. A. (1975). The Loon with the ivory eyes: A study in symbolic archaeology. Journal of American Folklore, 88, 143–50.
Moss, M. L., and Bowers, P. M. (2007). Migratory bird harvest in Northwestern Alaska: A zooarchaeological analysis of Ipiutak and Thule occupations from the Deering archaeological district. Arctic Anthropology, 44 (1), 37–50.
Narroll, R. (1962). Floor area and settlement population. American Antiquity, 27 (4), 587–9.
Nelson, E. W. (1899). The Eskimo about Bering Strait. 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years 1896–1897. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Newton, J. I. M. (2002). About Time: Chronological Variation as Seen in the Burial Features at Ipiutak, Point Hope. M.A. University of Alaska.
Ostermann, H. (Editor) (1952 [1976]). The Alaskan Eskimos, as described in the posthumous notes of Dr. Knud Rasmussen. Report of the 5th Thule Expedition 1921–1924, Vol X, No. 3. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag.
Pearson, J. L. (2002). Shamanism and the Ancient Mind: A Cognitive Approach to Archaeology. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Rainey, F. (1941). The Ipiutak culture at Point Hope, Alaska. American Anthropologist, 43 (3), 364–75.
Rainey, F. (1942). Discovering Alaska’s oldest Arctic town. The National Geographic Magazine, 82 (3), 318–26.
Rainey, F. G. (1947). The Whale Hunters of Tigara. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 41(2). New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
Rainey, F. (1971). The Ipiutak Culture: Excavations at Point Hope, Alaska. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Rainey, F. and Ralph, E. (1959). Radiocarbon dating in the Arctic. American Antiquity, 24 (4), 365–74.
Ralph, E. and Ackerman, R. E. (1961). University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates IV. Radiocarbon, 3, 4–14.
Reanier, R. E. (1992). Refinement of K Means Clustering: Spatial Analysis of the Bateman Site, Arctic Alaska. Ph.D. University of Washington.
Reuther, J. D. (2009a). Lithic analysis. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbank, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 86–92.
Reuther, J. D. (2009b). Obsidian analysis data. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska, Volume 3, Appendices. Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. E-79–82.
Reuther, J. D. and Bowers, P. M. (2009). Geochronology. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska: Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 201–17.
Rouget, G. (1985). Music and Trance: A Theory of the Relations Between Music and Possession. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Saleeby, B., Moss, M. O., Hays, J. M., Strathe, C. and Laybolt, D. L. (2009). Faunal analyses. In The Archaeology of Deering, Alaska. Final Report on the Village Safe Water Program, edited by P. M. Bowers. Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research, pp. 178–200.
Shepard, F. P. and Wanless, H. R. (1971). Our Changing Coastlines. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Simmons, W. (1986). Human skeletal remains from Cape Krusenstern and Battle Rock. In Beach Ridge Archaeology of Cape Krusenstern: Eskimo and Pre-Eskimo Settlements around Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Publications in Archeology 20. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, pp. 356–61.
Smith, G. S. and Zimmerman, M. R. (1975). Tattooing found on a 1,600 year old frozen mummified body from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. American Antiquity, 40, 434–7.
Stanford, D. J. (1976). Walakpa: Its Place in the Birnirk and Thule Cultures. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Steinacher, S. (1998). Mystery people of the arctic. The Nome Nugget, February 12, XCVIII (6), 1–6.
Speiss, A. (1979). Reindeer and Caribou Hunters: An Archaeological Study. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Stern, R., Reuther, J. D., Bowers, P. M., Gelvin-Reymiller, C. and Hays, J. M. (2010). Cultural Resources Monitoring of Water Treatment Plant Construction (2009) in Kivalina, Alaska. Report to Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Fairbanks, AK: Northern Land Use Research.
Sutherland, P. (2001a). Shamanism and the iconography of Paleo-Eskimo art. In The Archaeology of Shamanism. London: Routledge, pp. 135–45.
Sutherland, P. (2001b). Bear imagery in Paleo-Eskimo art: Shamanism and traditional beliefs. North Atlantic Studies, 4 (1–2), 13–6.
Time magazine (1926). Cephenemiya. Time, XII [issue of April 5].
Time magazine (1941). Arctic metropolis. Time, XXXVII, 11, 58–9 [issue of March 17].
Time magazine (1948). Diggers. Time, LII, 16, 70–2 [issue of October 18].
Whitney, H. (
2004).
Parasites of Caribou (2): Fly Larvae Infestations. Publication APO10, dated July 27, Department of Natural Resources, Agriculture, Saint Johns: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador [available at
www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/agrifoods].
Willey, G. R. (1966). An Introduction to American Archaeology, Volume 1: North and Middle America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Workman, W. B. (1982). Beyond the southern frontier: The Norton culture and the western Kenai Peninsula. Arctic Anthropology, 19 (2), 101–22.
Workman, W. B. (1992). Life and death in a first millennium AD Gulf of Alaska culture: The Kachemak tradition ceremonial complex. In Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: The Archaeology of Ideology, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Chacmool Conference. Calgary: Archaeological Association of Calgary, pp. 19–25.
Xoplaki, E., Fleitmann, D., Diaz, H., von Gunten, L. and Kiefer, T. (Editors) (2011). Medieval Climate Anomaly. PAGES News, 19 (1), 1–32.