Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T04:17:57.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 5 - Intrapartum Care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2021

Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Obstetrics & Maternal-Fetal Medicine
, pp. 359 - 476
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Liao, J, Buhimschi, C, Norwitz, E. Normal labour: mechanism and duration. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2005;32:14564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garfield, R, Blennerhassett, M, Miller, S. Control of myometrial contractility: role and regulation of gap junctions. Oxford Rev Reprod Biol. 1988;10:43690.Google Scholar
Nathanielsz, P. Comparative studies on the initiation of labour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;78:12732.Google Scholar
Oh, S, Kim, C, Park, I, et al. Progesterone receptor isoform (A/B) ratio of human fetal membranes increases during term parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:115660.Google Scholar
Dawood, M, Wang, C, Gupta, R, et al. Foetal contribution to oxytocin in human labour. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;52:2059.Google Scholar
Zeeman, G, Khan-Dawood, F, Dawood, M. Oxytocin and its receptor in pregnancy and parturition: current concepts and clinical implications. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:87383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albers, LL, Schiff, M, Gorwoda, JG. The length of active labour in normal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Mar;87(3):355–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J, Duan, T. The physiologic pattern of normal labour progression. BJOG. 2018;125:944–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, EA. Primigravid labour; a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1955;6:56789.Google Scholar
Friedman, EA. Labour: Clinical Evaluation and Management, 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1978.Google Scholar
Nizard, J, Haberman, S, Paltieli, Y, et al. How reliable is the determination of cervical dilation? Comparison of vaginal examination with spatial position-tracking ruler. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:402.e14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downe, S, Gyte, GML, Dahlen, HG, Singata, M. Routine vaginal examinations for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 15;(7):CD010088.Google Scholar
Smyth, RMD, Markham, C, Dowswell, T. Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 18;(6):CD006167.Google Scholar
Lawrence, A, Lewis, L, Hofmeyr, GJ, Styles, C. Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 9;(10):CD003934.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J, Mendez-Bauer, C. A perspective of maternal position during labour. J Perinat Med. 1980;8(6):255–64.Google Scholar
American Society of Anesthesiologists. Press release. Most healthy women would benefit from light meal during labour. www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2015/10/eating-a-light-meal-during-labour. Published November 6, 2015. Accessed February 9, 2019.Google Scholar
Singata, M, Tranmer, J, Gyte, GMI. Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003930.Google Scholar
Ciardulli, A, Saccone, G, Anastasio, H, Berghella, V. Less-restrictive food intake during labour in low-risk singleton pregnancies: asystematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):473–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janni, W, Schiessl, B, Peschers, U, et al. The prognostic impact of a prolonged second stage of labour on maternal and foetal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002 Mar. 81(3):214–21.Google Scholar
Shaffer, BL, Cheng, YW, Vargas, JE, Laros, RK Jr, Caughey, AB. Manual rotation of the foetal occiput: predictors of success and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(5):e79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, JK, Sood, A, Hofmeyr, GJ, Vogel, JP. Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 25(5):CD002006.Google ScholarPubMed
The Epidural and Position Trial Collaborative Group. Upright versus lying down position in second stage of labour in nulliparous women with low dose epidural: BUMPES randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2017;359:j4471.Google Scholar
Lemos, A, Amorim, MMR, Dornelas de Andrade, A, et al. Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Rev. 2015 Oct 9;(10):CD009124.Google Scholar
Aasheim, V, Nilsen, ABV, Reinar, LM, Lukasse, M, Reinar, LM. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD006672.Google Scholar
Jiang, H, Qian, X, Carroli, G, Garner, P. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 8;(2):CD000081.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Bavel, J, Hukkelhoven, CWPM, de Vries, C, et al. The effectiveness of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during operative vaginal delivery: a ten-year analysis of a national registry. Int Urogynecol J. 2018;29:407413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eogan, M, Daly, L, O’Connell, PR, O’Herlihy, C. Does the angle of episiotomy affect the incidence of anal sphincter injury? BJOG. 2006;113:1904.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Vogel, JP, Cuthbert, A, Singata, M. Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 7(3):CD006067.Google ScholarPubMed
Simpson, KR, Knox, GE. Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2001;26(2):6470.Google Scholar
Wyllie, J, Bruinenberg, J, Roehr, CC, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: Section 7. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth. Resuscitation. 2015;95:249–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, ER, Bergman, N, Anderson, GC, Medley, N. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov;(11):CD003519.Google ScholarPubMed
Westhoff, G, Cotter, AM, Tolosa, JE. Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 30;(10):CD001808.Google ScholarPubMed
Ayres-de-Campos, D, Arulkumaran, S; FIGO Intrapartum Foetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum foetal monitoring: Physiology of foetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum foetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, SJ, Middleton, P, Dowswell, T, Morris, PS. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul(7):CD004074.Google Scholar
Andersson, O, Lindquist, B, Lindgren, M, et al. Effect of delayed cord clamping on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:6318.Google Scholar

References

Gould, JB, Madan, A, Qin, C, Chavez, G. Perinatal outcomes in two dissimilar immigrant populations in the United States: a dual epidemiologic paradox. Pediatrics. 2003 Jun; 111(6 Pt 1): e676–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagnon, AJ, Zimbeck, M, Zeitlin, J, et al. Migration to Western industrialised countries and perinatal health: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Sep;69(6):934–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crimmins, EM, Kim, JK, Alley, DE, Karlamangla, A, Seeman, T. Hispanic paradox in biological risk profiles. Am J Public Health. 2007 Jul;97(7):1305–10.Google Scholar
Norman, P, Boyle, P, Rees, P. Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2005 Jun;60(12):2755–71.Google Scholar
Women’s Refugee Commission. Available online: www.womensrefugeecommission.org/empower/resources/practitioners-forum/facts-and-figures (accessed on 17 October 2018).Google Scholar
Simsek, Z, Yentur Doni, N, Gul Hilali, N, Yildirimkaya, G. A community-based survey on Syrian refugee women’s health and its predictors in Sanliurfa, Turkey. Women Health. 2018 Jul;58(6):617–31.Google Scholar
Ravelli, AC, Tromp, M, Eskes, M, et al. Ethnic differences in stillbirth and early neonatal mortality in The Netherlands. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011 Aug;65(8):696701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekeus, C, Cnattingius, S, Essen, B, Hjern, A. Stillbirth among foreign-born women in Sweden. Eur J Public Health. 2011 Dec;21(6):788–92.Google Scholar
Malin, M, Gissler, M. Maternal care and birth outcomes among ethnic minority women in Finland. BMC Public Health. 2009 Mar 20;9:84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanconato, G, Iacovella, C, Parazzini, F, Bergamini, V, Franchi, M. Pregnancy outcome of migrant women delivering in a public institution in northern Italy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011;72(3):157–62.Google Scholar
Banks, E, Meirik, O, Farley, T, Akande, O, Bathija, H, Ali, M. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet. 2006 Jun 3;367(9525):1835–41.Google Scholar
Heslehurst, N, Brown, H, Pemu, A, Coleman, H, Rankin, J. Perinatal health outcomes and care among asylum seekers and refugees: a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Med. 2018 Jun 12;16(1):89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. SOGC Position Statement: When a Patient Asks for Another Physician on Cultural or Religious Grounds. Ottawa: Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada; 2013.Google Scholar
Small, R, Roth, C, Raval, M, et al. Immigrant and non-immigrant women’s experiences of maternity care: a systematic and comparative review of studies in five countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Apr 29;14:152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J, Epstein, R, Fiscella, K, et al. Caring for Somali women: implications for clinician-patient communication. Patient Educ Couns. 2007 Jun;66(3):337–45.Google Scholar
Murray, L, Windsor, C, Parker, E, Tewfik, O. The experiences of African women giving birth in Brisbane, Australia. Health Care Women Int. 2010 May;31(5):458–72.Google Scholar
Merry, L, Vangen, S, Small, R. Caesarean births among migrant women in high-income countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 Apr;32:8899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagnon, AJ, Van Hulst, A, Merry, L, et al. Cesarean section rate differences by migration indicators. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013 Apr;287(4):633–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandasamy, T, Cherniak, R, Shah, R, Yudin, MH, Spitzer, R. Obstetric risks and outcomes of refugee women at a single centre in Toronto. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Apr;36(4):296302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagnon, AJ, Dougherty, G, Platt, RW, et al. Refugee and refugee-claimant women and infants post-birth: migration histories as a predictor of Canadian health system response to needs. Can J Public Health. 2007 Jul–Aug;98(4):287–91.Google Scholar
Tsakiridis, I, Mamopoulos, A, Athanasiadis, A, Dagklis, T. Vaginal birth after previous cesarean birth: a comparison of 3 national guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2018 Sep;73(9):537–43.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal M, Caughey, AB, Cahill, AG, Guise, JM, et al. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Mar;210(3):179–93.Google Scholar
NICE. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline. 3 December 2014.Google Scholar
Executive and Council of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC), The Association of Women’s Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses of Canada (AWHONN Canada), The Canadian Association of Midwives (CAM), The College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC), and the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada (SRPC). SOGC Joint Policy Statement on Normal Childbirth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30:1163e5.Google Scholar
Goldstein, RF, Abell, SK, Ranasinha, S, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2207–25.Google Scholar
Poobalan, AS, Aucott, LS, Gurung, T, Smith, WC, Bhattacharya, S. Obesity as an independent risk factor for elective and emergency caesarean delivery in nulliparous women–systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2009 Jan;10(1):2835.Google Scholar
Grytten, J, Skau, I, Sørensen, R. Do mothers decide? The impact of preferences in healthcare. J Hum Resour 2013;48: 142e68.Google Scholar
NICE. Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. Clinical Guideline. 26 March 2008.Google Scholar
Turner, C, Turner, P, Po, L, et al. Group B streptococcal carriage, serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibilities in pregnant women at the time of delivery in a refugee population on the Thai-Myanmar border. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 8;12:34.Google Scholar
Tsakiridis, I, Mamopoulos, A, Athanasiadis, A, Dagklis, T. Obstetric anal sphincter injuries at vaginal delivery: a review of recently published national guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2018 Dec;73(12):695702.Google Scholar
Hartmann, K, Viswanathan, M, Palmieri, R, et al. Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005 May 4;293(17):2141–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bollini, P, Pampallona, S, Wanner, P, Kupelnick, B. Pregnancy outcome of migrant women and integration policy: a systematic review of the international literature. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Feb;68(3):452–61.Google Scholar
De Maio, FG. Immigration as pathogenic: a systematic review of the health of immigrants to Canada. Int J Equity Health. 2010 Nov 24;(9):27.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, J, Blondel, B, Ananth, CV. Characteristics of childbearing women, obstetrical interventions and preterm delivery: a comparison of the US and France. Matern Child Health J. 2015 May;19(5):1107–14.Google Scholar
Auger, N, Luo, ZC, Platt, RW, Daniel, M. Do mother’s education and foreign born status interact to influence birth outcomes? Clarifying the epidemiological paradox and the healthy migrant effect. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008 May;62(5):402–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, RR, Ray, JG, Taback, N, Meffe, F, Glazier, RH. Adverse pregnancy outcomes among foreign-born Canadians. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011 Mar;33(3):207–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kana, MA, Correia, S, Barros, H. Adverse pregnancy outcomes: a comparison of risk factors and prevalence in native and migrant mothers of Portuguese generation XXI birth cohort. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019 Apr;21(2):307–14.Google Scholar
Villalonga-Olives, E, Kawachi, I, von Steinbuchel, N. Pregnancy and birth outcomes among immigrant women in the US and Europe: a systematic review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 Dec;19(6):1469–87.Google Scholar
Gungor, ES, Seval, O, Ilhan, G, Verit, FF. Do Syrian refugees have increased risk for worser pregnancy outcomes? Results of a tertiary center in Istanbul. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;15(1):23–7.Google Scholar
Stirnemann, J, Villar, J, Salomon, LJ, et al. International estimated fetal weight standards of the INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Apr;49(4):478–86.Google Scholar

References

Wright, AH. Prolonged pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J. 1911 Oct;1(10):944–7.Google Scholar
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Committee Opinion, Definition of Term Pregnancy, Number 579, November 2013 (Reaffirmed 2017).Google Scholar
Vayssière, C, Haumonte, JB, Chantry, A, et al; French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Prolonged and post-term pregnancies: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013 Jul;169(1):1016.Google Scholar
Näslund Thagaard, I, Krebs, L, Lausten-Thomsen, U, et al. Dating of pregnancy in first versus second trimester in relation to post-term birth rate: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2016 Jan 13;11(1):e0147109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, E, Abele, H, Bartz, C, et al. S1-guideline: management of late-term and post-term pregnancy* short version – AWMF Registry Number: 015/065.Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014 Dec;74(12):10991103.Google ScholarPubMed
Boyd, ME, Usher, RH, McLean, FH, Kramer MS Obstetric consequences of postmaturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Feb;158(2):334–8.Google Scholar
Caughey, AB, Snegovskikh, VV, Norwitz, ER. Postterm pregnancy: how can we improve outcomes? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008 Nov;63(11):715–24.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 146: management of late-term and postterm pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Aug;124(2 Pt 1):390–6.Google Scholar
Nadhifa Anwar, M, Tutik, R. Hubungan Usia, Paritas Ibu Bersalin Dengan Kejadian Persalinan Postterm [The Relationship between Age and Maternity Parity with Postterm Birth]. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi. 2018;6(1):2734.Google Scholar
Kortekaas, JC, Kazemier, BM, Ravelli, AC, et al. Recurrence rate and outcome of postterm pregnancy, a national cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015 Oct;193:70–4.Google Scholar
Schierding, W, O’Sullivan, JM, Derraik, JG, Cutfield, WS. Genes and post-term birth: late for delivery.BMC Res Notes. 2014 Oct 14;7:720.Google Scholar
Oberg, AS, Frisell, T, Svensson, AC, Iliadou, AN. Maternal and fetal genetic contributions to postterm birth: familial clustering in a population-based sample of 475,429 Swedish births. Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Mar 15;177(6):531–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olesen, AW, Basso, O, Olsen, J. Risk of recurrence of prolonged pregnancy BMJ. 2003 Mar 1;326(7387):476.Google Scholar
Divon, MY, Haglund, B, Nisell, H, Otterblad, PO, Westgren, M. Fetal and neonatal mortality in the postterm pregnancy: the impact of gestational age and fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Apr;178(4):726–31.Google Scholar
Divon, MY, Ferber, A, Nisell, H, Westgren, M. Male gender predisposes to prolongation of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;187(4):1081–3.Google Scholar
Heslehurst, N, Vieira, R, Hayes, L, et al. Maternal body mass index and post‐term birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev. 2017 Mar; 18(3): 293308.Google Scholar
Kaya, S, Keskin, HL, Kaya, B, Ustuner, I, Avsar, AF. Reduced total antioxidant status in postterm pregnancies. Hippokratia. 2013 Jan–Mar;17(1): 55–9.Google Scholar
Mannino, F. Neonatal complications of postterm gestation. J Reprod Med. 1988 Mar;33(3):271–6.Google Scholar
Reynolds, JW, Burry, K, Carlson, CV. Fetoplacental steroid metabolism in prolonged pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Jan;154(1):74–9.Google Scholar
Vorherr, H. Placental insufficiency in relation to postterm pregnancy and fetal postmaturity. Evaluation of fetoplacental function; management of the postterm gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975 Sep 1;123(1):67103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifford, SH. Postmaturity, with placental dysfunction; clinical syndrome and pathologic findings. J Pediatr. 1954 Jan;44(1):113.Google Scholar
Shime, J, Gare, DJ, Andrews, J, et al. Prolonged pregnancy: surveillance of the fetus and the neonate and the course of labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Mar 1;148(5):547–52.Google Scholar
Campbell, MK, Ostbye, T, Irgens, LM. Post-term birth: risk factors and outcomes in a 10-year cohort of Norwegian births. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Apr;89(4):543–8.Google Scholar
Ounpraseuth, ST, Magann, EF, Spencer, HJ, Rabie, NZ, Sandlin, AT. Normal amniotic fluid volume across gestation: Comparison of statistical approaches in 1190 normal amniotic fluid volumes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017 Jul;43(7):1122–31.Google Scholar
Trimmer, KJ, Leveno, KJ, Peters, MT, Kelly, MA. Observations on the cause of oligohydramnios in prolonged pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Dec;163(6 Pt 1):1900–3.Google Scholar
Cheng, YW, Nicholson, JM, Nakagawa, S, et al. Perinatal outcomes in low-risk term pregnancies: do they differ by week of gestation? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Oct;199(4):370.e1–7.Google Scholar
Rossi, EM, Philipson, EH, Williams, TG, Kalhan, SC. Meconium aspiration syndrome: intrapartum and neonatal attributes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Nov;161(5):1106–10.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No. 173: Fetal Macrosomia. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Nov;128(5):e195e209.Google Scholar
Maoz, O, Wainstock, T, Sheiner, E, Walfisch, A. Immediate perinatal outcomes of postterm deliveries. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Jan 4:16.Google Scholar
Nakling, J, Backe, B. Pregnancy risk increases from 41 weeks of gestation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(6):663–8.Google Scholar
Ingemarsson, I, Källén, K. Stillbirths and rate of neonatal deaths in 76,761 post‐term pregnancies in Sweden, 1982–1991: a register study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997 Aug;76(7):658–62.Google Scholar
Caughey, AB, Musci, TJ. Complications of term pregnancies beyond 37 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jan;103(1):5762.Google Scholar
ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 146: Management of Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancies, August 2014. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:390–6.Google Scholar
WHO. World Health Organization Recommendations for Induction of Labour. 2011. http://apps.who.int//iris/handle/10665/44531.Google Scholar
Middleton, P, Shepherd, E, Crowther, CA. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 9;(5):CD004945.Google Scholar
Mya, KS, Laopaiboon, M, Vogel, JP, et al.; WHO Multi-Country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. Management of pregnancy at and beyond 41 completed weeks of gestation in low-risk women: a secondary analysis of two WHO multi-country surveys on maternal and newborn health. Reprod Health. 2017 Oct 30;14(1):141.Google Scholar
Avdiyovski, H, Haith-Cooper, M, Scally, A. Membrane sweeping at term to promote spontaneous labour and reduce the likelihood of a formal induction of labour for postmaturity: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019 Jan;39(1):5462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilman, E, Sushereba, E. Amniotic membrane sweeping. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Oct;39(6):466–70.Google Scholar
Chen, W, Xue, J, Peprah, MK, et al. A systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing the use of Foley catheters, misoprostol, and dinoprostone for cervical ripening in the induction of labour. BJOG. 2016 Feb;123(3):346–54.Google Scholar
Yeh, S, Huang, X, Phelan, JP. Postterm pregnancy after previous cesarean section. J Reprod Med. 1984 Jan;29(1):41–4.Google Scholar

References

Sanchez-Ramos, L, Kaunitz, A. Induction of labour. In The Global Library of Women’s Medicine (ISSN:1756–2228). 2009. doi: 10.3843/GLOWM.10130Google Scholar
Graham, H. Eternal Eve: The History of Gynecology and Obstetrics. London: T. Brun; 1950.Google Scholar
Denman, T. An Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery. London: J. Johnson; 1794.Google Scholar
Muscat Baron, Y. Why did Homo sapiens develop a large brain? Human Evolution. 2016:31(4):229–36.Google Scholar
Usha Kiran, TS, Hemmadi, S, Bethel, J, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in a woman with an increased body mass index.BJOG. 2005;112:768–72.Google Scholar
Hickey, CA, Cliver, SP, McNeal, SF, et al. Low pregravid body mass index as a risk factor for preterm birth: variation by ethnic group. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:206–12.Google Scholar
Kundodyiwa, TW, Alfirevic, Z, Weeks, AD. Low-dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(2 Pt 1):374–83.Google Scholar
Muscat Baron, Y. (2012). Clinical Practice Guideline on Induction of Labour and Antenatal Surveillance of the Post-Dates Pregnancy. UMMS, Malta. 2011. [e-book publication]Google Scholar
NICE. Inducing Labour. Clinical Guideline 70. 2008.Google Scholar
Blanc-Petitjean, P, Salomé, M, Dupont, C, et al. Labour induction practices in France: a population-based declarative survey in 94 maternity units. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2018;47(2):5762.Google Scholar
Schwarz, C, Schäfers, R, Loytved, C et al. Temporal trends in foetal mortality at and beyond term and induction of labor in Germany 2005–2012: data from German routine perinatal monitoring. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293:335–43.Google Scholar
Sinnott, SJ, Layte, R, Brick, A, Turner, MJ. Variation in induction of labour rates across Irish hospitals; a cross-sectional study. Eur J Public Health. 2016;26:753–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilder, L, Costeloe, K, Thilaganathan, B. Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation-specific risks of foetal and infant mortality. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(2):169–73.Google Scholar
Heimstad, R, Pål, R, Romundstad, O, Salvesen, A. Induction of labour for post-term pregnancy and risk estimates for intrauterine and perinatal death. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2008;87(2):247–9.Google Scholar
Wennerholm, UB, Hagberg, H, Brorsson, B, Bergh, C. Induction of labor versus expectant management for postdate pregnancy: is there sufficient evidence for a change in clinical practice? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(1):617.Google Scholar
Middleton, P, Shepherd, E, Crowther, CA. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 9(5):CD004945.Google Scholar
Sotiriadis, A, Petousis, S, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal and perinatal outcomes after elective induction of labor at 39 weeks in uncomplicated singleton pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(1):2635.Google Scholar
Little, SE, Zera, CA, Clapp, MA, et al. A multi-state analysis of early-term delivery trends and the association with term stillbirth. Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;126(6):1138–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDorman, M, Reddy, U, Silver, R. Trends in stillbirth by gestational age in the United States, 2006–2012. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):1146–150.Google Scholar
Smith, GC. Predicting antepartum stillbirth. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;18(6):625–30.Google Scholar
Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. Association between stillbirth and risk factors known at pregnancy confirmation. JAMA. 2011 Dec 14;306(22):2469–79.Google Scholar
Savona-Ventura, C. Secular trends in obstetric practice in Malta. Int J Risk & Safety in Med. 2004;16:211–15.Google Scholar
Cedergren, M. Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(2):219–24.Google Scholar
Malacova, E, Regan, A, Nassar, N, et al. Risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and foetal growth restriction following exposure in a previous birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2018;125(2):183–92.Google Scholar
Bukowski, R, Hansen, NI, Willinger, M. Foetal growth and risk of stillbirth: a population-based case-control study. PloS Med. 2014;11(4):e1001633.Google Scholar
Moster, D, Wilcox, AJ, Vollset, SE, et al. Cerebral palsy among term and postterm births. JAMA. 2010 Sep 1;304(9):976–82.Google Scholar
Huang, L, Sauve, R, Birkett, N, et al. Maternal age and risk of stillbirth: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2008 Jan 15;178(2):165–72.Google Scholar
Waldenström, U, Cnattingius, S, Norman, M, Schytt, E. Advanced maternal age and stillbirth risk in nulliparous and parous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(2):355–62.Google Scholar
Boehm, FH, Salyer, S, Shah, DM. Improved outcome of twice weekly nonstress testing. Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Apr;67(4):566–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Caughey, AB, Nicholson, JM, Cheng, YW, et al. Induction of labour and caesarean delivery by gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2006;195(3):700–5.Google Scholar
Efkarpidis, S, Alexopoulos, E, Kean, L, et al. Case-control study of factors associated with intrauterine foetal deaths. Med Gen Med. 2004;6:53.Google Scholar
Saastad, E, Tveit, JV, Flenady, V, et al. Implementation of uniform information on foetal movement in a Norwegian population reduced delayed reporting of decreased foetal movement and stillbirths in primiparous women – a clinical quality improvement. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):2.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Novikova, N. Management of reported decreased foetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(4):CD009148.Google Scholar
Mahran, M, Omran, M. The impact of diagnostic ultrasound on the prediction of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1988;26:375–8.Google Scholar
Neilson, J. Ultrasound for foetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2): CD000182.Google Scholar
Bricker, L, Neilson, JP, Dowswell, T. Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks’ gestation). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD001451.Google Scholar
Proud, J, Grant, AM. Third trimester placental grading by ultrasonography as a test of foetal wellbeing. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294:1641–4.Google Scholar
Nageotte, MP, Towers, CV, Asrat, T, Freeman RK. Perinatal outcome with the modified biophysical profile. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170 (6):1672–6.Google Scholar
Leduc, D, Biringer, G, Lee, L. Induction of labour review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(9):840857.Google Scholar
Xenakis, EM, Piper, JM, Conway, DL, Langer, O. Induction of labor in the nineties: conquering the unfavorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90(2):235–9.Google Scholar
Vrouenraets, FP, Roumen, FJ, Dehing, CJ, et al. Bishop score and risk of caesarean delivery after induction of labor in nulliparous women. Obstet Gyanecol. 2005;105:690–7.Google Scholar
Boulvain, M, Irion, O. Stripping/sweeping the membranes for inducing or preventing post-term pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001328.Google Scholar
Voigt, F., Goecke, T., Najjari, L. et al. Off-label use of misoprostol for labor induction in Germany: a national survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;187:85–9.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Gülmezoglu, AM. Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD000941.Google Scholar
Lim, S, Tan, T, Yang Huang Ng, G, Patient satisfaction with the cervical ripening balloon as a method for induction of labour: a randomised controlled trial. Singapore Med J. 2018;59(8):419–24.Google Scholar
Clark, SL, Simpson, KR, Knox, GE, Garite, TJ. Oxytocin: new perspectives on an old drug. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(1):35.Google Scholar
Kenyon, S, Tokumasu, H, Dowswell, T, et al. High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 13;(7):CD007201.Google Scholar

References

Sabiani, L, Le Dû, R, Loundou, A, et al. Intra- and interobserver agreement among obstetric experts in court regarding the review of abnormal foetal heart rate tracings and obstetrical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol .2015 Dec;213(6):856.e18.Google Scholar
Arikan, GM, Scholz, HS, Petru, E, et al. Cord blood oxygen saturation in vigorous infants at birth: what is normal? BJOG. 2000 Aug;107(8):987–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yli, BM, Kjellmer, I. Pathophysiology of foetal oxygenation and cell damage during labour. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 Jan;30:921.Google Scholar
Jensen, A, Roman, C, Rudolph, AM. Effects of reducing uterine blood flow on foetal blood flow distribution and oxygen delivery. J Dev Physiol. 1991 Jun;15(6):309–23.Google Scholar
Ayres-de-Campos, D, Spong, CY, Chandraharan, E, FIGO Intrapartum Foetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel.FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum foetal monitoring: cardiotocography. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;131(1):1324.Google Scholar
Goesta Rooth, O, Huch, A, Huch, R, et al. FIGO News. Guidelines for the Use of Foetal Monitoring* by the FIGO Subcommittee on Standards in Perinatal Medicine, November, 1986. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1987;25:159–67.Google Scholar
Amer-Wahlin, I, Arulkumaran, S, Hagberg, H, Marsál, K, Visser, GHA. Foetal electrocardiogram: ST waveform analysis in intrapartum surveillance. BJOG. 2007 Oct 12;114(10):1191–3.Google Scholar
Cahill, AG, Tuuli, MG, Stout, MJ, López, JD, Macones, GA. A prospective cohort study of foetal heart rate monitoring: deceleration area is predictive of foetal acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May;218(5):523.e1–523.e12.Google Scholar
Ugwumadu, A. Infection and foetal neurologic injury. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Apr;18(2):106–11.Google Scholar
Williams, KP, Galerneau, F. Foetal heart rate parameters predictive of neonatal outcome in the presence of a prolonged deceleration. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov; 100 (5 Pt 1): 951–4.Google Scholar
Cahill, A, Tuuli, MG, Stout, MJ, et al. 345: Electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) patterns are associated with acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Jan 1;214(1):S194–5.Google Scholar
Dalton, KJ, Dawes, GS, Patrick, JE. The autonomic nervous system and foetal heart rate variability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Jun 15;146(4):456–62.Google Scholar
Nunes, I, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Kwee, A, Rosén, KG. Prolonged saltatory foetal heart rate pattern leading to newborn metabolic acidosis. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2014;41(5):507–11.Google Scholar
Modanlou, HD, Murata, Y. Sinusoidal heart rate pattern: reappraisal of its definition and clinical significance. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004 Jun;30(3):169–80.Google Scholar
Ikenoue, T, Martin, CB, Murata, Y, Ettinger, BB, Lu, PS. Effect of acute hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis on the foetal heart rate in monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981 Dec 1;141(7):797806.Google Scholar
Lu, K, Holzmann, M, Abtahi, F, et al. Foetal heart rate short term variation during labour in relation to scalp blood lactate concentration. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018 Oct;97(10):1274–80.Google Scholar
Williams, KP, Galerneau, F. Intrapartum foetal heart rate patterns in the prediction of neonatal acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;188(3):820–3.Google Scholar
Westgate, JA, Wibbens, B, Bennet, L, et al. The intrapartum deceleration in center stage: a physiologic approach to the interpretation of foetal heart rate changes in labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Sep;197(3):236.e111.Google Scholar
Simpson, KR, James, DC. Effects of oxytocin-induced uterine hyperstimulation during labour on foetal oxygen status and fetal heart rate patterns. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jul;199(1):34.e1-5.Google Scholar
Alfirevic, Z, Devane, D, Gyte, GM, Cuthbert, A. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) for foetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb;(2):CD006066.Google Scholar
Nunes, I, Ayres-de-Campos, D. Computer analysis of foetal monitoring signals. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 Jan;30:6878.Google Scholar
Costa, A, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Costa, F, Santos, C, Bernardes, J. Prediction of neonatal acidemia by computer analysis of foetal heart rate and ST event signals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Nov;201(5):464.e16.Google Scholar
Nunes, I, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Ugwumadu, A, et al. Central foetal monitoring with and without computer analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jan;129(1):8390.Google Scholar
Lopes-Pereira, J, Costa, A, Ayres-de-Campos, D, et al. Computerized analysis of cardiotocograms and ST signals is associated with significant reductions in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cesarean delivery: an observational study in 38 466 deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Mar;220(3):269.31–269.e8.Google Scholar
Brocklehurst, P, Field, D, Greene, K, et al. Computerised interpretation of foetal heart rate during labour (INFANT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1719–29.Google Scholar
Hamilton, E, Warrick, P, O’Keeffe, D. Variable decelerations: do size and shape matter? J Matern Neonatal Med. 2012 Jun;25(6):648–53.Google Scholar
Schiermeier, S, Pildner von Steinburg, S, Thieme, A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of intrapartum computerised FIGO criteria for cardiotocography and foetal scalp pH during labour: multicentre, observational study. BJOG. 2008 Nov;115(12):1557–63.Google Scholar
Rimmer, S, Roberts, SA, Heazell, AEP. Cervical dilatation and grade of doctor affects the interval between decision and result of foetal scalp blood sampling in labour. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2015 Oct 20;29(16):14.Google Scholar
Wiberg-Itzel, E, Lipponer, C, Norman, M, et al. Determination of pH or lactate in foetal scalp blood in management of intrapartum foetal distress: randomised controlled multicentre trial. BMJ. 2008 Jun 7;336(7656):1284–7.Google Scholar
Ramanah, R, Martin, A, Riethmuller, D, Maillet, R, Schaal, J-P. [Value of foetal scalp lactate sampling during labour: a comparative study with scalp pH]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2005 Mar;33(3):107–12.Google Scholar
Yli, BM, Källén, K, Stray-Pedersen, B, Amer-Wåhlin, I. Intrapartum foetal ECG and diabetes. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2008; Apr;21(4):231–8.Google Scholar
Kessler, J, Moster, D, Albrechtsen, S. Delay in intervention increases neonatal morbidity in births monitored with cardiotocography and ST-waveform analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014 Feb;93(2):175–81.Google Scholar
Neilson, JP. Foetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for foetal monitoring during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 21;(12):CD000116.Google Scholar
Vayssière, C, Ehlinger, V, Paret, L, Arnaud, C. Is STAN monitoring associated with a significant decrease in metabolic acidosis at birth compared with cardiotocography alone? Review of the three meta-analyses that included the recent US trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016 Oct;95(10):1190–1.Google Scholar
Timonen, S, Holmberg, K. The importance of the learning process in ST analysis interpretation and its impact in improving clinical and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018; Jun;218(6):620.e1–620.e7.Google Scholar
Skupski, DW, Rosenberg, CR, Eglinton, GS. Intrapartum foetal stimulation tests: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jan;99(1):129–34.Google Scholar
Holzmann, M, Wretler, S, Nordström, L. Absence of accelerations during labour is of little value in interpreting foetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016 Oct; 95(10):1097–103.Google Scholar

References

O’Driscoll, K, Foley, M, MacDonald, D. Active management of labour as an alternative to caesarean section for dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63(4):485–90.Google Scholar
Petrie, K, Larimore, WL. Management of labor. In Ratcliffe, SD, Baxley, EG, Cline, MK, Sakornbut, EL, eds. Family Medicine Obstetrics, 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby, 2008. pp. 382434.Google Scholar
Dencker, A, Taft, C, Bergqvist, L, Lilja, H, Berg, M. Childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ): Development and evaluation of a multidimensional instrument. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2010;10(1):81. Available from: www.biomedcentral.com/1471–2393/10/81Google Scholar
Pang, MW, Leung, TN, Lau, TK, Hang Chung, TK. Impact of first childbirth on changes in women’s preference for mode of delivery: follow-up of a longitudinal observational study. Birth. 2008, 35(2):121–8.Google Scholar
Bergqvist, L, Dencker, A, Ladfors, L, Skaring Thorse’n, L, Lilja, H. Labor augmentation by means of oxytocin – women’s experiences. Amer J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195. 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.346.Google Scholar
Petrie, K, Larimore, WL. Management of labor abnormalities. In Ratcliffe, SD, Baxley, EG, Cline, MK, Sakornbut, EL, eds. Family Medicine Obstetrics, 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby, 2008. pp. 435–53.Google Scholar
Arrowsmith, S, Wray, S. Oxytocin: its mechanism of action and receptor signalling in the myometrium. J Neuroendocrinol.2014;26:356–69. doi:10.1111/jne.12154Google Scholar
du Vigneaud, V, Ressler, C, Swan, J, et al. The synthesis of an octapeptide amide with the hormonal activity of oxytocin. J Am Chem Soc. 1953;75(19):4879–80.Google Scholar
Grotedut, CA, Gunatilake, RP, Feng, L, et al. The influence of maternal body mass index on myometrial oxytocin receptor expression in pregnancy. Reprod Sci. 2013; 20(12):1471–7.Google Scholar
Lopez-Zeno, JA, Peaceman, AM, Adashek, JA, et al. A controlled trial of a program for the active management of labor. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(7):450–4.Google Scholar
Frigoletto, FD Jr, Lieberman, E, Lang, JM, et al. A clinical trial of active management of labor. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(12):745–50.Google Scholar
Fraser, W, Vendittelli, F, Krauss, I, et al. Effects of early augmentation of labour with amniotomy and oxytocin in nulliparous women: a meta-analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(2):189–94.Google Scholar
Kenyon, S, Tokumasu, H, Dowswell, T, et al. High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(7):CD007201.Google Scholar
Selin, L, Wennerholm, UB, Jonsson, M, et al. High-dose versus low dose of oxytocin for labour augmentation: a randomised controlled trial. Women Birth. 2019;32(4):356–63.Google Scholar
Clark, S, Belfort, M, Saade, G, et al. Implementation of a conservative checklist-based protocol for oxytocin administration: maternal and newborn outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(5):480.e1-5.Google Scholar
Zhang, J, Troendle, JF, Yancey, MK. Reassessing the labour curve in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(4):824–8.Google Scholar
Zhang, J, Landy, HJ, Branch, DW, et al. Contemporary patterns of spontaneous labor with normal neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(6):1281–7.Google Scholar
Bernitz, S, Dalbye, R, Ahang, J, et al. The frequency of intrapartum caesarean section use with the WHO partograph versus Zhang’s guideline in the Labour Progression Study (LaPS): a multicentre, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393:340–8.Google Scholar

References

Reed, PN, Colquhoun, AD, Hanning, CD. Maternal oxygenation during normal labour. Br J Anaesth. 1989;62:316–18.Google Scholar
Janbu, T, Koss, KS, Nesheim, BI, Wesche, J. Blood velocities in the uterine artery in humans during labour. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;124:153–61.Google Scholar
Hingson, RA, Edwards, WB. Continuous caudal analgesia in obstetrics. JAMA. 1943;121(4):225–9.Google Scholar
Pearson, JF, Davies, P. The effect of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia on the acid-base status of maternal arteial blood during the first stage of labour. BJOG. 1973;80:218–24.Google Scholar
Toledano, R d’A. Neuraxial analgesia for labor and delivery (including instrumented delivery). In Hepner, DL, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 July 26]. www.uptodate.com/contents/neuraxial-analgesia-for-labor-and-delivery-including-instrumented-delivery?search=labor%20analgesia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~60&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.Google Scholar
Grant, GJ. Adverse effects of neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia for obstetrics. In Hepner, DL, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 July 09]. www.uptodate.com/contents/adverse-effects-of-neuraxial-analgesia-and-anesthesia-for-obstetrics?search=labor+analgesia&topicRef=101803&source=related_link.Google Scholar
Simmons, SW, Taghizadeh, N, Dennis, AT, Hughes, D, Cyna, AM. Combined spinal‐epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17; (10):CD003401.Google Scholar
Choi, PT, Galinski, SE, Takeuchi, L, et al. PDPH is a common complication of neuraxial blockade in parturients: a meta-analysis of obstetrical studies. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50(5):460–9.Google Scholar
Kjellberg, F, Tramèr, MR. Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001;18(6):346–57.Google Scholar
Chen, CT. Intrapartum fever. In Berghella, V, Hepner, DL, eds. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 July 10]. www.uptodate.com/contents/intrapartum-fever?search=labor+analgesia&topicRef=4469&source=see_link#H483714642.Google Scholar
Anim‐Somuah, M, Smyth, RMD, Cyna, AM, Cuthbert, A. Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 21;(5):CD000331.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, SS. Paracervical anesthesia for the relief of labor pains. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1945;50(5):527–32.Google Scholar
Novikova, N, Cluver, C. Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(4):CD009200.Google Scholar
Palomäki, O, Huhtala, H, Kirkinen, P. A comparative study of the safety of 0.25% levobupivacaine and 0.25% racemic bupivacaine for paracervical block in the first stage of labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84(10):956–61.Google Scholar
Vidaeff, AC. Pudendal and paracervical block. In Berghella, V, Hepner, DL, eds. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 July 10]. www.uptodate.com/contents/pudendal-and-paracervical-block?search=paracervical%20block&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~39&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.Google Scholar
Smith, LA, Burns, E, Cuthbert, A. Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun;(6):CD007396.Google Scholar
Cowan, A, Geller, EB, Adler, MW. Classification of opioids on the basis of change in seizure threshold in rats. Science. 1979;206(4417):465–7.Google Scholar
Schnabel, A, Hahn, N, Broscheit, J, et al. Remifentanil for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2012;29(4):177–85.Google Scholar
Muchatuta, NA, Kinsella, SM. Remifentanil for labour analgesia: time to draw breath? Anaesthesia. 2013;68(3):231–5.Google Scholar
Grant, GJ. Pharmacologic management of pain during labor and delivery. In Hepner, DL, Berghella, V, eds. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 June 26]. www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-management-of-pain-during-labor-and-delivery?search=labor%20analgesia&source=search_result&selec.Google Scholar
Fleet, J, Belan, I, Jones, M, Ullah, S, Cyna, A. A comparison of fentanyl with pethidine for pain relief during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2015;122(7):983–92.Google Scholar
Klomp, T, van Poppel, M, Jones, L, et al. Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD009351.Google Scholar
Likis, FE, Andrews, JC, Collins, MR, et al. Nitrous oxide for the management of labor pain: a systematic review. Anesthesia Analgesia. 2014;118(1):153–67.Google Scholar
Simkin, P, Klein, MC. Nonpharmacologic approaches to management of labor pain. In Lockwood, CJ. ed. UptoDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; [cited 2019 June 27]. www.uptodate.com/contents/nonpharmacologic-approaches-to-management-of-labor-pain?search=labor%20analgesia&topicRef=4468&source=see_link.Google Scholar
Lawrence, A, Lewis, L, Hofmeyr, GJ, Styles, C. Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 9;(10):CD003934.Google Scholar
Smith, CA, Levett, KM, Collins, CT, et al. Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 28;(3):CD009514.Google Scholar
Smith, CA, Collins, CT, Crowther, CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD009215.Google Scholar
Melzack, R. Myofascial trigger points: relation to acupuncture and mechanisms of pain. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1981;62(3):114–17.Google Scholar
Smith, CA, Collins, CT, Crowther, CA, Levett, KM. Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD009232.Google Scholar
Derry, S, Straube, S, Moore, RA, Hancock, H, Collins, SL. Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan;(1).Google Scholar
Dowswell, T, Bedwell, C, Lavender, T, Neilson, JP. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007214.Google Scholar
Cluett, ER, Burns, E, Cuthbert, A. Immersion in water during labour and birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May;(5):CD000111.Google ScholarPubMed
Barragán Loayza, IM, Solà, I, Juandó Prats, C. Biofeedback for pain management during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD006168.Google Scholar

References

NICE. Preterm Labour and Birth. Guideline 25. November 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25.Google Scholar
Watts, DH, Krohn, MA, Hillier, SL, Eschenbach, DA. The association of occult fluid infection with gestational age and neonatal outcome among women in preterm labour. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:351–7.Google Scholar
Salafia, CM, Vogel, CA, Vintzileos, AM, et al. Placental pathologic findings in preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:934–8.Google Scholar
Gibbs, W, Challis, JRG. Mechanism of term and preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002;24(11):874–83.Google Scholar
Schmitz, T, Kayem, G, Maillard, F, et al. Selective use of sonographic cervical length measurement for predicting imminent preterm delivery in women with preterm labour and intact membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Apr;31(4): 421–6.Google Scholar
Tsoi, E, Fuchs, IB, Rane, S, Geerts, L, Nicolaides, KH. Sonographic measurement of cervical length in threatened preterm labour in singleton pregnancies with intact membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25:353–6.Google Scholar
Roberts, D, Brown, J, Medley, N, Dalziel, SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 21;(3):CD004454.Google Scholar
Crowther, CA, MacKinlay, CJD, Middleton, P, Harding, JE. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 5;(7):CD003935.Google Scholar
Doyle, LW, Crowther, CA, Middleton, P, Marret, S, Rouse, D. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009. Jan 21;(1):CD004661.Google Scholar
Costantine, MM, Weiner, SJ, Eunice Kennedy, Shriver; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Effects of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection and mortality in preterm infants: a meta-analysis.Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:354–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group-B Streptococcal Disease, Green-top Guideline No 36. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2017.Google Scholar
Alfirevic, Z, Stampalija, T, Medley, N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 6;(6):CD008991Google Scholar
Su, L-L, Samuel, M, Chong, Y-S. Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. Jan 20;(1):CD006770.Google Scholar
Norman, JE, Marlow, N, Messow, CM, et al. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2016 May 21;387(10033):2106–16.Google Scholar

References

American College of O, Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Foetal M. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 144: Multifoetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifoetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(5):1118–32.Google Scholar
Committee on Practice B-O, Society for Maternal-Foetal M.Practice Bulletin No. 169: Multifoetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifoetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(4):e131–46.Google Scholar
Melka, S, Miller, J, Fox, NS. Labour and delivery of twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017;44(4):645–54.Google Scholar
Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Osterman, MJ, Driscoll, AK, Mathews, TJ. Births: final data for 2015. Nat Vital Stat Rep. 2017;66(1):1.Google Scholar
Schmitz, T, Carnavalet Cde, C, Azria, E, et al. Neonatal outcomes of twin pregnancy according to the planned mode of delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(3):695703.Google Scholar
Smith, GC, Shah, I, White, IR, Pell, JP, Dobbie, R. Mode of delivery and the risk of delivery-related perinatal death among twins at term: a retrospective cohort study of 8073 births. BJOG. 2005;112(8):1139–44.Google Scholar
Vintzileos, AM, Ananth, CV, Kontopoulos, E, Smulian, JC. Mode of delivery and risk of stillbirth and infant mortality in triplet gestations: United States, 1995 through 1998. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(2):464–9.Google Scholar
Barrett, JF, Hannah, ME, Hutton, EK, et al. A randomized trial of planned cesarean or vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1295–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asztalos, EV, Hannah, ME, Hutton, EK, et al. Twin Birth Study: 2-year neurodevelopmental follow-up of the randomized trial of planned cesarean or planned vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(3):371 e1e19.Google Scholar
Hutton, EK, Hannah, ME, Ross, S, et al. Maternal outcomes at 3 months after planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for twin pregnancies in the Twin Birth Study: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2015;122(12):1653–62.Google Scholar
Tavares, MV, Domingues, AP, Nunes, F, et al. Induction of labour vs. spontaneous vaginal delivery in twin pregnancy after 36 weeks of gestation. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(1):2932.Google Scholar
Bauer, C, Voutsos, LJ. Preventing the first cesarean delivery: summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Foetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists workshop. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(3):686–7.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Barrett, JF, Crowther, CA. Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(12):CD006553.Google Scholar
Dodd, JM, Crowther, CA, Grivell, RM, Deussen, AR. Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(7):CD004906.Google Scholar
Monson, M, Silver, RM. Multifoetal gestation: mode of delivery. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;58(3):690702.Google Scholar
Arabin, B, Kyvernitakis, I, Liao, A, Zugaib, M. Trends in cesarean delivery for twin births in the United States: 1995–2008. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(3):657–8; author reply 8–9.Google Scholar
Leung, TY, Tam, WH, Leung, TN, Lok, IH, Lau, TK. Effect of twin-to-twin delivery interval on umbilical cord blood gas in the second twins. BJOG. 2002;109(1):63–7.Google Scholar
Lindroos, L, Elfvin, A, Ladfors, L, Wennerholm, UB. The effect of twin-to-twin delivery time intervals on neonatal outcome for second twins. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):36.Google Scholar
Breathnach, FM, McAuliffe, FM, Geary, M, et al. Prediction of safe and successful vaginal twin birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(3):237 e17.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, E, Oldenburg, A, Rode, L, et al. Twin births: cesarean section or vaginal delivery? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(4):463–9.Google Scholar
Peaceman, AM, Kuo, L, Feinglass, J. Infant morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal delivery in twin gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(4):462e1-6.Google Scholar
Chevreau, J, Foulon, A, Abou Arab, O, et al. Management of breech and twin labour during registrarship: A two-year prospective, observational study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2018;47(5):191–6.Google Scholar
Rabinovici, J, Barkai, G, Reichman, B, Serr, DM, Mashiach, S. Randomized management of the second nonvertex twin: vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156(1):52–6.Google Scholar
Vogel, JP, Holloway, E, Cuesta, C, et al. Outcomes of non-vertex second twins, following vertex vaginal delivery of first twin: a secondary analysis of the WHO Global Survey on maternal and perinatal health. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:55.Google Scholar
Van Veelen, AJ, Van Cappellen, AW, Flu, PK, Straub, MJ, Wallenburg, HC. Effect of external cephalic version in late pregnancy on presentation at delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96(8):916–21.Google Scholar
Fox, NS, Silverstein, M, Bender, S, et al. Active second-stage management in twin pregnancies undergoing planned vaginal delivery in a U.S.population. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 115 (2 Pt 1): 229–33.Google Scholar
Grobman, WA, Peaceman, AM, Haney, EI, Silver, RK, MacGregor, SN. Neonatal outcomes in triplet gestations after a trial of labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(4):942–5.Google Scholar
Alran, S, Sibony, O, Luton, D, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcome of 93 consecutive triplet pregnancies with 71% vaginal delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(6):554–9.Google Scholar
Varner, MW, Thom, E, Spong, CY, et al. Trial of labour after one previous cesarean delivery for multifoetal gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(4):814–19.Google Scholar
Kabiri, D, Masarwy, R, Schachter-Safrai, N, et al. Trial of labour after cesarean delivery in twin gestations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019. Apr;220(4):336–47.Google Scholar
Senat, M-V, Deprest, J, Boulvain, M, et al. Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amnioreduction for severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):136–44.Google Scholar
Persad, VL, Baskett, TF, O’Connell, CM, Scott, HM. Combined vaginal-cesarean delivery of twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Dec;98(6):1032–7.Google Scholar
Sentilhes, L, Oppenheimer, A, Bouhours, A-C, et al. Neonatal outcome of very preterm twins: policy of planned vaginal or cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:73.e1–73.e7.Google Scholar
Grabovac, M, Karim, J, Isayama, T, Liyanage, SK, McDonald, S. What is the safest mode of birth for extremely preterm breech singleton infants who are actively resuscitated? A systematic review and meta-analyses. BJOG. 2018 May;125(6):652–63.Google Scholar
Dagenais, C, Lewis-Mikhael, A-M, Grabovac, M, Mukerji, A, McDonald, SD. What is the safest mode of delivery for extremely preterm cephalic/non-cephalic twin pairs? A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Dec 29;17(1):397.Google Scholar
Dias, T, Ladd, S, Mahsud-Dornan, S, et al. Systematic labeling of twin pregnancies on ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Aug;38(2):130–3.Google Scholar

References

Hickok, DE, Gordon, DC, Milberg, JA, Williams, MA, Daling, JR. The frequency of breech presentation by gestational age at birth: a large population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:851–2. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91347-dGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, S, Norman, M, Misselwitz, B, et al. Mode of delivery and mortality and morbidity for very preterm singleton infants in a breech position: a European cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;234:96102. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergenhenegouwen, LA, Meertens, LJE, Schaaf, J, et al. Vaginal delivery versus caesarean section in preterm breech delivery: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;172:16. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.10.017Google Scholar
Goffinet, F, Carayol, M, Foidart, J-M, et al. Is planned vaginal delivery for breech presentation at term still an option? Results of an observational prospective survey in France and Belgium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:10021011. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.10.817Google Scholar
Tsakiridis, I, Mamopoulos, A, Athanasiadis, A, Dagklis, T. Management of breech presentation: a comparison of four national evidence-based guidelines. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(11):1102–9. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1692391Google Scholar
Impey, LWM, Murphy, DJ GM. Management of breech presentation: Green-top Guideline No. 20b. BJOG. 2017;124:e151e177. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14465Google Scholar
Jennewein, L, Kielland-Kaisen, U, Paul, B, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcome after vaginal breech delivery at term of children weighing more or less than 3.8 kg: A FRABAT prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0202760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202760Google Scholar
Paul, B, Möllmann, CJ, Kielland-Kaisen, U, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcome after vaginal breech delivery at term after cesarean section – a prospective cohort study of the Frankfurt Breech at Term Cohort (FRABAT). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:594–8.Google Scholar
Kielland-Kaisen, U, Paul, B, Jennewein, L, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcome after vaginal breech delivery of nulliparous versus multiparous women of singletons at term – a prospective evaluation of the Frankfurt Breech at Term Cohort (FRABAT). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:583–7.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 144: multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:1118–32. doi: 10.1097/01.aog.0000446856.51061.3eGoogle Scholar
Melo, P, Georgiou, E, Hedditch, A, Ellaway, P, Impey, L. External cephalic version at term: a cohort study of 18 years’ experience. BJOG. 2019;126:493–9. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15475Google Scholar
Louwen, F, Daviss, BA, Johnson, KC, Reitter, A. Does breech delivery in an upright position instead of on the back improve outcomes and avoid cesareans? Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2017;136:151–61. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12033Google Scholar
Jennewein, L, Allert, R, Möllmann, CJ, et al. The influence of the fetal leg position on the outcome in vaginally intended deliveries out of breech presentation at term – a FRABAT prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2019;14(12).Google Scholar
Klemt, A-S, Schulze, S, Brüggmann, D, Louwen, F. MRI-based pelvimetric measurements as predictors for a successful vaginal breech delivery in the Frankfurt Breech at term cohort (FRABAT). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;232:1017. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.09.033Google Scholar
Hoffmann, J, Thomassen, K, Stumpp, P, et al. New MRI criteria for successful vaginal breech delivery in primiparae. PLos One. 2016;11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161028Google Scholar
[No authors listed]. External cephalic version and reducing the incidence of term breech presentation: Green-top Guideline No. 20a. BJOG. 2017;124:e178e192. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14466Google Scholar

References

Antepartum Haemorrhage, Green-top Guideline No 63. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011. Accessed from www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg63/.Google Scholar
Say, L, Chou, D, Gemmill, A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Jun;2(6):e323-33.Google Scholar
Alexander, JM, Wortman, AC. Intrapartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;40(1):1526.Google Scholar
Kieser, KE, Baskett, TF. A 10-year population-based study of uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;100(4):749–53.Google Scholar
Zwart, JJ, Richters, JM, Ory, F, et al. Uterine rupture in the Netherlands: a nationwide population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2009 Jul;116(8):1069–78; discussion 78–80.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 115: vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Aug; 116(2 Pt 1): 450–63.Google Scholar
Birth after Previous Caesarean Birth, Green-top Guideline No 45. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg45/.Google Scholar
Vlemminx, MW, de Lau, H, Oei, SG. Tocogram characteristics of uterine rupture: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017 Jan;295(1):1726.Google Scholar
Stegwee, SI, Jordans, I, van der Voet, LF, et al. Uterine caesarean closure techniques affect ultrasound findings and maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2018 Aug;125(9):1097–108.Google Scholar
Bujold, E, Gauthier, RJ. Risk of uterine rupture associated with an interdelivery interval between 18 and 24 months. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 May;115(5):1003–6.Google Scholar
Management of Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Tears, Green-top Guideline No 29. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2007.Google Scholar
Roos, AM, Thakar, R, Sultan, AH. Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): does the grade of tear matter? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;36(3):368–74.Google Scholar
Norderval, S, Rossaak, K, Markskog, A, Vonen, B. Incontinence after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter tears is related to relative length of reconstructed external sphincter: a case-control study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Aug;40(2):207–14.Google Scholar
Szaboova, R, Sankaran, S, Harding, K, Shennan, A. PLD.23 Management of transverse and unstable lie at term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99(Suppl 1):A112–A13. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306576.324Google Scholar
Shoulder Dystocia, Green-top Guideline No 42. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2012.Google Scholar
Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No 178: Shoulder Dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May;129(5):e123–e33.Google Scholar
Hoffman, MK, Bailit, JL, Branch, DW, et al. A comparison of obstetric maneuvers for the acute management of shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;117(6):1272–8.Google Scholar
Thakur, M, Thakur, A. Uterine inversion. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan–. [Updated 2018 Oct 27]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525971/.Google Scholar
Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Green-top Guideline No 56. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011.Google Scholar
Clark, SL, Hankins, GD, Dudley, DA, Dildy, GA, Porter, TF. Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr;172(4 Pt 1):1158–67; discussion 67–9.Google Scholar
Clark, SL, Romero, R, Dildy, GA, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the case definition of amniotic fluid embolism in research studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(4):408–12.Google Scholar
Indraccolo, U, Battistoni, C, Mastrantonio, I, et al. Risk factors for fatality in amniotic fluid embolism: a systematic review and analysis of a data pool. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Mar;31(5):661–5.Google Scholar
Pacheco, LD, Saade, G, Hankins, GDV, Clark, SL. Amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis and management. Am J Obst Gynecol. 2016;215(2):B16B24.Google Scholar
Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation. Web-based Integrated 2010 & 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circulation/cpr-ecc-guidelines-2/part-13-neonatal-resuscitation/Google Scholar

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Caesarean delivery on maternal request: ACOG Committee Opinion Number 761. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e73-e77.Google Scholar
Boerma, T, Ronsmans, C, Melesse, DY, et al. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. Lancet. 2018;392(10155):1341–8.Google Scholar
Tanner, J, Norrie, P, Melen, K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9(11).Google Scholar
Naji, O, Abdallah, Y, Paterson-Brown, S. Cesarean Birth: Surgical Techniques. Glob libr women’s med. 2010.Google Scholar
IQWiG. Pregnancy and Birth: Cesarean Sections: What Are the Pros and Cons of Regional and General Anesthetics? Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care; 2008 [updated 22/03/18]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279566/.Google Scholar
Levy, DM. Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. In Luesley, DM, Baker, PN, eds. Obstetrics and Gynaecology: An Evidence-Based Text for MRCOG, 2nd ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2010. pp. 389400.Google Scholar
Jauniaux, E, Alfirevic, Z, Bhide, AG, et al. Placenta praevia and placenta accreta: diagnosis and management: Green‐top Guideline No. 27a.BJOG. 2019;126(1):e1e48.Google Scholar
Abuelghar, WM, El-Bishry, G, Emam, LH. Caesarean deliveries by Pfannenstiel versus Joel-Cohen incision: A randomised controlled trial. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2013;14(4):194200.Google Scholar
Hayman, R. Caesarean section. In Luesley, DM, Baker, PN, eds. Obstetrics and Gynaecology: An Evidence-Based Text for MRCOG, 2nd ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2010. pp. 401–12.Google Scholar
Vousden, N, Cargill, Z, Briley, A, Tydeman, G, Shennan, AH. Caesarean section at full dilatation: incidence, impact and current management. Obstet Gynaecol. 2104;16:199205.Google Scholar
Tixier, H, Thouvenot, S, Coulange, L, et al. Cesarean section in morbidly obese women: supra or subumbilical transverse incision? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88:1049–52.Google Scholar
Norwitz, ER, Zelop, CM, Miller, DA, Keefe, DL. Evidence-Based Obstetrics and Gynecology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019.Google Scholar
Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Green-top Guideline No 56. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011.Google Scholar
Caesarean Section, Consent Advice No 7. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2009.Google Scholar

References

Asicioglu, O, Gungorduk, K, Yildirim, G, et al. Second-stage vs first-stage caesarean delivery: comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Oct;34(7):598604.Google Scholar
Malmstrom, T. Vacuum extractor, an obstetrical instrument. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1954;33(4):131.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, AJ, Blondel, B, Mohangoo, AD, et al. Wide differences in mode of delivery within Europe: risk-stratified analyses of aggregated routine data from the Euro-Peristat study. BJOG. 2016 Mar;123(4):559–68.Google Scholar
Groom, KM, Jones, BA, Miller, N, Paterson-Brown, S. A prospective randomised controlled trial of the Kiwi Omnicup versus conventional ventouse cups for vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. BJOG. 2006 Feb;113(2):183–9.Google Scholar
Lund, NS, Persson, LK, Jango, H, Gommesen, D, Westergaard, HB. Episiotomy in vacuum-assisted delivery affects the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016 Dec;207:193–9.Google Scholar
van Bavel, J, Hukkelhoven, C, de Vries, C, et al. The effectiveness of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during operative vaginal delivery: a ten-year analysis of a national registry. Int Urogynecol J. 2018 Mar;29(3):407–13.Google Scholar
Murphy, DJ, Pope, C, Frost, J, Liebling, RE. Women’s views on the impact of operative delivery in the second stage of labour: qualitative interview study. BMJ. 2003 Nov 15;327(7424):1132.Google Scholar
De Lee, J. The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1924.Google Scholar
Al Wattar, BH, Al Wattar, B, Gallos, I, Pirie, AM. Rotational vaginal delivery with Kielland’s forceps: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;27(6):438–44.Google Scholar
Murphy, DJ, Liebling, RE, Verity, L, Swingler, R, Patel, R. Early maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with operative delivery in second stage of labour: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001 Oct 13;358(9289):1203–7.Google Scholar
O’Mahony, F, Hofmeyr, GJ, Menon, V. Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Nov 10;(11):CD005455.Google Scholar
Demissie, K, Rhoads, GG, Smulian, JC, et al. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis. BMJ. 2004 Jul 3;329(7456):24–9.Google Scholar
Murphy, DJ, Macleod, M, Bahl, R, Strachan, B. A cohort study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to use of sequential instruments at operative vaginal delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011 May;156(1):41–5.Google Scholar
Gurol-Urganci, I, Cromwell, DA, Edozien, LC, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG. 2013 Nov;120(12):1516–25.Google Scholar
Muraca, GM, Skoll, A, Lisonkova, S, et al. Perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality among term singletons following midcavity operative vaginal delivery versus caesarean delivery. BJOG. 2018 May;125(6):693702.Google Scholar
Friedman, T, Eslick, GD, Dietz, HP. Delivery mode and the risk of levator muscle avulsion: a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019 Jun;30(6):901–7.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, M, Behan, M, O’Connell, PR, O’Herlihy, C. Randomised clinical trial to assess anal sphincter function following forceps or vacuum assisted vaginal delivery. BJOG. 2003 Apr;110(4):424–9.Google Scholar
Dietz, HP. Forceps: towards obsolescence or revival? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015 Apr;94(4):347–51.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Rotvold, W, Staff, AC. Are obstetric anal sphincter ruptures preventable?– large and consistent rupture rate variations between the Nordic countries and between delivery units in Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013 Jan;92(1):94100.Google Scholar
Operative Vaginal Delivery, Green-top Guideline No. 26. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011, www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_26.pdfGoogle Scholar
Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 154: operative vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):e56-65.Google Scholar

References

Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and Puerperium, Green-top Guideline No 56. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk.Google Scholar
Sowter, M, Weaver, E, Beaves, M, eds. Practical Obstetric Multi-Professional Training (PROMPT): Course Manual. Melbourne: RANZCOG, Highway Press; 2013.Google Scholar
Whittey, JE. Maternal cardiac arrest in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;45:377–92.Google Scholar
European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines for Resuscitation. 2015. www.erc.eduGoogle Scholar
Resuscitation Council UK. 2015 Resusciatation Guidelines. 2015. www.erc.org.uk/resuscitation-guidelinesGoogle Scholar
Paterson-Brown, S, Howell, C, eds. The MOET Course Manual: Managing Obstetric Emergencies and Trauma, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.Google Scholar

References

Abouzahr, C. Global burden of maternal death and disability. Br. Med Bull. 2003;67(1):111. doi: org/10.1093/bmb/ldg015Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al. eds., on behalf of MBRRACE-UK.Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2018Google Scholar
Health Improvement Scotland. Scottish Confidential Audit of Severe Maternal Morbidity. 7th Report, 2011.Google Scholar
Wu, S, Kocherginsky, M, Hibbard, JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;192(5):1458–61.Google Scholar
Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage, Green-top Guideline No 52. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2009.Google Scholar
Mavrides, E, Allard, S, Chandraharan, E, et al. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage: Green-top Guideline No 52. BJOG. 2016;358:e106-49.pmid:27981719.Google Scholar
Carroli, G, Cuesta, C, Abalos, E, Gulmezoglu, A. Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008; 22(6):9991012.Google Scholar
NICE. Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies during Childbirth. Clinical Guideline 190. 2014Google Scholar
Chandraharan, E, Arulkumaran, S. Massive postpartum haemorrhage and management of coagulopathy. Obstet, Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2007 Apr; 17:119e22.Google Scholar
Le Bas, A, Chandraharan, E, Addei, A, Arulkumaran, S. Use of the ‘obstetric shock index’ as an adjunct in identifying significant blood loss in patients with massive postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014 Mar;124(3):253–5.Google Scholar
Chandraharan, E, Arulkumaran, S. Management algorithm for atonic postpartum haemorrhage. J Paediatr Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;31(3):106–12.Google Scholar
Pinas Carillo, A, Chandraharan, E. Postpartum haemorrhage and haematological management. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2014;24(10):291–5. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2014.07.004Google Scholar
Hunt, BJ, Allard, S, Keeling, D, et al.; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. A practical guideline for the haematological management of major haemorrhage. Br J Haematol. 2015;170:788803.Google Scholar
WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017; May 27;389(10084):2105–16.Google Scholar
Doumouchtsis, S K, Papageorghiou, A T, Arulkumaran, S. Systematic review of conservative management of postpartum hemorrhage: what to do when medical treatment fails. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62(8):540–7.Google Scholar
Condous, GS, Arulkumaran, S, Symonds, I, et al. The ‘tamponade test’ in the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:767–72.Google Scholar
Chandraharan, E, Arulkumaran, S. Surgical aspects of postpartum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Dec;22(6):1089–102. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.001Google Scholar
Ratnam, LA, Gibson, M, Sandhu, C, et al. Transcatheter pelvic arterial embolisation for control of obstetric and gynaecological haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Aug;28(6):573–9. doi: 10.1080/01443610802273374Google Scholar
Chandraharan, E, Rao, S, Belli, AM, Arulkumaran, S. The triple-P procedure as a conservative surgical alternative to peripartum hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 May;117(2):191–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.12.005Google Scholar
Teixidor Viñas, M, Belli, AM, Arulkumaran, S, Chandraharan, E. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy in patients with morbidly adherent placenta: a cohort study comparing outcomes before and after introduction of the triple-P procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;46(3):350–5.Google Scholar
Chandraharan, E, Krishna, A. Diagnosis and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BMJ. 2017 Sep 27;358:j3875. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3875Google Scholar

References

Lindqvist, M, Persson, M, Nilsson, M, Uustal, E, Lindberg, I.A worse nightmare than expected’ – a Swedish qualitative study of women’s experiences two months after obstetric anal sphincter muscle injury. Midwifery. 2018;61:22–8.Google Scholar
The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears, Green-top Guideline No 29. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-29.pdfGoogle Scholar
Andrews, V, Sultan, AH, Thakar, R, Jones, PW. Occult anal sphincter injuries–myth or reality? BJOG. 2006;113(2):195200.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Skjeldestad, FE, Sandvik, L, Staff, AC. Prevalence and risk indicators for anal incontinence among pregnant women. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:947572.Google Scholar
Samuelsson, E, Ladfors, L, Lindblom, BG, Hagberg, H. A prospective observational study on tears during vaginal delivery: occurrences and risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002;81(1):44–9.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Gissler, M, Pirhonen, J. Changing incidence of anal sphincter tears in four Nordic countries through the last decades. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;146(1):71–5.Google Scholar
Ampt, AJ, Ford, JB, Roberts, CL, Morris, JM. Trends in obstetric anal sphincter injuries and associated risk factors for vaginal singleton term births in New South Wales 2001–2009. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;53(1):916.Google Scholar
Ekeus, C, Nilsson, E, Gottvall, K. Increasing incidence of anal sphincter tears among primiparas in Sweden: a population-based register study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(5):564–73.Google Scholar
Gurol-Urganci, I, Cromwell, DA, Edozien, LC, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG. 2013;120(12):1516–25.Google Scholar
Baghestan, E, Irgens, LM, Bordahl, PE, Rasmussen, S. Trends in risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries in Norway. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(1):2534.Google Scholar
Blondel, B, Alexander, S, Bjarnadottir, RI, et al. Variations in rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies in 20 European countries: a study based on routine national data in Euro-Peristat Project. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(7):746–54.Google Scholar
Räisänen, S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K, Gissler, M, Heinonen, S. Hospital-based lateral episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury rates: a retrospective population-based register study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(4):347.e1–347.e6.Google Scholar
Räisänen, S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K, Gissler, M, Heinonen, S. High episiotomy rate protects from obstetric anal sphincter ruptures: a birth register-study on delivery intervention policies in Finland. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(5):457–63.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Skjeldestad, FE, Sandvik, L, Staff, AC. Incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries after training to protect the perineum: cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5):10.1136/bmjopen-2012–001649.Google Scholar
Räisänen, S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K, Gissler, M, Heinonen, S. Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a decreased incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in nulliparous women. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41014.Google Scholar
Baghestan, E, Irgens, LM, Bordahl, PE, Rasmussen, S. Risk of recurrence and subsequent delivery after obstetric anal sphincter injuries. BJOG. 2012;119(1):62–9.Google Scholar
Spydslaug, A, Trogstad, LI, Skrondal, A, Eskild, A. Recurrent risk of anal sphincter laceration among women with vaginal deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):307–13.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, JW, Struijk, PC, Vierhout, ME, Wallenburg, HC. Risk factors for third degree perineal ruptures during delivery. BJOG. 2001;108(4):383–7.Google Scholar
Räisänen, S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K, Gissler, M, Heinonen, S. Up to seven-fold inter-hospital differences in obstetric anal sphincter injury rates – a birth register-based study in Finland. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):345.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, JW, de Wit, C, Kuijken, JP, Bruinse, HW. Mediolateral episiotomy reduces the risk for anal sphincter injury during operative vaginal delivery. BJOG. 2008;115(1):104–8.Google Scholar
Jangö, H, Langhoff-Roos, J, Rosthøj, S, Sakse, A. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(1):59.e1–59.e6.Google Scholar
Pirhonen, JP, Grenman, SE, Haadem, K, et al. Frequency of anal sphincter rupture at delivery in Sweden and Finland–result of difference in manual help to the baby’s head. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1998;77(10):974–7.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Rotvold, W, Staff, AC. Are obstetric anal sphincter ruptures preventable?- Large and consistent rupture rate variations between the Nordic countries and between delivery units in Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;92(1):94100.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Pirhonen, T, Rolland, R, Pirhonen, J. Decreasing the incidence of anal sphincter tears during delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(5):1053–7.Google Scholar
Leenskjold, S, Hoj, L, Pirhonen, J. Manual protection of the perineum reduces the risk of obstetric anal sphincter ruptures. Dan Med J. 2015;62(5):A5075.Google Scholar
Hals, E, Øian, P, Pirhonen, T, et al. A multicenter interventional program to reduce the incidence of anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(4):901–8.Google Scholar
Stedenfeldt, M, Oian, P, Gissler, M, Blix, E, Pirhonen, J. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury after a successful multicentre interventional programme. BJOG. 2014;121(1):8391.Google Scholar
Mohiudin, H, Ali, S, Pisal, PN, Villar, R. Implementation of the RCOG guidelines for prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) at two London Hospitals: A time series analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;224:8992.Google Scholar
Basu, M, Smith, D. Long-term outcomes of the Stop Traumatic OASI Morbidity Project (STOMP). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;142(3):295–9.Google Scholar
Aasheim, V, Nilsen, ABV, Reinar, LM, Lukasse, M. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD006672.Google Scholar
Kalis, V, Laine, K, de Leeuw, JW, Ismail, K, Tincello, DG. Classification of episiotomy: towards a standardisation of terminology. BJOG. 2012;119(5):522–6.Google Scholar
Räisänen, S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K, Gissler, M, Heinonen, S. Hospital-based lateral episiotomy and anal sphincter injury rates: a retrospective population-based register study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(4):P347.Google Scholar
Verghese, TS, Champaneria, R, Kapoor, DS, Latthe, PM. Obstetric anal sphincter injuries after episiotomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(10):1459–67.Google Scholar
Eogan, M, Daly, L, O’Connell, PR, O’Herlihy, C. Does the angle of episiotomy affect the incidence of anal sphincter injury? BJOG. 2006;113(2):190–4.Google Scholar
Stedenfeldt, M, Pirhonen, J, Blix, E, et al. Episiotomy characteristics and risks for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a case-control study. BJOG. 2012;119(6):724–30.Google Scholar
Kalis, V, Karbanova, J, Horak, M, et al. The incision angle of mediolateral episiotomy before delivery and after repair. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008;103(1):58.Google Scholar
Sawant, G, Kumar, D. Randomized trial comparing episiotomies with Braun-Stadler episiotomy scissors and EPISCISSORS-60®. Med Devices (Auckl). 2015;8:251–4.Google Scholar
Fodstad, K, Staff, AC, Laine, K. Episiotomy preferences, indication, and classification – a survey among Nordic doctors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(5):587–95.Google Scholar

References

Manktelow, BN, Smith, LK, Prunet, C, et al. MBRRACE-UK Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report: UK Perinatal Deaths for Births from January to December 2015. Leicester: Department of Health Science University of Leicester; 2017. www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK-PMS-Report-2015%20FINAL%20FULL%20REPORT.pdfGoogle Scholar
Leisher, SH, Teoh, Z, Reinebrant, H, et al. Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:269.Google Scholar
Office of National Statistics. Vital Statistics in the UK: Births, Deaths and Marriages – 2018 Update [Data set].2018. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigrati.Google Scholar
Euro-Peristat Project. European Perinatal Health Report. Core Indicators of the Health and Care of Pregnant Women and Babies in Europe in 2015. November 2018. www.europeristat.com/images/EPHR2015_Euro-Peristat.pdfGoogle Scholar
Aune, D, Saugstad, OD, Henriksen, T, Tonstad, S. maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(15):1536–46. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.2269Google Scholar
Marufu, TC, Ahankari, A, Coleman, T, Lewis, S. Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:239 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015–1552-5Google Scholar
Zeitlin, J, Mortensen, L, Prunet, C, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in stillbirth rates in Europe: measuring the gap using routine data from the Euro-Peristat Project. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:15.Google Scholar
Page, JM, Silver, RM. Interventions to prevent stillbirth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;22(3):135–45.Google Scholar
Lamont, K, Scott, NW, Jones, GT, Bhattacharya, S. Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015 Jun 24;350:h3080. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3080Google Scholar
Reduced Fetal Movements, Green-top Guideline No. 57, London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_57.pdfGoogle Scholar
Late Intrauterine Fetal Death and Stillbirth, Green-top Guideline No 55. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_55.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, C, Bate, A, Hawkins, O. The investigation of stillbirth. (2017 HC 08167). https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8167/CBP-8167.pdfGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Jackson, L, Horsche, A. The psychological impact of stillbirth on women: a systematic review. Illn Crisis Loss. 2014;22(3):237–56.Google Scholar
Kersting, A, Wagner, B. Complicated grief after perinatal loss. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012 Jun; 14(2):187–94. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384447/Google Scholar
Sands: Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity. www.sands.org.uk/Google Scholar
Man, J, Hutchinson, JC. Stillbirth and intrauterine fetal death: factors affecting determination of cause of death at autopsy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48:566–73. doi: 10.1002/uog.16016Google Scholar
Thayyil, S, Sebire, NJ, Chitty, LS, et al. Post-mortem MRI versus conventional autopsy in fetuses and children: a prospective validation study. Lancet.2013 Jul 20;382(9888):223–33. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60134-8Google Scholar
Grobman, WA, Rice, MM, Reddy, UM, et al. Labor induction versus expectant management in low-risk nulliparous women. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:513–23 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800566 www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1800566Google Scholar
New ambition to halve rate of stillbirths and infant deaths. 13 November 2015. www.gov.uk/government/news/new-ambition-to-halve-rate-of-stillbirths-and-infant-deathsGoogle Scholar
NHS England. Saving Babies’ Lives Version Two: A care bundle for reducing perinatal mortality. March 2019. www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/saving-babies-lives-care-bundle-version-two-v5.pdfGoogle Scholar
Widdows, K, Roberts, SA, Camacho, EM, Heazell, AEP. Evaluation of the Implementation of the Saving Babies’ Lives Care Bundle in Early Adopter NHS Trusts in England. Manchester, UK:Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester; 2018. www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/action-plan-can-prevent-over-600-stillbirths-a-year/Google Scholar
McCowan, LM, Figueras, F, Anderson, NH. Evidence-based national guidelines for the management of suspected fetal growth restriction: comparison, consensus, and controversy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;218(2S):S855–68. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.004 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29422214Google Scholar
Norman, JE, Heazell, AEP, Rodriguez, A, et al. Awareness of fetal movements and care package to reduce fetal mortality (AFFIRM): a stepped wedge, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018; 392(10158):1629–38.www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31543–5/fulltextGoogle Scholar
INFANT Collaborative Group. Computerised interpretation of fetal heart rate during labour (INFANT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1719-–29.DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30568-8 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30568–8/fulltextGoogle Scholar
MacKay, DF, Smith, GCS, Dobbie, R, Pell, JP. Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLoS Med. 2010;7(6):e1000289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000289Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×