Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-06T19:52:09.047Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - Contraception and STIs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2021

Edited by
Tahir Mahmood ,
Charles Savona-Ventura ,
Ioannis Messinis  and
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona-Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Gynaecology
 , pp. 161 - 202
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Trussell, J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Contraceptive Technology. New York: Ardent Media, 2011.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Combined hormonal contraception. 2012. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/combined-hormonal-contraception.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Family planning: a global handbook for providers. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44028/1/9780978856373_eng.pdf.Google Scholar
European Medicines Agency. Combined hormonal contraceptives. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/combined-hormonal-contraceptives.Google Scholar
Roach, RE, Helmerhorst, FM, Lijfering, WM, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;8:CD011054.Google Scholar
Petitti, DB, Sidney, S, Quesenberry, CP Jr, Bernstein, A. Incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in women of reproductive age. Stroke 1997;28:280–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Drug safety update: combined hormonal contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: review confirms risk is small. 2014.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Statement from the Clinical Effectiveness Unit: combined hormonal contraception and venous thromboembolism. 2016. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceu-statement-combined-hormonal-contraception-and-venous.Google Scholar
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713–1727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchbanks, PA, McDonald, JA, Wilson, HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2025–2032.Google Scholar
Folger, SG, Marchbanks, PA, McDonald, JA, et al. Risk of breast cancer associated with short-term use of oral contraceptives. Cancer Caus Contr 2007;18:189–198.Google Scholar
Moreno, V, Bosch, FX, Muñoz, N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002;359:1085–1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuohung, W, Borgatta, L, Stubblefield, P. Low-dose oral contraceptives and bone mineral density: an evidence-based analysis. Contraception 2000;61:77–82.Google Scholar
Lopez, LM, Grimes, DA, Schulz, KF, Curtis, KM, Chen, M. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;6:CD006033.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Problematic bleeding with hormonal contraception. 2015. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidanceproblematicbleedinghormonalcontraception.Google Scholar
Schaffir, J, Worly, BL, Gur, TL. Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2016;21:347–355.Google Scholar
Gallo, MF, Grimes, DA, Schulz, KF, Helmerhorst, FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD003987.Google Scholar
Jensen, J, Speroff, L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clinics 2000;27:705–721.Google Scholar
Cibula, D, Gompel, A, Mueck, AO, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of cancer. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:631–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hannaford, PC, Iversen, L, Macfarlane, TV, et al. Mortality among contraceptive pill users: cohort evidence from Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. BMJ 2010;340:c927.Google Scholar
Farrow, A, Hull, MG, Northstone, K, et al. Prolonged use of oral contraception before a planned pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of delayed conception. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2754–2761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proctor, ML, Roberts, H, Farquhar, CM. Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(2):CD002120.Google Scholar
Iyer, V, Farquhar, C, Jepson, R. Oral contraceptive pills for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000154.Google Scholar
Goodman, NF, Cobin, RH, Futterweit, W, et al. American Association of Clinical endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology and Androgen Excess and PCOS Society diseases state clinical review: guide to best practices in the evaluation and treatment of PCO syndrome – Part 1. Endocr Pract 2015;21:1291–1300.Google Scholar
Arowojolu, AO, Gallo, MF, Lopez, LM, Grimes, DA, Garner, SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3:CD004425.Google Scholar
Moore, J, Kennedy, S, Prentice, A. Modern approach to combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001019.Google Scholar
Pearlstein, TB, Bachmann, GA, Zacur, HA, Yonkers, KA. Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drosperinone-containing oral contraceptive formulation. Contraception 2005;72:414–421.Google Scholar
FSRH Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). UK medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (UKMEC). 2016. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/external/ukmec-2016-digital-version.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria (fifth edition). 2015. Available at: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Progestogen-only pills. 2015. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/cec-ceu-guidance-pop-mar-2015.Google Scholar
Samson, M, Porter, N, Orekoya, O, et al. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016;155:3–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Progestogen-only contraception and bone mineral density: a systematic review. Contraception 2006;73:470–487.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Progestogen-only injectable contraception. 2014. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/cec-ceu-guidance-injectables-dec–2014.Google Scholar
Tepper, NK, Whiteman, MK, Marchbanks, PA, et al. Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: a systematic review. Contraception 2016;94:678–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vu, Q, Micks, E, McCoy, E, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception in women with cardiovascular conditions. Am J Cardiol 2016;117:302–304.Google Scholar
Kaunitz, AM, Arias, R, McClung, M. Bone density recovery after depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception use. Contraception 2008;77:67–76.Google Scholar
Beatty, MN Blumenthal, PD. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability. Therapeut Clin Risk Manage 2009:5;561–574.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 121: long-acting reversible contraception – implants and intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:184–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Long-acting reversible contraception (update). 2014. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg30.Google Scholar
Backman, T, Rauramo, I, Jaakkola, K, et al. Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:813–811.Google Scholar
Dinger, J, Bardenheuer, K, Minh, TD. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices and the risk of breast cancer. Contraception 2011;83:211–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soini, T, Hurskainen, R, Grenman, S, et al. Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:292–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soini, T, Hurskainen, R, Grenman, S, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and the risk of breast cancer: a nationwide cohort study. Acta Oncol 2016;55:188–192.Google Scholar
Mørch, L, Skovlund, C, Hannaford, P, et al. Contemporary contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2017;377:2228–2239.Google Scholar
Skovlund, CW, Mørch, LS, Kessing, LV, et al. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:1154–1162.Google Scholar
Bitzer, J, Rapkin, A, Soares, CN. Managing the risks of mood symptoms with LNG-IUS: a clinical perspective. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2018;23:321–325.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Heavy menstrual bleeding. 2007. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg44/evidence/full-guideline–195071293.Google Scholar
Darney, P, Patel, A, Rosen, K, Shapiro, LS, Kaunitz, AM. Safety and efficacy of a single-rod etonogestrel implant (Implanon): results from 11 international clinical trials. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1646–1653.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance. Intrauterine contraception. April 2015 (updated June 2015). Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidanceintrauterinecontraception.Google Scholar
Ashley, SF, Gaudet, MM, La Veccia, C. Intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E410–E422.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Barrier methods: contraception and STI prevention. 2012. Available at: www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidancebarriermethodscontraceptionsdi.Google Scholar
Frank-Herrmann, P, Heil, J, Gnoth, C. et al. The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple’s sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1310–1319.Google Scholar

References

FSRH Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Male and Female Sterilisation. London: Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2014.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Long-acting reversible contraception. Clinical guideline 30. 2005.Google Scholar
Melville, C, Bigrigg, A. Male and female sterilisation. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2008;18:330–334.Google Scholar
Jayaraman, S, Mann, M. Male and female sterilisation. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2012;22:85–91.Google Scholar
McKay, R, Schunmann, C. Male and female sterilisation. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2017;27:373–378.Google Scholar
Royal College of Onstetricians and Gynaecologists. Laparoscopic injuries. Green-top Guideline No. 49. 2008.Google Scholar
Murthy, P, Edwards, J, Pathak, M. Update on hysteroscopic sterilisation. Obstet Gynecol 2017;19:227–235.Google Scholar
Duffy, S, Marsh, F, Rogerson, L, et al. Female sterilisation: a cohort controlled comparative study of ESSURE versus laparoscopic sterilisation. BJOG 2005;112:1522–1528.Google Scholar
Madari, S, Varma, R, Gupta, J. A comparison of the modified Pomeroy tubal ligation and Filshie clips for immediate postpartum sterilisation: a systematic review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:341–349.Google Scholar
Harrison, MS, DiNapoli, MN, Westhoff, CL. Reducing postoperative pain after tubal ligation with rings or clips: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:68–75.Google Scholar
Peterson, HB, Xia, Z, Hughes, JM, et al. The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: findings from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1161–1168.Google Scholar
Peterson, HB, Jeng, G, Folger, SG, et al. The risk of menstrual abnormalities after tubal sterilization: US Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1681–1687.Google Scholar
Hillis, SD, Marchbanks, PA, Tylor, LR, Peterson, HB. Poststerilization regret: findings from the United States Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:889–895.Google ScholarPubMed
Brechin, S, Birgrigg, A. Male and female sterilisation. Curr Obstet Gynecol 2003;13:38–44.Google Scholar
Dohle, GR, Dierner, T, Kopa, Z, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on vasectomy. Eur Urol 2002;61:159–163.Google Scholar
Li, SQ, Goldstein, M, Zhu, J, Huber, D. The no-scalpel vasectomy. J Urol 1991;145:341–344.Google Scholar

References

Oppegaard, KS. Position statement from the European Board and College of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (EBCOG): medical abortion. 2015. Available at www.ebcog.org/single-post/2016/05/09/position-paper-medical-abortion.Google Scholar
Sedgh, G, Bearak, J, Singh, S, et al. Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends. Lancet 2016;388:258–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, S, Remez, L, Sedgh, G, Kwok, L, Onda, T. Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access. New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2018. Available at www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-worldwide-2017.Google Scholar
Raymond, EG, Grossman, D, Weaver, MA, Toti, S, Winikoff, B. Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States. Contraception 2014;90:476–479.Google Scholar
Raymond, EG, Grimes, DA. The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:215–219.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing unsafe abortion fact sheet. 2018. Available at www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion.Google Scholar
Ganatra, B, Gerdts, C, Rossier, C, et al. Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet 2017;390:2372–2381.Google Scholar
Faúndes, A, Shah, IH. Evidence supporting broader access to safe legal abortion. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2015;131(Suppl. 1):S56–S59.Google Scholar
Mendez, JE. Twenty years of anti-abortion law in Poland. Federation for Women and Family Planning, 2013. Available at http://en.federa.org.pl/20-years-anti-abortion-law.Google Scholar
Hirvonen, E. Polish Abortion Tourism. Vantaa: Laurea University of Applied Sciences, 2017.Google Scholar
Exelgyn. European abortion data. 2019. Available at https://abort-report.eu/europe.Google Scholar
Cameron, ST, Glasier, A. Identifying women in need of further discussion about the decision to have an abortion and eventual outcome. Contraception 2013;88:128–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, LA, Berg, CJ, Shulman, HB, et al. Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:729–737.Google Scholar
Scotland Information Services Division. Termination of Pregnancy Year Ending December 2017. Edinburgh: NHS National Services Scotland, 2018.Google Scholar
Ingham, R, Lee, E, Clements, SJ, Stone, N. Reasons for second trimester abortions in England and Wales. Reprod Health Matters 2008;16(31 Suppl.):18–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Clinical Practice Handbook for Safe Abortion. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.Google Scholar
Baird, DT, Rodger, M, Cameron, IT, Roberts, I. Prostaglandins and antigestagens for the interruption of early pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1988;36:173–179.Google Scholar
Spitz, IM, Bardin, CW, Benton, L, Robbins, A. Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1241–1247.Google Scholar
Penney, G. Treatment of pain during medical abortion. Contraception 2006;74:45–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiala, C, Safar, P, Bygdeman, M, Gemzell-Danielsson, K. Verifying the effectiveness of medical abortion: ultrasound versus hCG testing. Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;109:190–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pohjoranta, E, Suhonen, S, Heikinheimo, O. Attendance at post-abortal follow-up visits is low: can the risks of non-attendance be identified? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90:543–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashok, PW, Templeton, A, Wagaarachchi, PT, Flett, GM. Midtrimester medical termination of pregnancy: a review of 1002 consecutive cases. Contraception 2004;69:51–58.Google Scholar
Ngoc, NTN, Shochet, T, Raghavan, S, et al. Mifepristone and misoprostol compared with misoprostol alone for second-trimester abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:601–608.Google Scholar
Gerdts, C, Jayaweera, RT, Baum, SE, Hudaya, I. Second-trimester medication abortion outside the clinic setting: an analysis of electronic client records from a safe abortion hotline in Indonesia. BMJ Sex Reprod Health 2018;44:286–291.Google Scholar
Fiala, C, Swahn, ML, Stephansson, O, Gemzell-Danielsson, K. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at 13–22 weeks gestation. Hum Reprod 2005;20:3072–3077.Google Scholar
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Consensus statement on uterine evacuation. 2011.Google Scholar
Sääv, I, Kopp Kallner, H, Fiala, C, Gemzell-Danielsson, K. Sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for cervical dilatation 1 or 3 h prior to surgical abortion: a double-blinded RCT. Hum Reprod 2015;30:1314–1322.Google Scholar
Shaw, KA, Lerma, K, Shaw, JG, et al. Preoperative effects of mifepristone for dilation and evacuation after 19 weeks of gestation: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2017;124:1973–1981.Google Scholar
Low, N, Mueller, M, Van Vliet, H, Kapp, N. Perioperative antibiotics to prevent infection after first‐trimester abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;3:CD005217.Google Scholar
Sääv, I, Stephansson, O, Gemzell-Danielsson, K. Early versus delayed insertion of intrauterine contraception after medical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2012;7:e48948.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. Clinical Guideline: contraception after pregnancy. January 2017.Google Scholar
Hognert, H, Kopp Kallner, H, Cameron, S, et al. Immediate versus delayed insertion of an etonogestrel releasing implant at medical abortion: a randomized controlled equivalence trial. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2484–2490.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The care of women requesting induced abortion. Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7. 2011.Google Scholar
Pridmore, BR, Chambers, DG. Uterine perforation during surgical abortion: a review of diagnosis, management and prevention. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;39:349–353.Google Scholar

References

Vergers-Spooren, H, van der Meijden, W, Luijendijk, A, et al. Self-sampling in the diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013;17:187–192.Google Scholar
Nwokolo, NC, Barton, SE. Sexually transmitted diseases of the vulva. In: Ridley’s The Vulva, 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell; 2009, pp. 44–70.Google Scholar
Marrazzo, JM, Cook, RL, Wiesenfeld, HC et al. Women’s satisfaction with an intravaginal Lactobacillus capsule for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. J Womens Health 2006;15:1053–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirotta, MV, Garland, SM. Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3213–3217.Google Scholar
Sobel, J. Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: unresolved issues. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006;8:481–486.Google Scholar
Donders, G. Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis as a chronic illness. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010;70:306–321.Google Scholar
Allsworth, JE, Peipert, JF. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:114–120.Google Scholar
Powell, AM, Nyirjesy, P. Recurrent vulvovaginitis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014;28:967–976.Google Scholar
Verstraelen, H, Verhelst, R. Bacterial vaginosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009;7:1109–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verstraelen, H, Swidsinski, A. The biofilm in bacterial vaginosis: implications for epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013;26:86–89.Google Scholar
Nagaraja, P. Antibiotic resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis in recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26:155–157.Google Scholar
Hoffman, B, Schorge, J, Bradshaw, K. Gynecology infections. In: Williams Gynecology, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016, pp. 49–51.Google Scholar
Ventolini, G, Khandelwal, N, Hutton, K, et al. Obesity and recurrent vulvovaginal bacterial infections in women of reproductive age. Postgrad Med J 2017;93:297.Google Scholar
Sobel, JD, Funaro, D, Kaplan, EL. Recurrent group A streptococcal vulvovaginitis in adult women: family epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:e43–e45.Google Scholar
Clark, LR. Atendido, M. Group B streptococcal vaginitis in postpubertal adolescent girls. MJ Adolesc Health 2005; 36:437–440.Google Scholar
Honig, E, Mouton, JW, Van der Meijden, WI. Can group B streptococci cause symptomatic vaginitis? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999;7:206–209Google Scholar
Cox, RA, Slack, MP. Clinical and microbiological features of Haemophilus influenzae vulvovaginitis in young girls. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:961–964.Google Scholar
Donders, GG, Vereecken, A, Bosmans, E, et al. Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. BJOG 2002;109:34–43.Google Scholar
Lilford, RJ, Tindall, VR, Batchelor, AG. Post-surgical pyoderma gangrenosum of the vaginal vault associated with ulcerative colitis and Behçet’s disease: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989;31:93–94Google Scholar
Ricaud Rothiot, L, Ruíz Hernández, CE, Fernández Torres, E. Acquired vaginal atresia (Sjögren’s syndrome). Ginecol Obstet Mex 1979;45:217–222.Google Scholar
Sobel, JD. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1215–1220.Google Scholar
Stafford, MK, Ward, H, Flanagan, A, Rosenstein, IJ, et al. Safety study of nonoxynol-9 as a vaginal microbicide: evidence of adverse effects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;17:327–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnex, C. Sexual hypersensitivity. Br J Hosp Med 1988;39:40, 42, 47–48.Google Scholar
Edwards, L. Vaginitis. In: Obstetric & Gynecologic Dermatology. St. Paul, MO: Mosby; 2008, pp. 300–316.Google Scholar
Secor, RM. Cytolytic vaginosis: a common cause of cyclic vulvovaginitis. Nurse Pract Forum 1992;3:145–148.Google ScholarPubMed
Mantas, P, Rocha, S, Oliveira, E, Lopes, A. Occult foreign body, a rare cause of recurrent vulvovaginitis. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020;92:55–56.Google Scholar
Kissinger, P, Mena, L, Levison, J, et al. A randomized treatment trial: single versus 7-day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-infected women J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:565–571.Google Scholar

References

Lanjouw, E, Ouburg, S, de Vries, HJ, et al. European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:333–348Google Scholar
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chlamydia infection. In: ECDC: Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016. Stockholm: ECDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Nwokolo, NC, Dragovic, B, Patel, S, et al. 2015 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:251–267.Google Scholar
Fifer, H, Saunders, J, Soni, S, et al. BASHH national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 2019. Available at: www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1208/gc-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Gonorrhoea infection. In: ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016. Stockholm: ECDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Soni, S, Horner, P, Rayment, M, et al. BASHH guideline for management of Mycoplasma genitalium. 2018. Available at: www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1198/mg-2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Sherrard, J, Ison, C, Moody, J, et al. United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J STD AIDS 2014;25:541.Google Scholar
Gilson, R, Nathan, M, Sonnex, C, et al. UK national guidelines on the management of anogenital warts. 2015. Available at: www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1075/uk-national-guideline-on-warts-2015-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Patel, R, Kennedy, OJ, Clarke, E, et al. European guidelines for the management of herpes. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:1366–1379.Google Scholar
Foley, E, Clarke, E, Beckett, VA, et al. Management of genital herpes in pregnancy RCOG and BASHH. 2014. Available at: www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/genital-herpes.Google Scholar
Ross, J, Guaschino, S, Cusini, M, Jensen, J. European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS 2017;29:108–114.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×