A clear understanding of the terms, concepts, and distinctions that people use to describe ethical problems and concerns helps in identifying what is ethically significant (or “morally relevant”) in a situation. Understanding the ethical significance of the problems we face is the first step in responding well to them. Clear concepts and distinctions are also needed in the reflective examination of the ethical soundness of practices and customs. Standing up to such examination is what distinguishes ethical convictions from mere habits of thought.

The tendency to avoid ethical language is so widespread that even common terms for describing ethical situations seem strangely unfamiliar. Although avoiding ethical language may, in some circumstances, serve to reduce the defensiveness of those whose actions or policies are being questioned, it inhibits the understanding of ethical problems that commonly occur. The precise use of concept is essential for careful reasoning and clear communication in any field, and a consistent use of terms is required for parties to be able to recognize when they are agreeing, disagreeing, or addressing different subjects.

This introduction is intended both to clarify ethical terms and distinctions and to provide a general framework for considering ethical questions. If discussion of ethical terms is new to you, you may want to read through the main text, skipping the fine points that are set off to the side in smaller type.