Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-03T11:14:17.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Mind Wondering

Curious Daydreaming and Other Potentially Inspiring Forms of Mind-Wandering

from III - Pathways to Insight

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2024

Carola Salvi
Affiliation:
John Cabot University, Rome
Jennifer Wiley
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Steven M. Smith
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we explore the relationship between mind-wandering (broadly defined as task-unrelated thought) and creativity. We begin with an exploration of the evidence that mind-wandering may contribute to creative insights (Aha! experiences) and then explore its relationship to creativity more generally. Although assorted lines of evidence support a relationship between mind-wandering and creativity, this literature has proven to be somewhat mixed: an outcome that we speculate arises because only certain types of mind-wandering are helpful. We then consider the relationship between different types of mind-wandering and creativity, examining both differences between individuals in the frequency with which they engage in assorted types of mind-wandering and fluctuations within individuals across days. This review offers suggestive evidence that particular forms of mind-wandering may facilitate creativity and, in particular, that curious daydreaming (or “mind wondering”) may do so. However, we acknowledge the case remains equivocal as supportive research is limited. We close with a discussion of future directions that may help to more conclusively identify and potentially foster the kinds of mind-wandering that are most likely to promote creative insights and advances

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnoli, S., Vanucci, M., Pelagatti, C., & Corazza, G. E. (2018). Exploring the link between mind-wandering, mindfulness, and creativity: A multidimensional approach. Creativity Research Journal, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1411423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779806. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., et al. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23(10), 11171122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612446024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2007). Methods for investigating the neural components of insight. Methods, 42(1), 8799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.11.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cai, D. J., Mednick, S. A., Harrison, E. M., Kanady, J. C., & Mednick, S. C. (2009). REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(25), 1013010134. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900271106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2016). Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(11), 718731. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franklin, M. S., Mrazek, M. D., Anderson, C. L., et al. (2013). The silver lining of a mind in the clouds: Interesting musings are associated with positive mood while mind-wandering. Frontiers in Psychology, 4 (AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gable, S. L., Hopper, E. A., & Schooler, J. W. (2019). When the muses strike: Creative ideas of physicists and writers routinely occur during mind-wandering. Psychological Science, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618820626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, M. E. (2022) Perceptual, phenomenological, and behavioral processes underpinning state and dispositional curiosity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California.Google Scholar
Gross, M. E., Smith, A. P., Graveline, Y. M., et al. (2021). Comparing the phenomenological qualities of stimulus-independent thought, stimulus-dependent thought and dreams using experience sampling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, M. E., Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2020). Cultivating an understanding of curiosity as a seed for creativity. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1(1), 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagtvedt, L. P., Dossinger, K., Harrison, S. H., & Huang, L. (2019). Curiosity made the cat more creative: Specific curiosity as a driver of creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 150, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hao, N., Wu, M., Runco, M. A., & Pina, J. (2015). More mind-wandering, fewer original ideas: Be not distracted during creative idea generation. Acta Psychologica, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvitz, L. A. (2002). Eureka!: Scientific breakthroughs that changed the world. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Isaacson, W. (2007) Einstein: His life and universe. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B., & Silvia, P. J. (2009). Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. In Snyder, C. R & Lopez, S. J (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 367374). Oxford University Press,Google Scholar
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., Haider, H., & Rhenius, D. (1999). Constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 25(6), 15341555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.6.1534.Google Scholar
Koelsch, S., Bashevkin, T., Kristensen, J., Tvedt, J., & Jentschke, S. (2019). Heroic music stimulates empowering thoughts during mind-wandering. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46266-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leszczynski, M., Chaieb, L., Reber, T. P., et al. (2017). Mind-wandering simultaneously prolongs reactions and promotes creative incubation. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10616-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litman, J. A. (2008). Interest and deprivation factors of epistemic curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 15851595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 7598. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.116.1.75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative problem solving process. Psychological Review, 69(3), 200232. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mrazek, M. D., Smallwood, J., Franklin, M. S., et al. (2012). The role of mind-wandering in measurements of general aptitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(4), 788798. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mrazek, M.D., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J.W. (2012). Mindfulness & mind-wandering: Finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion, 12(3), 442448. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1998.246510.1037/a0026678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, S., Liang, N., Brosowsky, N., & Seli, P. (2021). What are the benefits of mind wandering to creativity? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppezzo, M., & Schwartz, D. L. (2014). Give your ideas some legs: The positive effect of walking on creative thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 40(4), 11421152. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036577.Google ScholarPubMed
Ratcliffe, E., Gatersleben, B., Sowden, P. T., & Korpela, K. M. (2021). Understanding the Perceived Benefits of Nature for Creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 56(2), 215231. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, R. (1986). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Ritter, S. M., Abbing, J., & van Schie, H. T. (2018). Eye-closure enhances creative performance on divergent and convergent creativity tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, S. M., & Ferguson, S. (2017). Happy creativity: Listening to happy music facilitates divergent thinking. PLoS ONE, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvi, C., Bricolo, E., Kounios, J., Bowden, E., & Beeman, M. (2016) Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(4), 443460, https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schooler, J.W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., et al. (2011). Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(7), 319326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.006.Google ScholarPubMed
Schooler, J. W. & Zedelius, C. M. (2017, August 3–6) The functionality and dysfunctionality of mind wandering. [Paper presentation} American Psychological Society, Washington, D. C.Google Scholar
Seifert, C. M., Meyer, D. E., Davidson, N., Patalano, A. L., & Yaniv, I. (1995). Demystification of cognitive insight: Opportunistic assimilation and the Prepared-Mind Perspective. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), The Nature of Insight (pp. 65124). MIT Press.Google Scholar
Seli, Paul, Ralph, B. C. W., Risko, E. F., et al. (2017). Intentionality and meta-awareness of mind-wandering: Are they one and the same, or distinct dimensions? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 24(6), 18081818. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1249-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. L., & Antrobus, J. S. (1963). A factor-analytic study of daydreaming and conceptually-related cognitive and personality variables. Perceptual and motor skills, 17(1), 187209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. L., & Antrobus, J. S. (1972). Dimensions of daydreaming: A factor analysis of imaginal processes and personality scales. In Sheehan, P (Ed.), The nature and function of imagery (pp. 175292). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Smallwood, J., Nind, L., & O’Connor, R. C. (2009). When is your head at? An exploration of the factors associated with the temporal focus of the wandering mind. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 118125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeekens, B. A., & Kane, M. J. (2016). Working memory capacity, mind-wandering, and creative cognition: An individual-differences investigation into the benefits of controlled versus spontaneous thought. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10(4), 389415. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. P., Brosowsky, N., Murray, S., et al. (2022). Fixation, flexibility, and creativity: The dynamics of mind wandering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(7), 689710.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. M., Gerkens, D. R., & Angello, G. (2017). Alternating incubation effects in the generation of category exemplars. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 51(2), 95106 https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stieger, M., Flückiger, C., Rüegger, D., et al. (2021). Changing personality traits with the help of a digital personality change intervention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(8). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017548118.Google ScholarPubMed
Zedelius, C. M., Gross, M. E., & Schooler, J. W. (2022). Inquisitive but not discerning: Deprivation curiosity is associated with excessive openness to inaccurate information. Journal of Research in Personality, 98, 104227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2015). Mind wandering “Ahas” versus mindful reasoning: Alternative routes to creative solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2017). What are people’s lay theories about mind wandering and how do those beliefs affect them? The science of lay theories: How beliefs shape our cognition, behavior, and health, 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zedelius, C. M. & Schooler, J. W. (2024) Curious and fantastical: The daydreaming of creative writers. Unpublished manuscript, University of California Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Zedelius, C. M., Protzko, J., Broadway, J. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2021). What types of daydreaming predict creativity? Laboratory and experience sampling evidence. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15(4), 596611. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigarnik, B. (1927). Über das Behalten von erledigten und unerledigten Handlungen. Psychologisches Forschung, 9, 1–85.Google Scholar
Zhiyan, T., & Singer, J. L. (1997). Daydreaming styles, emotionality and the big five personality dimensions. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 16(4), 399414. https://doi.org/10.2190/ateh-96ev-exyx-2adb.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×