INTRODUCTION

A high level of consumer protection as required by Article 38 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU as well as by Article 114(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) cannot only be achieved by rules of substantive law, but also requires adequate procedural mechanisms to enforce the law. Not all Member States provide such effective procedural standards yet. Notable reasons for this lack of effectiveness include the excessive duration of civil proceedings and high procedural costs in relation to rather small values of the claims in question.

In order to enhance the enforcement of consumer rights, the European institutions focus predominantly on the implementation of alternative dispute resolution measures such as collective enforcement mechanisms. For example, the European Commission has adopted Recommendation 2013/396/EU of 11 June 2013 on “common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union law” and the Directive for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR Directive). However, comparable efforts to strengthen the effectiveness of individual redress mechanisms have not been made.

The procedural autonomy of the Member States can only partially explain this passivity on the part of the European institutions. In particular, the European Union has quite far-reaching competence to regulate international jurisdiction in consumer law matters (see Article 81(1) and (2)(a) and (c) TFEU). However, the EU did not use this competence to its full extent. The Brussels I bis Regulation provides only for a limited set of rules regarding consumer jurisdiction. Notably, Articles 17–19 of the Brussels I bis Regulation only cover contract matters, and only apply provided that certain further conditions are met. This is all the more remarkable as the effectiveness of enforcement of consumer rights relates strongly to the jurisdictional rules. It is obvious that the willingness, practical possibility and financial capacity to enforce one's rights depend on whether the legal proceedings take place in close proximity to the consumer's residence. In international cases, language barriers and barriers resulting from the application of foreign national law may be further impediments to consumers enforcing their rights by means of legal proceedings.