The de-institutionalization of mental hospitals and the movement towards a community-integrated mental health care system is a resilient world-wide trend in the organization of medical services. From the patients' point of view, the central objective of this process is to optimize the functioning of individuals in their own living environment. This differs from the period prior to deinstitutionalization, when the traditional psychiatric hospital was the standard living environment for chronic psychiatric patients. In those stable settings, systematic treatment plans as well as relatively standard interventions were developed and carried out. De-institutionalization, however, added complexity and re-introduced the patients' own environment into treatment planning. As a consequence mental health services had to incorporate the realities of community life into treatment programs. Personalized rehabilitation strategies are an attempt to tailor rehabilitation to individual needs. Developing treatment programs in such a complex context is not easy, particularly since the data required to plan treatments, the actual interactions of the patients with their living environments, are generally hidden from the observation of mental health professionals. Personalized rehabilitation extends traditional treatment approaches, that attempted to correct skill deficits through training, by incorporating information about the patients' interactions with an active and changing environment in the rehabilitation process.