Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T08:10:16.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - The interrelationship of depression and diabetes

from Part 2 - Depression and specific health problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2009

By
Dominique L. Musselman ,
Angela Bowling ,
Natalie Gilles ,
Hannah Larsen ,
Ephi Betan  and
Lawrence S. Phillips
Edited by
Andrew Steptoe
Dominique L. Musselman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Angela Bowling
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Natalie Gilles
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Hannah Larsen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Ephi Betan
Affiliation:
Georgia School of Professional Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Lawrence S. Phillips
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Andrew Steptoe
Affiliation:
University College London
Get access

Summary

… in the pre-war literature, diminished glucose tolerance was frequently reported to be statistically demonstrable in patients with melancholia.

H. M. Von Praag (1965)

Introduction: diabetes

The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 150 million people worldwide have diabetes mellitus. Due to the combined impact of sedentary lifestyles, increased prevalence of obesity, and the rising age of the population, this number may double by 2025. In developed countries, people aged 65 or older will be at highest risk; however, most new cases in developing countries will be individuals between 45 and 64 years of age. Countries reporting the largest number of cases are India, followed (in order) by China, the USA, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil, Italy and Bangladesh [1]

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disease in which hyperglycaemia is a central feature. Diabetes is the world's leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation, new cases of end-stage renal disease [2] and blindness in adults [1, 3]. Nearly 50% of the 18 million diabetes patients in the USA are unaware of their diabetes [4]; in some countries, that number may be as high as 80% [5]. Other debilitating consequences of diabetes include diabetic neuropathy and foot ulcers. Diabetes is the fourteenth leading cause of death worldwide and also contributes to cardiac and stroke-related morbidity and mortality.

Keywords

antidepressant agentscognitive-behavioural therapydepressiondiabetes mellituspsychological pathwaysWHOglycaemic controlglucose concentration
Type
Chapter
Information
Depression and Physical Illness , pp. 165 - 194
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization. Diabetes: The Cost of Diabetes (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002).
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (1993), 977–86.
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Moss, S. E., Davis, M. D., DeMets, D. L., The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetes Retinopathy III: prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch. Opthalmol. 102 (1984), 527–32.Google Scholar
Associated Press. Estimate of Americans with pre-diabetes doubles. Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2004.
World Health Organization. Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002).
Guidelines Subcommittee of the WHO/ISH Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. Guidelines for the management of mild hypertension. Hypertension 22 (1993), 392–403.
McDaniel, J. S., Musselman, D. L., Porter, M. R., Reed, D. A., Nemeroff, C. B., Depression in the cancer patient: a commentary on diagnosis, biology, and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52 (1995), 89–99.Google Scholar
C. Bradley, The well-being questionnaire. In Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes, ed. Bradley, C. (chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994), pp. 89–109.
Lustman, P. J., Amado, H., Wetzel, R. D., Depression in diabetics: a critical appraisal. Comp. Psychiatry 1 (1983), 65–74.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J., An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4 (1961), 561–71.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Gavard, J. A., Clouse, R. E., Depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 15 (1992), 1631–9.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Hong, B. A., Clouse, R. E., Similarity of depression in diabetic and psychiatric patients. Psychosom. Med. 54 (1992), 602–11.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J, Griffith, L. S., Clouse, R. E., et al., Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glucose regulation in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom. Med. 59 (1997), 241–50.Google Scholar
Ciechanowski, P., Katon, W., Russo, J., The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, self-care and glucose control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 731–6.Google Scholar
Edge, L. E., Zheng, D., Simpson, K., Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 464–70.Google Scholar
Gavard, J. A., Lustman, P. J., Clouse, R. E., Prevalence of depression in adults with diabetes: an epidemiological evaluation. Diabetes Care 16 (1993), 1167–78.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., Lustman, P. J., The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 24 (2001), 1069–78.Google Scholar
Gary, T. L., Crum, R. M., Cooper-Patrick, L., Ford, D., Brancati, F. L., Depressive symptoms and metabolic control in African-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23 (2000), 23–9.Google Scholar
Black, S. A., Goodwin, J. S., Markides, K. S., The association between chronic diseases and depressive symptomatology in older Mexican Americans. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 53A (1998), M188–94.Google Scholar
Grandinetti, A., Kaholokula, J. K., Crabbe, K. M., et al., Relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes among native Hawaiians. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 (2000), 239–46.Google Scholar
Warnock, J. K., Mutzig, E. M., Diabetes mellitus and major depression: considerations for treatment of Native Americans. J. Okla. State Med. Assoc. 91 (1998), 488–93.Google Scholar
Ostler, K., Thompson, C., Kinmonth, A. L., et al., Influence of socio-economic deprivation on the prevalence and outcome of depression in primary care: the Hampshire Depression project. Br. J. Psychiatry 178 (2001), 12–17.Google Scholar
Everson, S. A., Saty, S. C., Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res. 53 (2002), 891–5.Google Scholar
Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Shema, S. J., Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning. N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (1997), 1889–95.Google Scholar
Ross, C. E., Neighborhood disadvantage and adult depression. J. Health Soc. Behav. 41 (2000), 177–87.Google Scholar
Saul, C., Payne, N., How does the prevalence of specific morbidities compare with measures of socio-economic status at small area level?J. Public Health Med. 21 (1999), 340–47.Google Scholar
Fisher, L., Chesla, C. A., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., Kanter, R. A., Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24 (2001), 1751–7.Google Scholar
Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Levels and risk of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults. Diabetes Care 20 (1997), 585–90.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Clouse, R. E., Cryer, P. E., Psychiatric illness in diabetes: relationship to symptoms and glucose control. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 174 (1986), 736–42.Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. E., Matthews, K. A., Wing, R. R., Orchard, T. J., Psychosocial factors and complications of IDDM: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care 15 (1992), 166–72.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Clouse, R. E., Depression in adults with diabetes: results of 5-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 11 (1988), 605–12.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., et al., Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 23 (2000), 934–42.Google Scholar
Ziemer, D. C., Ferguson, S. F., Kieltyka, R. L., Slocum, W., Barriers to appointment keeping in a municipal hospital diabetes clinic. Diabetes 47, Suppl 1 (1998), A144.Google Scholar
Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., Lustman, P. J., Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 63 (2001), 619–30.Google Scholar
Vinnamaki, H., Niskanen, L., Uusitupa, M., Mental well-being in people with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 92 (1995), 392–7.Google Scholar
Mazze, R. S., Lucido, D., Shamoon, H., Psychological and social correlates of glycemic control. Diabetes Care 7 (1984), 360–66.Google Scholar
Testa, M. A., Simonson, D. C., Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 280 (1998), 1490–96.Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Psychiatric illness and cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiol. Rev. 17 (1995), 129–38.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Armenian, H., Gallo, J., Pratt, L., Ford, E., Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 22 (1996), 1097–102.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. L., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III (Washington, DC: Public Health Service [HSS], 1981).
Zung, W. W., A self-rating depression scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 12 (1965), 63–70.Google Scholar
Everson-Rose, S. A., Meyer, P. M., Powell, L. H., et al., Depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes in women in midlife. Diabetes Care 27 (2004), 2856–62.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S., The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. J. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1 (1977), 385–401.Google Scholar
Kawakami, N., Tkatsuka, N., Shimizu, H., Ishibashi, H., Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. Diabetes Care 22 (1999), 1071–6.Google Scholar
Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., Russo, J. E., Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch. Intern. Med. 1160 (2000), 3278–85.Google Scholar
Katon, W. J., Korff, M., Lin, E., et al., Population-based care of depression: effective disease management strategies to decrease prevalence. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 19 (1997), 169–78.Google Scholar
Egede, L. E., Zheng, D., Simpson, K., Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditure in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 464–70.Google Scholar
Clouse, R. E., Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., et al., Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes. Psychosom. Med. 65 (2003), 376–83.Google Scholar
Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., Juneau, M., Talajic, M., Bourassa, M. G., Gender, depression, and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psychosom. Med. 61 (1999), 26–37.Google Scholar
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., Munck, A. U., How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulator and preparative actions. Endocrinol. Rev. 21 (2000), 55–89.Google Scholar
D. L. Musselman, C. DeBatista, K. I. Nathan, et al., Biology of mood disorders. In Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 2nd edn, ed. Schatzberg, A. F., Nemeroff, C. B. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998), pp. 550–88.
A. Munck, A. Naray-Fejes-Toth, Glucocorticoid action: physiology. In Endocrinology, ed. Groot, L. J. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995), pp. 1642–56.
Eigler, N., Sacca, L., Sherwin, R. S., Synergistic interactions of physiologic increments of glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol in the dog: a model for stress-induced hyperglycemia. J. Clin. Invest. 63 (1979), 114–23.Google Scholar
DeFronzo, R., Sherwin, R. S., Felig, P., Synergistic interactions of counterregulatory hormones: a mechanism for stress hyperglycemia. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 498 (1980), 33–9.Google Scholar
Brindley, D. N., Rolland, Y., Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clin. Sci. (Land.) 77 (1989), 453–61.Google Scholar
Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., et al., Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 14 (1993), 303–47.Google Scholar
Weinstein, S. P., Paquin, T., Pritsker, A., Haber, R. A., Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: dexamethsone inhibits the activation of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle by both insulin- and non-insulin-related stimuli. Diabetes 44 (1995), 441–5.Google Scholar
Mueller, P. S., Heninger, G. R., McDonald, R. K., Intravenous glucose tolerance test in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 21 (1968), 470–77.Google Scholar
Wright, J. H., Jacisin, J. J., Radin, N. S., Glucose metabolism in unipolar depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 132 (1978), 386–93.Google Scholar
Winokur, A., Maislin, G., Phillips, J. L., Amsterdam, J. D., Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 145 (1988), 325–30.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Finkelstein, J., Hellman, L., Growth hormone responses in depressive illness: 1. Response to insulin tolerance test. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 25 (1971), 263–9.Google Scholar
Casper, R. C., Davis, J. M., Pandey, G., Garver, D., Dekirmenjian, H., Neuroendocrine and amine studies in affective illness. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2 (1977), 105–13.Google Scholar
Duelli, R., Kuschinsky, W., Brain glucose transporters: relationship to local energy demand. N. Physiol. Sci. 16 (2001), 71–6.Google Scholar
Baxter, L. R., Phelps, M. E., Mazziotta, J. C., et al., Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in mood disorders studied with positron emission tomography (PET) and (F-18)-fluro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42 (1985), 441–7.Google Scholar
Baxter, L. R., Schwartz, J. M., Phelps, M. E., et al., Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46 (1989), 243–50.Google Scholar
Martinot, J. L., Hardy, P., Feline, A., et al., Left prefrontal glucose metabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am. J. Psychiatry 147 (1990), 1313–17.Google Scholar
Simpson, I. A., Chundru, K. R., Davies-Hill, T., Honer, W. G., Davies, P., Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 35 (1994), 511–12.Google Scholar
Gamberino, W. C., Brennan, W. A. Jr, Glucose transporter isoform expression in Huntington's disease brain. J. Neurochem. 63 (1994), 1392–7.Google Scholar
Kuhl, D. E., Phelps, M. E., Markham, C. H., et al., Cerebral metabolism and atrophy in Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 12 (1982), 425–34.Google Scholar
Rothman, D. L., Magnusson, I., Cline, G., et al., Decreased muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation is an early defect in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 (1995), 983–7.Google Scholar
Petersen, K. F., Shulman, G. I., Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. 90 (2002), 11–18G.Google Scholar
Shulman, G. I., Rothman, D. L., Jue, T., et al., Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N. Engl. J. Med. 322 (1990), 223–8.Google Scholar
Ross, R., Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999), 115–26.Google Scholar
Fried, S. K., Bunkin, D. A., Greenburg, A. S., Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (1998), 847–50.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Real, J. M., Vayred, M., Richart, C., et al., Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin insensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2001), 1154–9.Google Scholar
Paolisso, G., Rizzo, M. R., Mazziotti, G., et al., Advancing age and insulin resistance: role of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998), E294–9.Google Scholar
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., Spiegelman, B. M., Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259 (1993), 87–91.Google Scholar
Hotamisligil, G. S., Budavari, A., Murray, D., Spiegelman, B. M., Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 94 (1994), 1543–9.Google Scholar
Hotamisligil, G. S., Spiegelman, B. M., Tumor necrosis factor a: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43 (1994), 1271–8.Google Scholar
Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., Spiegelman, B. M., Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in human obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 95 (1995), 2409–15.Google Scholar
Kern, P. A., Szaghizadah, M., Ong, J. M., et al., The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue: regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J. Clin. Invest. 95 (1995), 2111–19.Google Scholar
Hotamisligil, G. S., Peraldi, P., Budavari, A., et al., IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271 (1996), 665–8.Google Scholar
Saghizadeh, M., Ong, J. M., Garvey, W. T., Henry, R. R., Kern, P. A., The expression of TNFa by human muscle: relationship to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996), 1111–16.Google Scholar
Kent, S., Bluthe, R. M., Kelley, K. W., Dantzer, R., Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13 (1992), 24–8.Google Scholar
Yirmiya, R., Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res. 711 (1996), 163–74.Google Scholar
Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Meltzer, H. Y., et al., Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of l-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response. Psychiatr. Res. 54 (1994), 143–60.Google Scholar
Maes, M., Vendoolaeghe, E., Ranjan, R., et al., Increased serum interleukin-1-receptor-antagonist concentrations in major depression. J. Affect. Dis. 36 (1995), 2–36.Google Scholar
Maes, M., Smith, R., Christophe, A., et al., Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 omega-6/C20:5 omega-3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J. Affect. Dis. 38 (1996), 35–46.Google Scholar
Berk, M., Wadee, A. A., Kuschke, R. H., O'Neill-Kerr, A., Acute-phase proteins in major depression. J. Psychosom. Res. 43 (1997), 529–34.Google Scholar
Frommberger, U. H., Bauer, J., Haselbauer, P., et al., Interleukin-6-(IL-6) plasma levels in depression and schizophrenia: comparison between the acute state and after remission. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 247 (1997), 228–33.Google Scholar
Miller, G. E., Stetler, C. A., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Banks, W. A., Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 90 (2002), 1279–83.Google Scholar
Musselman, D. L., Miller, A. H., Porter, M. R., et al., Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001), 1252–7.Google Scholar
Snoek, F. J., Skinner, T. C., Psychological counselling in problematic diabetes: does it help?Diabetes Med. 19 (2002), 265–73.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Freedland, K. E., Kissel, S. S., Clouse, R. E., Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (1998), 613–21.Google Scholar
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (1993), 977–86.
Thaler, L. M., Ziemer, D. C., Gallina, D. L., et al., Availability of rapid HbA1c measurements enhances clinical decision-making. Diabetes Care 22 (1999), 1415–21.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Harper, G. W., Nonpsychiatric physicians' identification and treatment of depression in patients with diabetes. Comp. Psychiatry 28 (1987), 22–7.Google Scholar
Cook, C. B., Phillips, L. S., El-Kebbi, I. M., et al., Diabetes in urban African-Americans: XVII. Improved diabetes management over five years with nurse provider-led care at a large municipal hospital. Diabetes Care 22 (1999), 1494–500.Google Scholar
Miller, C. D., Phillips, L. S., Ziemer, D. C., et al., Hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med. 161 (2001), 1653–9.Google Scholar
Slocum, W., Ziemer, D. C., Culler, S. D., Cook, C., Ferguson, S. Y., Poor appointment keeping behavior worsens glycemic control. Diabetes 48: Suppl 1 (1999), A197.Google Scholar
Goodnick, P. J., Henry, J. H., Buki, V. M. V., Treatment of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Psychiatry 56 (1995), 128–36.Google Scholar
Praag, H. M., Leijnse, B., Depression, glucose tolerance, peripheral glucose uptake and their alterations under the influence of anti-depressive drugs of the hydrazine type. Psychopharmacologia 8 (1965), 67–78.Google Scholar
Max, M. B., Kishore-Kumar, R., Schafer, S. C., et al., Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a placebo-controlled trial. Pain 45 (1991), 3–9.Google Scholar
Max, M. B., Lynch, S. A., Muir, J., et al., Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine in diabetic neuropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (1992), 1250–56.Google Scholar
Rabkin, J., Quitkin, F., Harrison, W., McGrath, P., Tricamo, E., Adverse reactions to monoamine oxidase inhibitors: I. A comparative study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4 (1984), 270–78.Google Scholar
P. R. Muskin, A. H. Glassman, The use of tricyclic antidepressants in a medical setting. In Consultation-liaison Psychiatry: Current Trends and Future Perspectives, ed. Finkel, J. B. (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1983), pp. 137–58.
Roose, S. P., Dalack, G. W., Treating the depressed patient with cardiovascular problems. J. Clin. Psychiatry 53 (1992), 25–31.Google Scholar
Sindrup, S. H., Gram, L. F., Brosen, K., Eshoj, O., Mogensen, E. F., The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Pain 42 (1990), 135–44.Google Scholar
DeVane, C. L., Markowitz, J. S., Psychoactive drug interactions with pharmacotherapy for diabetes. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 36 (2002), 40–52.Google Scholar
Tremaine, L. M., Wilner, K. D., Preskorn, S. H., A study of the potential effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of tolbutamide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32: Suppl 1 (1992), 31–6.Google Scholar
Sussman, N., Ginsberg, D. L., Bikoff, J., Effects of nefazodone on body weight: a pooled analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-and imipramine-controlled trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62 (2001), 256–60.Google Scholar
Fava, M., Weight gain and antidepressants. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61: Suppl 11 (2000), 37–41.Google Scholar
Marcus, M. D., Wing, R. R., Guare, J., Blaire, E. H., Jawad, A., Lifetime prevalence of major depression and its effect on treatment outcome in obese type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 15 (1992), 253–5.Google Scholar
Rowland, D. L., Myers, L., Culver, A., Davidson, J. M., Bupropion and sexual function: a placebo-controlled prospective study on diabetic men with erectile dysfunction. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17 (1997), 350–57.Google Scholar
Koro, C. E., Fedder, D. O., L'Italien, G. J., et al., Assessment of independent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: population based nested case–control study. Br. Med. J. 325 (2002), 243–7.Google Scholar
Masand, P. S., Atypical antipsychotics and DKA: issues and controversies. Thomson Professional Postgraduate Services 2 (2002), 1–3.Google Scholar
Serynak, M. J., Leslie, D. L., Alarcon, R. D., Losonczy, M. F., Rosenheck, R., Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002), 561–6.Google Scholar
Isojarvi, J. I., Rattya, J., Myllyla, V. V., et al., Valproate, lamotrigine, and insulin-mediated risks in women with epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 43 (1998), 446–51.Google Scholar
Jin, H., Meyer, J. M., Jeste, D. V., Phenomenology of and risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with atypical antipsychotics: an analysis of 45 published cases. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 14 (2002), 59–64.Google Scholar
Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26: Suppl 1 (2003), 5–20.
O'Kane, M., Wiles, P. G., Wales, J. K., Fluoxetine in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Med. 11 (1994), 105–10.Google Scholar
Breum, L., Bjerre, U., Bak, J. F., Jacobsen, S., Astrup, A., Long-term effects of fluoxetine on glycemic control in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance: influence on muscle glycogen synthase and insulin receptor kinase activity. Metabolism 44 (1995), 1570–76.Google Scholar
Mahuex, P., Ducros, F., Bourque, J., Garon, J., Chiasson, J.-L., Fluoxetine improves insulin sensitivity in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus independently of weight loss. Int. J. Obes. 21 (1997), 97–102.Google Scholar
Loon, B. J. P., Radder, J. K., Frolich, M., Fluoxetine increases insulin action in obese nondiabetic and in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Int. J. Obes. 16 (1992), 79–85.Google Scholar
Norris, S. L., Lau, J., Smith, S. J., Schmid, C. H., Engelgau, M. M., Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 1159–71.Google Scholar
Hamburg, B. A., Inoff, G. E., Coping with predictable crises of diabetes. Diabetes Care 6 (1983), 409–16.Google Scholar
Lane, J. D., McCaskill, C. C., Ross, S. L., Feinglos, M. N., Surwit, R. S., Relaxation training for NIDDM: predicting who may benefit. Diabetes Care 16 (1993), 1087–94.Google Scholar
Spiess, K., Sachs, G., Pietschmann, P., Prager, R., A program to reduce onset distress in unselected type I diabetic patients: effects on psychological variables and metabolic control. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 132 (1995), 580–86.Google Scholar
Pouwer, F., Snoek, F. J., Ploeg, H. M., Ader, H. J., Heine, R. J., Monitoring of psychological well-being in outpatients with diabetes: effects on mood, HbA(1c), and the patient's evaluation of the quality of diabetes care: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 24 (2001), 1929–35.Google Scholar
Surwit, R. S., Tilburg, M. A. L., Zucker, N., et al., Stress management improves long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 30–34.Google Scholar
Williams, J. W. Jr, Katon, W., Lin, E. H., et al., The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (2004), 1015–24.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughnan, J., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Version III-R (Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Mental Health, 1987).
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Paykel, E. S., Methodology of live events research. Adv. Psychosom. Med. 17 (1987), 13–29.Google Scholar
Arrundell, W. A., SCL-90: Manual for a Multi-dimensional Indicator of Psychopathology (Lisse: Swets and Zeitinger, 1986).
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Luschene, R., Test Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1970).
Keller, M. B., McCullough, J. P., Klein, D. N., et al., A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000), 1462–70.Google Scholar
Schulberg, H. C., Katon, W., Simon, G. E., Rush, J., Treating major depression in primary care practice: an update of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Practice Guidelines. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55 (1998), 1121–7.Google Scholar
Surwit, R. S., Williams, R. B., Siegler, I. C., Lane, J. D., Helms, M., Hostility, race, and glucose metabolism in nondiabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 835–9.Google Scholar
Persky, V. W., Kempthorne-Rawson, J., Shekelle, R. B., Personality and risk of cancer: 20-year follow-up of the Western Electric study. Psychosom. Med. 49 (1987), 435–49.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Clouse, R. E., et al., Improvement in depression is associated with improvement in glycemic control. Diabetes 4: Suppl 1 (1995), 27A.Google Scholar
Sinha, R., Fisch, G., Teague, B., et al., Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (2002), 802–10.Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S., Magarinos, A. M., Reagan, L. P., Studies of hormone action in the hippocampal formation: possible relevance to depression and diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res. 53 (2002), 883–90.Google Scholar
Gispen, W. H., Biessels, G.-J., Cognition and synaptic plasticity in diabetes mellitus. Trends Neurosci. 23 (2000), 542–9.Google Scholar
Levin, B. E., Dunn-Meynell, A. A., Routh, V. H., Brain glucose sensing and body energy homeostasis: role in obesity and diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 276 (1999), R1223–31.Google Scholar
Levin, B. E., Glucosensing neurons do more than just sense glucose. Int. J. Obes. 25: Suppl 5 (2001), 68–72.Google Scholar
Dunn-Meyell, A. A., Rawson, N. E., Levin, B. E., Distribution and phenotype of neurons containing the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Brain Res. 814 (1998), 41–54.Google Scholar
Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., Griffith, L. S., Clouse, R. E., Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 23 (2000), 618–23.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The interrelationship of depression and diabetes
    • By Dominique L. Musselman, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Angela Bowling, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Natalie Gilles, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Hannah Larsen, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Ephi Betan, Georgia School of Professional Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA, Lawrence S. Phillips, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Edited by Andrew Steptoe, University College London
  • Book: Depression and Physical Illness
  • Online publication: 17 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544293.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The interrelationship of depression and diabetes
    • By Dominique L. Musselman, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Angela Bowling, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Natalie Gilles, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Hannah Larsen, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Ephi Betan, Georgia School of Professional Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA, Lawrence S. Phillips, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Edited by Andrew Steptoe, University College London
  • Book: Depression and Physical Illness
  • Online publication: 17 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544293.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The interrelationship of depression and diabetes
    • By Dominique L. Musselman, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Angela Bowling, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Natalie Gilles, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Hannah Larsen, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Ephi Betan, Georgia School of Professional Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA, Lawrence S. Phillips, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Edited by Andrew Steptoe, University College London
  • Book: Depression and Physical Illness
  • Online publication: 17 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544293.009
Available formats
×