Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 66
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2009
Print publication year:
2004
Online ISBN:
9780511499623

Book description

Democracy's Ancient Ancestors examines the political landscape of the ancient Near East through the archive of over 3000 letters found in the royal palace of Mari. These letters display a rich diversity of political actors, encompassing major kingdoms, smaller states and various tribal towns. Mari's unique contribution to the ancient evidence is its view of tribal organization, made possible especially by the fact that its king Zimri-Lim was first of all a tribal ruler, who claimed Mari as an administrative base and source of prestige. These archaic political traditions are not essentially unlike the forms of pre-democratic Greece, and they offer fresh reason to recognize a cultural continuity between the classical world of the Aegean and the older Near East. This book bridges several areas of interest, including archaeology, ancient and classical history, early Middle and Near East, and political and social history.

Reviews

‘This is an important and impressive work … What emerges from this study is a picture that is much more complex, nuanced, and to some extent confusing than those traditionally drawn of Mesopotamian societies and states. It is thus certain to be received with great interest by a number of disciplines beyond Assyriology (such as history, political science, and anthropology) and to stimulate intensive discussions on a wide range of issues. Not least, it makes a serious contribution to an old debate, triggered more than a half-century ago by Thorkild Jacobsen, on whether certain traits in Mesopotamian mythical and literary traditions can be interpreted as evidence for the existence of ‘primitive democracies’ in an early period, before the emergence of the great empires led by centralized monarchies. In this respect the book is certain to attract the interest of classicists and ancient historians as well.’

Kurt A. Raaflaub

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography
Bibliography
Abrahami, Philippe. 1992. “Yabisa/Yabasa/Yabusu.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 29, pp. 25–6
Adams, Robert McC. 1972. “Patterns of Urbanization in Early Southern Mesopotamia.” Pp. 735–49 in Peter J. Ucko et al. (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism. London: Duckworth
Adams, Robert McC. 1974. “The Mesopotamian Social Landscape: A View from the Frontier.” Pp. 1–11 in Charlotte B. Moore (ed.), Reconstructing Complex Societies. Cambridge, Mass.: American Schools of Oriental Research
Adams, Robert McC. 1981. Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago: University of Chicago
Adams, Robert McC. 1982. “Property Rights and Functional Tenure in Mesopotamian Rural Communities.” Pp. 1–14 in J. N. Postgate (ed.), Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff. Warminster: Aris and Phillips
Adams, Robert McC. 1988. “Contexts of Civilizational Collapse: A Mesopotamian View.” Pp. 20–43 in Norman Yoffee and George L. Cowgill (eds.), The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press
Alp, Sedat. 1991. Hethitische Briefe aus Maşat-Höyük. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi
Anbar, Moshe. 1985. “La distribution géographique des Bini-Yamina d'après les archives royales de Mari.” Pp. 17–24 in Jean-Marie Durand and Jean-Robert Kupper (eds.), Miscellanea Babylonica: Mélanges offerts à Maurice Birot. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Anbar, Moshe. 1991. Les tribus amurrites de Mari. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Anbar, Moshe. 1996. “L'origine tribale de Zimri-Lim, roi de Mari.” Pp. 7–10 in Ö. Tunca and D. Deheselle (eds.), Tablettes et images aux pays de Sumer et d'Akkad, Mélanges offerts à Monsieur H. Limet. Liège: Université de Liège
Archi, Alfonso. 1979/80. “Les dieux d'Ebla au IIIe millénaire avant J. C. et les dieux d'Ugarit.” Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 29–30: PP
Archi, Alfonso. 1985. “Mardu in the Ebla Texts.” Or 54: 7–13
Archi, Alfonso. 1990. “Imâr au IIIème millénaire d'après les archives d' Ebla.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 21–38
Archi, Alfonso. 1993. “Fifteen Years of Studies on Ebla: A Summary.Orientalische Literaturzeitung 88: 461–71
Archi, Alfonso. 1995. “Polity Interaction in the Age of Ebla.” Pp. 13–17 in Farouk Ismail (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Syria and the Ancient Near East 3000–300 B. C. Aleppo: University of Aleppo
Archi, Alfonso. 1996. “Chronologie relative des archives d'Ebla.Amurru 1: 11–28
Aynard, J.-M., and Spycket, Agnès. 1987–90. “Mari. B. Archäologisch.RLA 7: 390–418
Bailey, F. G. 1965. “Decisions by Consensus in Councils and Committees: With Special Reference to Village and Local Government in India.” Pp. 1–20 in Political Systems and the Distribution of Power. London: ASA Monographs no. 2
Balandier, Georges. 1970. Political Anthropology. New York: Random House
Beckman, Gary. 1999a. “The City and the Country in Ḫatti.” Pp. 161–69 in Horst Klengel and Johannes Renger (eds.), Landwirtschaft im alten Orient. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 41. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer
Beckman, Gary. 1999b. Hittite Diplomatic Texts, 2nd ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press
Birot, Maurice. 1953. “Trois textes économiques de Mari (I), (II).Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 47: 121–30 161–79
Birot, Maurice. 1955. “Trois textes économiques de Mari (III).Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 49: 15–31
Birot, Maurice. 1985. “Les chroniques ‘assyriennes’ de Mari.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 219–42
Birot, Maurice. 1990. “La lettre de Yarîm-Lim No 72–39 + 72–8.” Pp. 127–35 in Ö. Tunca (ed.), De la Babylonie à la Syrie, en passant par Mari. Mélanges Kupper. Liège: Université de Liège
Blanton, Richard E. 1998. “Beyond Centralization: Steps Toward a Theory of Egalitarian Behavior in Archaic States.” Pp. 135–72 in Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research
Blanton, Richard E., Stephen A. Kowalewski, Gary M. Feinman, and Laura M. Finsten. 1981. Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Blanton, Richard E., Feinman, Gary M., Kowalewski, Stephen A., and Peregrine, Peter N.. 1996. “A Dual-Processual Theory for the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization.Current Anthropology 37: 1–14
Bonechi, Marco. 1992. “Relations amicales syro-palestiniennes: Mari et Haṣor au XVIIIe siècle avant J.-C.Florilegium Marianum I: 9–22
Bonechi, Marco. 1993. I nomi geografici dei testi di Ebla. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert
Bonechi, Marco. 1997. “Lexique et idéologie royale à l'époque proto-syrienne.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 477–535
Bonechi, Marco. 1998. “Remarks on the III Millennium Geographical Names of the Syrian Upper Mesopotamia.” Pp. 219–41 in Subartu IV, vol. 1
Bonechi, Marco, and Amalia, Catagnoti. 1994. “Compléments à la correspondance de Yaqqim-Addu, gouverneur de Saggarâtum.Florilegium Marianum II: 55–82
Bonte, Pierre. 1979. “Pastoral Production, Territorial Organisation and Kinship in Segmentary Lineage Societies.” Pp. 203–34 in P. C. Burnham and R. F. Ellen (eds.), Social and Ecological Systems. London: Academic Press
Bottéro, Jean. 1958. “Lettres de la salle 110 du palais de Mari.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 52: 163–76
Braun, David P., and Plog, Stephen. 1982. “Evolution of ‘Tribal’ Social Networks: Theory and Prehistoric North American Evidence.American Antiquity 47: 504–25
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1966. The Amorites of the UrIII Period. Naples: Istituto Orientali di Napoli
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1977. “The ‘Urban Revolution’ in a Socio-Political Perspective.Mesopotamia 12: 19–39
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1988. “The Kingdom and Period of Khana.Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 270: 43–61
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1990. “‘River Bank,’ ‘High Country,’ and ‘Pasture Land’: The Growth of Nomadism on the Middle Euphrates and the Khabur.” Pp. 87–117 in Seyyare Eichler, Markus Wäfler, and David Warburton (eds.), Tall al-Ḥ amīdīya 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1991. “A Note on the muškēnum as ‘Homesteader.’Maarav 7: 91–100
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1992. “Ebla and the Amorrites.Eblaitica 3: 83–104
Buccellati, Giorgia. 1998. “Urkesh as Tell Mozan: Profiles of the Ancient City.” Pp. 11–34 in Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (eds.), Urkesh and the Hurrians: Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 26. Malibu, Calif.: Undena
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. 1995/6. “The Royal Storehouse of Urkesh: The Glyptic Evidence from the Southwestern Wing.AFO42–3: 1–32
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. 1996. “The Seals of the King of Urkesh: Evidence from the Western Wing of the Royal Storehouse Ak.Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 86: 65–97
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. 1997a. “Terqa.” Pp. 188–90 in E. M. Meyers (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. 1997b. “Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital.Biblical Archaeologist 60: 77–96
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. 1999. “Das archäologische Projekt Tall Mozan/Urkeš.Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 131: 7–16
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. 2001. “Überlegungen zur funktionellen und historischen Bestimmung des Königspalastes von Urkeš. Bericht über die 13. Kampagne in Tall Mozan/Urkeš: Ausgrabungen im Gebiet AA, Juni-August 2000.Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 133: 59–96
Cartledge, Paul. 1998. “Writing the History of Archaic Greek Political Thought.” Pp. 379–99 in Nick Fisher and Hans van Wees (eds.), Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence. London: Duckworth
Cassin, Elena. 1973. “Note sur le ‘puḫrum’ des dieux.” Pp. 111–18 in André Finet (ed.), La voix de l'opposition en Mésopotamie. Brussels: Institut des Hautes Études Belgique
Catagnoti, Amalia, and Bonechi, Marco. 1992. “Le volcan Kawkab, Nagar et problèmes connexes.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 65, p. 52
Chambon, Grégory. 2002. “Trois documents pédagogiques de Mari.Florilegium Marianum VI: 497–503
Charpin, Dominique. 1984. “Inscriptions votives d'époque assyrienne.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 3: 41–81
Charpin, Dominique. 1987a. “Tablettes présargoniques de Mari.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 65–127
Charpin, Dominique. 1987b. “Šubat-Enlil et le pays d'Apum.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 129–40
Charpin, Dominique. 1987c. “Mallanum et Mallanate.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 38, pp. 21–2
Charpin, Dominique. 1990a. “A Contribution to the Geography and History of the Kingdom of Kahat.” Pp. 67–85 in Tall al-Ḥamīdīya 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Charpin, Dominique. 1990b. “Conclusions et perspectives: Tell Mohammed Diyab, une ville du pays d'Apum.” Pp. 117–22 in Jean-Marie Durand (ed.), Tell Mohammed Diyab, Campagnes 1987 et 1988. Cahiers de Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires 1. Paris: Société pour l'Étude du Proche-Orient Ancien
Charpin, Dominique. 1990c. “Une alliance contre l'Elam et le rituel du lipit napištim.” Pp. 109–18 in François Vallat (ed.), Mélanges Jean Perrot, Contribution à l'histoire de l'Iran. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Charpin, Dominique. 1991a. “Les mots du pouvoir dans les archives royales de Mari (XVIIIème av. J.-C.).” Pp. 3–17 in Cahiers du Centre G. GlotzII. Paris: De Boccard
Charpin, Dominique. 1991b. “Un traité entre Zimri-Lim de Mari et Ibâl-pî-El II d'Ešnunna.” Pp. 139–66 in Mélanges Garelli
Charpin, Dominique. 1992a. “Les champions, la meule et le fleuve, ou le rachat du terroir de Puzurrân au roi d'Ešnunna par le roi de Mari Yahdun-Lim.Florilegium Marianum I: 29–38
Charpin, Dominique. 1992b. “De la vallée du Tigre au ‘triangle du Habur’: Un engrenage géopolitique.” Pp. 97–102 in Jean-Marie Durand (ed.), Recherches en Haute Mésopotamie. Mémoires de NABU 2. Paris: Société pour l’Étude du Proche-Orient Ancien
Charpin, Dominique. 1992c. “Hanéens et Simʾ alites.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 31, pp. 26–7
Charpin, Dominique. 1992d. “Les légendes de sceaux de Mari: Nouvelles données.” Pp. 59–76 in G. D. Young (ed.), Mari in Retrospect. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns
Charpin, Dominique. 1993a. “Données nouvelles sur la poliorcétique à l'époque paléo-babylonienne.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 7: 193–203
Charpin, Dominique. 1993b. “Un souverain éphémère en Ida-Maraṣ: Išme-Addu d'Ašnakkum.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 7: 165–91
Charpin, Dominique. 1993 /4. “Compte rendu de: I. J. Gelb et al. (eds.), The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1956–) volume S (1984).AFO 40/41: 1–23
Charpin, Dominique. 1994. “Compte rendu de: Mario Liverani (ed.), Akkad: The First World Eurpire.” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 88: 181–3
Charpin, Dominique. 1995a. “La fin des archives dans le palais de Mari.” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 89: 29–40
Charpin, Dominique. 1995b. “‘Lies natürlich …’: À propos des erreurs de scribes dans les lettres de Mari.” Pp. 43–56 in Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz (eds.), Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament. Festschrift Wolfram von Soden. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener
Charpin, Dominique. 1997a. “Manger un serment.Méditerranées 10–11: 85–96
Charpin, Dominique. 1997b. “Sapîratum, ville du Suhûm.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 341–66
Charpin, Dominique. 1997c. “La version mariote de l'insurrection générale contre Narâm-Sîn.'Florilegium Marianum 3: 9–18
Charpin, Dominique 1998. “L'évocation du passé dans les lettres de Mari.” Pp. 91–110 in Jiri Prosecky (ed.), Intellectual Life of the Ancient Near East. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 43. Prague: Oriental Institute
Charpin, Dominique. 2000. “Lettres et procès paléo-babyloniens.” Pp. 69–111 in Francis Joannès (ed.), Rendre la justice en Mésopotamie. Saint Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes
Charpin, Dominique. 2001. “Ešnunna (rois).” Pp. 314–18 in Francis Joannès (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2001)
Charpin, Dominique. forthcoming a. “Mari et le Proche-Orient à l'époque amorrite: Essai d'histoire politique. Le règne de Zimrî-Lîm (1775–1761).” In Florilegium Marianum V
Charpin, Dominique. forthcoming b. “Mari und die Assyrer.CDOG
Charpin, Dominique. forthcoming c. “Nomades et sédentaires dans l'armée de Mari du temps de Yahdun-Lîm.Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46. Compte Rendu de la 46e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 2000)
Charpin, Dominique, and Jean-Marie, Durand. 1985. “La prise du pouvoir par Zimri-Lim.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 293–343
Charpin, Dominique, and Jean-Marie, Durand. 1986. “‘Fils de Simʾ al’: Les origines tribales des rois de Mari.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 80: 141–81
Charpin, Dominique, and Jean-Marie, DurandCharpin, Dominique, and Jean-Marie, Durand. 1997. “Aššur avant l'Assyrie.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 367–91
Charpin, Dominique, and Martin, Sauvage. 2001. “Sippar.” Pp. 782–4 in F. Joannès (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2001)
Childe, V. Gordon. 1936. Man Makes Himself. London: Watts
Childe. 1942. What Happened in History. London: Max Parrish
Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook, eds. 2000. Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Cooper, Jerrold S. 1973. “Sumerian and Akkadian in Sumer and Akkad.OR 42: 239–42
Cooper, Jerrold S. 1983. The Curse of Agade. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Cooper, Jerrold S.. 1986. Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions, I: Presargonic Inscriptions. New Haven: American Oriental Society
Dalley, Stephanie, C. B. F. Walker, and J. D. Hawkins. 1976. The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah. British School of Archaeology in Iraq
Dandamayev, Muhammed. 1982. “The Neo-Babylonian Elders.” Pp. 38–41 in Dandamayev et al. (eds.), Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East. Warminster: Aris and Phillips
Dandamayev, Muhammed. 1995. “Babylonian Popular Assemblies in the First Millennium B. C.Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 30: 23–9
DeMarrais, Elizabeth, Luis, Jaime Castillo, and Timothy, Earle. 1996. “Ideology, Materialization, and Power Strategies.Current Anthropology 37: 15–31
Diakonoff, I. M. 1991. “General Outline of the First Period of the History of the Ancient World and the Problem of the Ways of Development.” Pp. 27–66 in Diakonoff (ed.), Early Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Donlan, Walter. 1997. “The Relations of Power in the Pre-State and Early State Polities.” Pp. 39–48 in Lynette G. Mitchell and P. J. Rhodes (eds.), The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece. London: Routledge
Dossin, Georges. 1939. “Benjaminites dans les textes de Mari.” Pp. 981–96 in Mélanges syriens offerts à M. René Dussaud. Paris
Dossin, Georges. 1955. “L'inscription de fondation de Iahdun-Lim, roi de Mari.Syria: Revue d'art oriental et d'archéologie 32: 1–28
Dossin, Georges. 1957. “Kengen, pays de Canaan.Ras Shamra - Ougarit 32: 35–9
Dossin, Georges. 1959. “Le palais – documents et monuments.” In MAM II/3
Dossin, Georges. 1972a. “Adaššum et kirhum dans les textes de Mari.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 66: 111–30
Dossin, Georges. 1972b. “Le madârum dans les archives royales de Mari.” Pp. 53–63 in Gesellschaftsklassen im Alten Zweistromland. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 18. Munich
Dossin, Georges. 1974. “Le site de Tuttul-sur-Balih.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 68: 25–34
Drews, Robert. 1983. Basileus: The Evidence for Kingship in Geometric Greece. New Haven: Yale University Press
Driver, G. R., and John C. Miles. 1952. The Babylonian Laws. Oxford: Clarendon
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1985a. “La situation historique des Šakkanakku: Nouvelle approche.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 147–72
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1985b. “Les dames du palais de Mari à l'époque du royaume de Haute-Mésopotamie.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 385–436
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1986. “Fragments rejoints pour une histoire élamite.” Pp. 111–28 in Léon de Meyer et al. (eds.), Fragmenta Historiae Elamicae. Mélanges M.-J. Stève. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1987a. “Documents pour l'histoire du royaume de Haute-Mésopotamie I.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 155–98
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1987b. “Villes fantômes de Syrie et autres lieux.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 199–234
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1987c. “Questions de chiffres.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 605–10
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1988. “Les anciens de Talhayûm.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 82: 97–113
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1989. “L'assemblée en Syrie à l'époque pré-amorite.” Pp. 27–44 in Miscellanea Eblaitica 2. Florence: Università di Firenze
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1990a. “ARM III, ARM VI, ARMT XIII, ARMT XXII.” Pp. 149–77 in Ö. Tunca (ed.), De la Babylone à la Syrie, en passant par Mari. Mélanges Kupper. Liège: Université de Liège
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1990b. “La cité-État d'Imâr à l'époque des rois de Mari.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 39–92
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1990c. “Documents pour l'histoire du royaume de Haute Mésopotamie II.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 271–301
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1990d. “Fourmis blanches et fourmis noires.” Pp. 101–8 in François Vallat (ed.), Mélanges Jean Perrot, Contribution à l'histoire de l'Iran. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1990e. “Problèmes d'eau et d'irrigation au royaume de Mari: L'apport des textes anciens.” Pp. 101–42 in Bernard Geyer (ed.), Techniques et pratiques hydro-agricoles traditionelles en domaine irrigué. Paris: Paul Geuthner
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1991. “Précurseurs syriens aux protocoles néo-assyriens: Considérations sur la vie politique aux Bords-de-l'Euphrate.” Pp. 13–71 in Mélanges Garelli
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1992a. “Espionnage et guerre froide: La fin de Mari.Florilegium Marianum I: 39–52
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1992b. “Unité et diversités au Proche-Orient à l'époque amorrite.” Pp. 97–128 in Dominique Charpin and Francis Joannès (eds.), La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 38. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1993a. “Mythologèmes d'époque amorrite.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 114, pp. 96–7
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1993b. “Le mythologème du combat entre le Dieu de l'Orage et la Mer en Mésopotamie.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 7: 41–61
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1994. “Administrateurs de Qaṭṭunân.Florilegium Marianum II: 83–114
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1997, 1998, 2000. Documents épistolaires du palais de Mari, Tomes I, II, III. Littératures Anciennes du Proche-Orient 16–18. Paris: du Cerf
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1999–2000. “Apologue sur des mauvaises herbes et un coquin.AuOr 17–18: 191–6
Durand, Jean-Marie. 2002. Le culte d'Addu d'Alep et l'affaire d'Alahtum. Florilegium Marianum VII
Durand, Jean-Marie. forthcoming. “Les Ben Simʾ alites dans la documentation de Mari.Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46. Compte Rendu de la 46e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 2000)
Durand, Jean-Marie, and Michaël, Guichard. 1997. “Les rituels de Mari.Florilegium Marianum III: 19–78
Earle, Timothy. 1987. “Chiefdoms in Archaeological and Ethnohistorical perspective.Annual Review of Anthropology 16: 279–308
Earle, Timothy. 1991. “The Evolution of Chiefdoms.” Pp. 1–15 in Earle (ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Earle, Timothy. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power: Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press
Edzard, Dietz Otto. 1987–90. “Martu (Mardu). B. Bevölkerungsgruppe.RLA 7: 438–40
Eidem, Jesper. 1987/88. “The Tell Leilan Tablets 1987 – A Preliminary Report.Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 38/39, p. 118
Eidem, Jesper. 1994. “Raiders of the Lost Treasure of Samsī-Addu.Florilegium Marianum II: 201–8
Eidem, Jesper. 1998–2001. “Nagar.RLA 9: 75–7
Eidem, Jesper. 2000. “Northern Jezira in the 18th Century BC: Aspects of Geopolitical Patterns.” Pp. 255–64 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VII
Eidem, Jesper, and F. Hoejlund. 1997. “Assyria and Dilmun Revisited.” Pp. 25–31 in H. Waetzoldt and H. Hauptmann (eds.), Assyrien im Wandel der Zeiten. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 39. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag
Eidem, Jesper, and Jorgen Laessøe. 2001. The Shemshara Archives 1: The Letters. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
Englund, Robert K. 1998. “Texts from the Late Uruk Period.” Pp. 15–233 in Pascal Attinger and Markus Wäfler (eds.), Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Evans, Geoffrey. 1958Ancient Mesopotamian Assemblies.Journal of the American Oriental Society 78: 1–11
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940. The Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon
Fales, Frederick Mario. 1990. “The Rural Landscape of the Neo-Assyrian Empire: A Survey.State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 4: 81–142
Falkenstein, Adam. 1963. “Zu den Inschriftenfunden der Grabung in Uruk-Warka 1960–1961,BAM 2: 1–82
Falkenstein, Adam. 1966. “Zu ‘Gilgameš und Agga.’AFO 21: 47–50
Feinman, Gary M. 1998. “Scale and Social Organization: Perspectives on the Archaic State.” Pp. 95–133 in Feinman and Joyce Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research
Finet, André. 1996. “Adalšenni, roi de Burundum.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 60: 17–28
Finet, André, ed. 1973. La voix de l'opposition en Mésopotamie. Brussels: Institut des Hautes Études Belgique
Finkbeiner, Uwe. 1999–2000. “Emar and Balis 1996–1998. Preliminary Report of the Joint Syrian-German Excavations with the Cooperation of Princeton University.Berytus 44: 5–34
Finkbeiner, Uwe, et al. 2001. “Emar 1999 – Bericht über die 3. Kampagne der syrisch-deutschen Ausgrabungen.BAM 32: 42–120
Finkbeiner, Uwe, et al. 2002. “Emar 2001: Bericht über die 4. Kampagne der syrisch-deutschen Ausgrabungen.BAM 33: 2–41
Finkelstein, J. J. 1966. “The Genealogy of the Hammurapi Dynasty.Journal of Cuneiform Studies 20: 95–118
Flannery, Kent V. 1998. “The Ground Plans of Archaic States.” Pp. 15–57 in Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research
Fleming, Daniel E. 1992a. “A Limited Kingship: Late Bronze Emar in Ancient Syria.Ugarit-Forschungen 24: 59–71
Fleming, Danie L. E. 1992b. The Installation of Baal's High Priestess: A Window on Ancient Syrian Religion. Atlanta: Scholars Press
Fleming, Daniel E.. 1998. “Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 92: 41–78
Fleming, Daniel E.. 1999. “Recent Work on Mari.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 93: 157–74
Fleming, Daniel E.. 2000. Time at Emar: The Cultic Calendar and the Rituals from the Diviner's Archive. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns
Fleming, Daniel E.. 2002. “Schloen's Patrimonial Pyramid: Explaining Bronze Age Society.Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 328
Fleming, Daniel E.. forthcoming. “The Simʾ alite gayum and the Yaminite li in the Mari Archives.Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46. Compte Rendu de la 46e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 2000)
Fortin, Michel. 2000. “Économie et société dans la moyenne vallée du Khabour durant la période de Ninive 5.” Pp. 111–36 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VII
Fox, Richard G. 1977. Urban Anthropology: Cities in Their Cultural Settings. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall
Frangipane, Marcella. 1998. “Changes in Upper Mesopotamian⊘Anatolian Relations at the Beginning of 3rd Millennium B. C.” Pp. 195–218 in Subartu IV, vol. 1
Frayne, Douglas. 1990. Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). Royal Inscription of Mesopotamia Early Periods 4. Toronto: University of Toronto
Frayne, Douglas. 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113 BC). Royal Inscription of Mesopotamia Early Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto
Fried, Morton H. 1967. The Evolution of Political Society. New York: Random House
Fried, Morton H.. 1975. The Notion of the Tribe. Menlo Park, Calif.: Cummings
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press
Gasche, H., J. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan. 1998. Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology. University of Ghent and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Gelb, I. J. 1986. “Ebla and Lagash: Environmental Contrast.” Pp. 157–67 in Harvey Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. Guilford, Conn.: Four Quarters
Geyer, Bernard. 1985. “Géomorphologie et occupation du sol de la moyenne vallée de l'Euphrate dans la région de Mari.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 27–39
Geyer, Bernard. 1990. “Une ville aujourd'hui engloutie: Emar. Contribution géomor-phologique à la localisation de la cité.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 107–20
Giddens, Anthony. 1981. A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol. 1: Power, Property and the State. Berkeley: University of California Press
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press
Glassner, Jean-Jacques. 2000. “Les petits États mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire.” Pp. 35–53 in Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels
Goetze, Albrecht. 1947. Review of H. Bozkurt et al., IBoT, 1944. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1: 87–92
Grayson, A. Kirk. 1987. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods 1. Toronto: University of Toronto
Groneberg, Brigitte. 1990. “La culture matérielle à Mari, II: ‘Der nūbalum und seine Objekte.’Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 161–80
Guichard, Michaël. 1994. “Au pays de la dame de Nagar.Florilegium Marianum II: 235–72
Guichard, Michaël. 1997. “Le sel à Mari (III): Les lieux du sel.Florilegium Marianum III: 167–200
Guichard, Michaël. 2002. “Le Šubartum occidental à l'avènement de Zimrî-Lîm.Florilegium Marianum VI: 119–68
Guillot, Isabelle. 1997. “Les gouverneurs de Qaṭṭunân: Nouveaux textes.Florilegium Marianum III: 271–90
Güterbock, Hans G. 1954.“Authority and Law in the Hittite Kingdom.Journal of the American Oriental Society Supplement 17/3: 16–24
Hallo, William W. 1971. “Antediluvian Cities.Journal of Cuneiform Studies 23: 57–67
Hallo, William W., and William Kelly Simpson. 1998. The Ancient Near East: A History, 2nd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1991. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1997. “The Copenhagen Inventory of Poleis and the Lex Hafniensis de Civitate.” Pp. 9–23 in Lynette G. Mitchell and P. J. Rhodes (eds.), The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece. London: Routledge
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 2000. “Introduction: The Concepts of City-State and City-State Cultures.” Pp. 11–34 in Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels
Heimpel, Wolfgang. 1974. “Sumerische und addadische Personennamen in Sumer und Akkad.AFO 25: 171–4
Heimpel, Wolfgang. 1992. “Herrentum und Königtum im vor-und frühgeschichtlichen Alten Orient.Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 82: 4–21
Helms, Svend W. 1987. “Jawa, Tell Um Hammad and the EBI/Late Chalcolithic Landscape.Levant 19: 49–81
Heltzer, Michael. 1981. The Suteans. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale
Hoftijzer, J., and K. Jongeling. 1995. Dictionary of the Northwest Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Hole, Frank. 1991. “Middle Khabur Settlement and Agriculture in the Ninevite 5 Period.Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 21: 17–29
Hole, Frank. 2000. “The Prehistory of the Khabur.” Pp. 17–27 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VII
Huehnergard, John. 1987. Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription. Atlanta: Scholars Press
Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1943. “Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia,Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2: 159–72
Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1957. “Early Political Development in Mesopotamia,Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 52: 91–140
Jeffery, L. H. 1976. Archaic Greece: The City-States c. 700– 500 B. C. New York: St. Martins
Joannès, Francis. 1985. “Nouveaux mémorandums.” Pp. 97–113 in Jean-Marie Durand and Jean-Robert Kupper (eds.), Miscellanea Babylonica: mélanges offerts à Maurice Birot. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Joannès, Francis. 1991. “Une mission secrète à Ešnunna.” Pp. 185–93 in Mélanges Garelli
Joannès, Francis. 1996. “Routes et voies de communication dans les archives de Mari.Amurru 1: 323–61
Joannès, Francis. 1997. “Palmyre et les routes du désert au début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 393–408
Joannès, Francis, ed. 2000. Rendre la justice en Mésopotamie. Saint Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes
Jones, G. I. 1971. “Councils among the Central Ibo.” Pp. 63–79 in Audrey Richards and Adam Kuper (eds.), Councils in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kamp, Kathryn A., and Norman, Yoffee. 1980. “Ethnicity in Ancient Western Asia during the Early Second Millennium B. C.: Archaeological Assessments and Ethnoarchaeological Prospectives.Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 237: 85–104
Katz, Dina. 1987. “Gilgamesh and Akka: Was Uruk Ruled by Two Assemblies?” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 81: 105–14
Khazanov, A. M. 1984. Nomads and the Outside World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Khoury, Philip S., and Joseph Kostiner. 1990. “Introduction: Tribes and the Complexities of State Formation in the Middle East.” Pp. 1–22 in Khoury and Kostiner (eds.), Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press
Klein, Jakob. 1998–2001. “Nippur. A. I. Sum. Nibru, Akk. Nippuru.RLA 9: 532–9
Klengel, Horst. 1960. “Zu den šībūtum in altbabylonischer Zeit.” Or 29: 357–75
Klengel, Horst. 1965. “Die Rolle der ‘Ältesten’ (LÚ.MEŠ ŠU.GI) im Kleinasien der Hethiterzeit.Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 57: 223–36
Kopcke, Günter. 2002. “Mycenaean Kingship, or Why Mycenaean Greece is Different.” October Melammu conference
Koppen, Frans. 1997. “L'Expédition à Tilmun et la révolte des bédouins.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 417–29
Kouchoukos, Nicholas. 1998. “Landscape and Social Change in Late Prehistoric Mesopotamia.” Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University
Kraus, F. R. 1958. Ein Edikt des Königs Ammi-ṣaduqa von Babylon. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Kraus, F. R.. 1970. Sumerer und Akkader: Ein Problem der altmesopotamischen Geschichte. Amsterdam: North Holland
Kraus, F. R.. 1973. Vom Mesopotamischen Menschen der altbabylonische Zeit und seiner Welt. Amsterdam: Netherlands Royal Academy
Krebernik, Manfred. 1998. “Die Texte aux Fāra und Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ.” Pp. 235–427 in Pascal Attinger and Markus Wäfler (eds.), Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Kuhrt, Amélie. 1995. The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge
Kuper, Adam. 1971. “Introduction: Council Structure and Decision-Making.” Pp. 13–28 in Audrey Richards and Kuper (eds.), Councils in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kuper, Adam. 1982. “Lineage Theory: A Critical Retrospect.Annual Review of Anthropology 11: 71–95
Kupper, Jean-Robert. 1957. Les Nomades en Mésopotamie au temps des rois de Mari. Paris: Les Belles Lettres
Kupper, Jean-Robert. 1990. “Une lettre du général Yassi-Dagan.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 337–47
Kupper, Jean-Robert. 2002. “Dans les jardins de Carkémish …Florilegium Marianum VI: 195–200
Lacambre, Denis. 1997a. “La bataille de Hirîtum.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 8: 431–54
Lacambre, Denis. 1997b. “La gestion du bronze dans le palais de Mari: Collations et joints à ARMT XXII.Florilegium Marianum III: 91–123
Lachenbacher, Sylvie. 1987. “madinâtum.Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, no. 81, p. 43
Lafont, Bertrand. 1984. “Le roi de Mari et les prophètes du dieu Adad.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 78: 7–18
Lafont, Bertrand. 1985. “Le ṣâbum du roi de Mari au temps de Yasmah-Addu.” Pp. 161–79 in Jean-Marie Durand and Jean-Robert Kupper (eds.), Miscellanea Babylonica: mélanges offerts à Maurice Birot. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Lafont, Bertrand. 1992a. “Messagers et ambassadeurs dans les archives de Mari.” Pp. 167–83 in Dominique Charpin and Francis Joannès (eds.), La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 38. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Lafont, Bertrand. 1992b. “Nuit dramatique à Mari.Florilegium Marianum I: 93–101
Lafont, Bertrand. 1994. “L'admonestation des Anciens de Kurdâ à leur roi.Florilegium Marianum II: 209–20
Lafont, Bertrand. 1997a. “Corps social et pouvoir politique dans les sociétés de l'ancienne Mésopotamie.Méditerranées 12: 25–48
Lafont, Bertrand. 1997b. “Le fonctionnement de la poste et le métier de facteur d'après les textes de Mari.” Pp. 315–34 in G. D. Young et al. (eds.), Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons, Studies in Honor of M. C. Astour. Bethesda, M.D.: CDL Press
Lafont, Bertrand. 1999. “Le Proche-Orient à l'époque des rois de Mari: Un monde sans frontières?” Pp. 49–55 in L. Milano et al. (eds.), Landscapes: Territories, Frontiers and Horizons in the Ancient Near East. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 44. Padova: Sargon srl
Lafont, Bertrand. 2000a. “Cheval, âne, onagre et mule dans la haute histoire mésopotamienne: Quelques données nouvelles.Topoi Suppl. 2: 207–21
Lafont, Bertrand. 2000b. “Irrigation Agriculture in Mari.” Pp. 129–45 in R. M. Jas (ed.), Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia. Te Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut
Lafont, Bertrand. 2001a. “Relations internationales, alliances et diplomatie au temps des royaumes amorrites.Amurru 2: 213–328
Lafont, Bertrand. 2001b. “Ur III.” Pp. 878–82 in F. Joannès (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2001)
Lafont, Sophie. 2000. “Considérations sur la pratique judiciaire en Mésopotamie.” Pp. 15–34 in Francis Joannès (ed.), Rendre la justice en Mésopotamie. Saint Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes
Lafont, Sophie. 2002. “Un cas d'exécution sommaire à Tuttul.Florilegium Marianum VI: 89–101
Lambert, Wilfrid G. 1985. “The Pantheon of Mari.Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 4: 525–39
Lapidus, Ira M. 1990. “Tribes and State Formation in Islamic History.” Pp. 25–47 in Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostiner (eds.), Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press
Larsen, Mogens Trölle. 1976. The Old Assyrian City-State and Its Colonies. Copenhagen: Akademisk
Larsen, Mogens Trölle. 2000. “The City-States of the Early Neo-Babylonian Period.” Pp. 117–27 in Mogens Trolle Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels
Leach, E. R. 1968. Pul Eliya: A Village in Ceylon. A Study of Land Tenure and Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lebeau, Marc. 1990. “Esquisse d'une histoire de la Haute Mésopotamie au début de l'Age du Bronze.Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 80: 241–96
Lebeau, Marc. 2000. “Les voies de communication en Haute Mésopotamie au IIIe millénaire avant notre ère.” Pp. 157–62 in Subartu VII
Lees, Susan H., and Daniel, G. Bates. 1974. “The Origins of Specialized Nomadic Pastoralism: A Systemic Model.American Antiquity 39: 187–93
Lieberman, Stephen J. 1977. The Sumerian Loanwords in Old-Babylonian Akkadian. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press
Lieberman, Stephen J.. 1992. “Nippur: City of Decisions.” Pp. 127–36 in Maria de Jong Ellis (ed.), Nippur at the Centennial. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 35. Philadelphia: University Museum
Liere, W. J. 1963. “Capitals and Citadels of Bronze–Iron Age Syria in Their Relationship to Land and Water.Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 13: 109–22
Liere, W. J., and Lauffray, J.. 1954–5. “Nouvelle prospection archéologique dans la Haute Jézireh syrienne.Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 4⊘5: 129–48
Limet, Henri. 1978. “Étude sémantique de ma.da, kur, kalam.Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 72: 1–12
Lion, Brigitte. 2001. “Les gouverneurs provinciaux du royaume de Mari à l'époque de Zimrî-Lîm.Amurru 2: 141–209
Liverani, Mario. 1974. “La royauté syrienne de l'âge du Bronze Récent.” Pp. 329–56 in Paul Garelli (ed.), Le palais et la royauté. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 19. Paris: Paul Geuthner
Liverani, Mario. 1975. “Communautés de village et palais royal dans la Syrie du IIème millénaire.Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18: 146–64
Liverani, Mario. 1983. “Communautés rurales dans la Syrie du IIe millénaire a.c.” Pp. 147–85 in Les communautés rurales. Paris: Dessain et Tolra
Liverani, Mario. 1997. “‘Half-Nomads’ on the Euphrates and the Concept of Dimorphic Society.AOF 24: 44–8
Lloyd, G. E. R. 1987. The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science. Berkeley: University of California Press
Luciani, Marta. 1999. “Zur Lage Terqas in schriftlichen Quellen.Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 89: 1–23
Luke, J. T. 1965. “Pastoralism and Politics in the Mari Period”. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan
Lupton, Alan. 1996. Stability and Change: Socio-Political Development in North Mesopotamia and South-east Anatolia, 4000–2700 B. C. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum
Lyonnet, Bertille. 1998. “Le peuplement de la Djéziré occidentale au début du 3e millénaire, villes circulaires et pastoralisme: Questions et hypothèses.” Pp. 179–93 in Subartu IV, vol. 1
Lyonnet, Bertille. 2000. “Méthodes et résultats préliminaires d'une prospection archéologique dans la partie occidentale du Haut-Khabur, depuis le Néolithique jusqu'à la fin du IIe millénaire av.n.è.” Pp. 241–53 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VII
Lyonnet, Bertille. forthcoming. “Le nomadisme et l'archéologie: Problèmes d'identification. Le cas de la partie occidentale de la Djéziré aux 3e et début du 2e millénaire avant notre ère.Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46 (Compte Rendu de la 46e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 2000))
Malamat, Abraham. 1967. “Aspects of Tribal Societies in Mari and Israel.” Pp. 129–38 in André Finet (ed.), Actes de la 15e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Liège: Les Belles Lettres
Malamat, Abraham. 1979. “Ummatum in Old Babylonian Texts and Its Ugaritic and Biblical Counterparts.Ugarit-Forschungen 11: 527–36
Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Marello, Pierre. 1992. “Vie nomade.Florilegium Marianum I: 115–25
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 1990. “L'aménagement de la région de Mari: Quelques considérations historiques.” Pp. 171–91 in Bernard Geyer (ed.), Techniques et pratiques hydro-agricoles traditionelles en domaine irrigué. Paris: Paul Geuthner
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 1994. “Mari au IIe millénaire.” Pp. 313–20 in H. Gasche et al. (eds.), Cinquante-deux reflexions sur le Proche-Orient ancien, offertes en hommage à Léon de Meyer. Leuven: Peeters
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 1996a. “Mari à l'époque des Shakkanakku.” Pp. 95–103 in Ö. Tunca and D. Deheselle (eds.), Tablettes et images aux pays de Sumer et d'Akkad, Mélanges offerts à Monsieur H. Limet. Liège: Université de Liège
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 1996b. “Mari, reflet du monde syro-mésopotamien au IIIe millénaire.Akkadica 98: 11–30
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 1997. “Mari.” Pp. 3.413–17 in E. M. Meyers (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)
Margueron, Jean-Claude. 2000. “Mari et le Khabur.” Pp. 99–110 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VII
Matthews, Victor H. 1978. Pastoral Nomadism in the Mari Kingdom (ca. 1830–1760 B. C.). Cambridge, Mass.: American Schools of Oriental Research
Matthiae, Paulo. 1997. “Tell Mardikh, 1977–1996: Vingt ans de fouilles et de découvertes: La renaissance d'Ebla amorrhéenne.Akkadica 101: 1–29
McClellan, Thomas L. 1995. “Irrigation in Dry-Farming Syria: Agricultural Intensification in the Bronze Age.” Pp. 51–76 in Farouk Ismail (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Syria and the Ancient Near East 3000–300 B. C. Aleppo: University of Aleppo
McClellan, Thomas L., Rodger Grayson, and Cliff Ogleby. 2000. “Bronze Age Water Harvesting in North Syria.” Pp. 137–55 in Subartu VII
McCorriston, Joy. 1995. “Preliminary Archaeobotanical Analysis in the Middle Habur Valley, Syria and Studies of Socioeconomic Change in the Early Third Millennium BC.Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 29: 33–46
McCorriston, Joy. 1997. “The Fiber Revolution: Textile Intensification, Alienation and Social Stratification in Ancient Mesopotamia.Current Anthropology 38: 517–49
McIntosh, Roderick. 1999. “Western Representations of Urbanism and Invisible African Towns.” Pp. 56–65 in Susan Keech McIntosh (ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
McIntosh, Susan Keech, 1999a. ed. Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
McIntosh, Susan Keechx ed.. 1999b. “Pathways to Complexity: An African Perspective.” Pp. 1–30 in McIntosh (ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms
McIntosh, Susan Keechx ed.. 1999c. “Modeling Political Organization in Large-Scale Settlement Clusters: A Case Study from the Inland Niger Delta.” Pp. 66–79 in McIntosh (ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms
Michalowski, Piotr. 1986. “Mental Maps and Ideology: Reflections on Subartu.” Pp. 129–56 in Harvey Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. Guilford, Conn.: Four Quarters
Michalowski, Piotr. 1995. “The Men from Mari.” Pp. 181–8 in K. van Lerberghe and A. Schoors (eds.), Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East: Festschrift E. Lipiński. Leuven: Peeters
Michalowski, Piotr. forthcoming a. “The Ideological Foundations of the Ur III State.”
Michalowski, Piotr. forthcoming b. “Literary Works from the Court of King Ishbi-Erra of Isin.” Festschrift for Jacob Klein. Bar Ilan University Press
Michel, Cécile. 1992. “Les ‘diamants’ du roi de Mari.Florilegium Marianum I: 127–36
Michel, Cécile. 2000. “Les Litiges commerciaux paléo-assyriens.” Pp. 113–39 in Francis Joannès (ed.), Rendre la justice en Mésopotamie. Saint Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes
Millet-Albà, Adélina. forthcoming. “La localisation des terroirs benjaminites du royaume de Mari.Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46 (Compte Rendu de la 46e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 2000))
de Montmollin, Olivier. 1989. The Archaeology of Political Structure: Settlement Analysis in a Classic Maya Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Moran, William L. 1963. “The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy.Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25: 77–87
Moran, William L.. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Morris, Ian. 1987. Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Morris, Ian.. 1991. “The Early Polis as City and State.” Pp. 25–58 in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (eds.), City and Country in the Ancient World. London: Routledge
Morris, Ian.. 1996. “The Strong Principle of Equality and the Archaic Origins of Greek Democracy.” Pp. 19–48 in Josiah Ober and Charles Hedrick (eds.), Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press
Morris, Ian..1997. “An Archaeology of Equalities? The Greek City-States.” Pp. 91–105 in Deborah L. Nichols and Thomas H. Charlton (eds.), The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
Nakata, Ichiro. 1989. “A Further Look at the Institution of sugāgūtum in Mari.Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 19: 113–18
Oates, David, and Joan Oates. 2000. “Recent Excavations at Tell Brak.” Pp. 91–7 in Subartu VII
Oates, Joan. 1983. “Urban Trends in Prehistoric Mesopotamia.” Pp. 81–92 in La ville dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Leuven: Peeters
Ober, Josiah. 1989. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press
Oppenheim, A. Leo.1936. “Zur keilschriftliche Omenliteratur.OR 5: 199–228
Orthmann, Winfried. 1986. “The Origins of Tell Chuera.” Pp. 61–70 in Harvey Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. Guilford, Conn.: Four Quarters
Parrot, André. 1936. “Les fouilles de Mari: Deuxiéme campagne (hiver 1934–35).” Syria: Revue d'art oriental et d'archéologie 17: 1–31
Parrot, André. 1950. “Les tablettes de Mari et l'Ancien Testament.Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses 30: 1–11
Peltenburg, Edgar. 2000. “From Nucleation to Dispersal: Late Third Millennium BC Settlement Pattern Transformations in the Near East and Aegean.” Pp. 183–206 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VI
Peters, Emrys L. 1967. “Some Structural Aspects of the Feud among the Camel– Herding Bedouin of Cyrenaica.” Africa 37: 261–82
Pettinato, Giovanni. 1991. Ebla: A New Look at History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Pettinato, Giovanni, and Waetzoldt, Hartmut. 1985. “Dagan in Ebla und Mesopotamien nach den Texten aus dem 3. Jahrtausend.” OR 54: 234–56
Pinnock, Frances. 2001. “The Urban Landscape of Old Syrian Ebla.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 53: 13–33
Podany, Amanda. 2002. The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press
Porter, Anne. 2000. “Mortality, Monuments and Mobility: Ancestor Traditions and the Transcendance of Space.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago
Porter, Anne. 2002. “The Dynamics of Death: Ancestors, Pastoralism, and the Origins of a Third–Millennium City in Syria.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 325: 1–36
Porter, Anne. forthcoming. “The Urban Nomad: Countering the Old Clichés.” Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 46 (Amurru 3)
Possehl, Gregory L. 1998. “Sociocultural Complexity without the State: The Indus Civilization.” Pp. 261–91 in Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. Santa Fe, N. M.: School of American Research
Postgate, J. N. 1992. Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London: Routledge
Postgate, J. N. 1994. “In Search of the First Empires.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 293: 1–13
Prechel, Doris, and Thomas Richter. 2001. “Abrakadabra oder Althurritisch: Betrachtungen zu einigen altbabylonischen Beschwörungstexten.” Pp. 333–71 in Richter et al. (eds.), Kulturgeschichten: Altorientalistische Studien für Volkert Haas zum 65. Geburtstag. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag
Raaflaub, Kurt A. 1996. “Equalities and Inequalities in Athenian Democracy.” Pp. 139–74 in Josiah Ober and Charles Hedrick (eds.), Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press
Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2000. “Poets, Lawgivers, and the Beginnings of Political Reflection in Archaic Greece.” Pp. 23–59 in Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Rappaport, Roy A. 1968. Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. New Haven: Yale University Press
Reviv, Hanoch. 1989. The Elders in Ancient Israel. Jerusalem: Magnes. Bibliography 339
Richards, Audrey. 1971. “Introduction: The Nature of the Problem.” Pp. 1–12 in Richards and Adam Kuper (eds.), Councils in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Richards, Audrey, and Adam Kuper, eds. 1971. Councils in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Roaf, Michael. 1998–2001. “Ninive–5–Kultur (Ninevite 5).” RLA 9: 434–9
Römer, Willem H. Ph. 1980. Das sumerische Kurzepos “Bilgame.s und Akka.” Alter Orient und Altes Testament 209. Neukirchen–Vluyn: Neukirchener
Rouault, Olivier. 1993. “Tell Ashara –Terqa.” Pp. 185–90 in Rouault and Maria Grazia Masetti–Rouault (eds.), L'Eufrate e il tempo: Civiltà del medio Eufrate e della Gezira siriana. Milan: Electa
Rouault, Olivier. 2000. “Quelques remarques sur la société de Terqa.” Pp. 265–77 in Subartu VII
Rouault, Olivier, and Markus Wäfler, eds. 2000. La Djéziré et l'Euphrate syrien de la protohistoire à la fin du II e millénaire av. J.–C. Subartu VI. Turnhout: Brepols
Rowton, Michael B. 1967. “The Physical Environment and the Problem of Nomads.” Pp. 109–21 in André Finet (ed.), Actes de la 15e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Liège: Les Belles Lettres
Rowton, Michael B. 1973a. “Autonomy and Nomadism in Western Asia.” OR 42: 247–58
Rowton, Michael B. 1973b. “Urban Autonomy in a Nomadic Environment.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32: 201–15
Rowton, Michael B. 1974. “Enclosed Nomadism.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 1–30
Rowton, Michael B. 1976a. “Dimorphic Structure and Topology.” ORAN 15: 17–31
Rowton, Michael B. 1976b. “Dimorphic Structure and the Tribal Elite.” Studia Instituti Anthropos 28: 219–57
Rowton, Michael B. 1977. “Dimorphic Structure and the Parasocial Element.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 36: 181–98
Rubio, Gonzalo. 1999. “On the Alleged Pre–Sumerian Substratum.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 51: 1–16
Safren, J. 1982. “Merḫûm and merḫûtum in Mari.” OR 51: 1–29
Sahlins, Marshall. 1968. Tribesmen. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice–Hall, 1968
Sallaberger, Walter. 1997. “Nippur als religiöses Zentrum in historischen Wandel.” Pp. 147–68 in Gernot Wilhelm (ed.), Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuität, Wandel, Bruch. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag
Salzman, Philip Carl. 1978. “Ideology and Change in Middle Eastern Tribal Societies.” Man 13: 618–37
Salzman, Philip Carl. 1980. “Introduction: Processes of Sedentarization as Adaptation and Response.” Pp. 1–20 in Salzman (ed.), When Nomads Settle: Processes of Sedentarization as Adaptation and Response. New York: Praeger
Salzman, Philip Carl. 2000. Black Tents of Baluchistan. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
Sasson, Jack M. 1998a. “About 'Mari and the Bible.'” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 92: 97–123
Sasson, Jack M. 1998b. “The King and I: A Mari King in Changing Perceptions.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 118: 453–70
Schlechter, E. 1968. “Gouvernés et gouvernants enMésopotamie depuis les origines jusquà la fin de la Ière dynastie de Babylone.” Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin 23: 72–86
Schlechter, E. 1970. “Les assemblées en Mésopotamie ancienne.” Pp. 3–12 in Liber Memoralis Georges de Lagarde. Louvain: Nauwelaerts
Schloen, J. David. 2001. The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns
Schneider, David M. 1984. Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
von Schuler, Einar. 1965. Die Kaskäer. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Schwartz, Glenn M. 1986. “Mortuary Evidence and Social Stratification in the Ninevite V Period.” Pp. 45–60 in Harvey Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry– Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. Guilford, Conn.: Four Quarters
Schwartz, Glenn M. 1994. “Before Ebla: Models of Pre–State Political Organization in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia.” Pp. 153–74 in Gil Stein and Mitchell S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press
Schwartz, Glenn M., and Curvers, Hans H.. 1992. “Tell al–Raqā'i 1989 and 1990: Further Investigations at a Small Rural Site of Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia.” American Journal of Archaeology 96: 397–419
Selz, Gebhard J. 1992. “Enlil und Nippur nach präsargonischen Quellen.” Pp. 189 – 225 in Maria de Jong Ellis (ed.), Nippur at the Centennial. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 35. Philadelphia: University Museum
Selz, Gebhard J. 1998. “Über Mesopotamische Herrschaftskonzepte. Zu den Ursprüngen mesopotamischer Herrscherideologie im 3. Jahrtausend.” Pp. 281–344 in Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz (eds.), dubsar anta–men. Studien zur Altorientalistik, Festschrift Willem H. Ph. Römer. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 253. Münster: Ugarit– Verlag
Service, Elman R. 1975. Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York: W. W. Norton
Soden, Wolfram. 1964. “mu.skēnum und die Mawālī des fr ühen Islam.” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 56: 133–41
Sommer, F. 1932. Die Ahhijava–Urkunden. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akkadamie der Wissenschaften
Soubeyran, Denis. 1984. “Textes mathématiques de Mari.” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 78: 19–48
Southall, Aidan. 1988. “Segmentary State in Africa and Asia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 30: 52–88
van der Spek, R. J. 1987. “The Babylonian City.” Pp. 57–74 in Amélie Kuhrt and Susan Sherwin–White (eds.), Hellenism in the East. Berkeley: University of California Press
Steible, Horst. 1982. Die altsumerischen Bau– und Weihinschriften. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Steible, Horst, and Yildiz, Fatma. 1993. “Ki'engi aus der Sicht von Suruppak: Eine fr ühdynastische Regio nach Fara–zeitlichen Urkunden.” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 43: 17–26
Stein, Gil. 1994a. “Introduction Part II. The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity in Greater Mesopotamia.” Pp. 11–22 in Stein and Mitchell S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press
Stein, Gil. 1994b. “Segmentary States and Organizational Variation in Early Complex Societies: A Rural Perspective.” Pp. 10–18 in Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. Falconer (eds.), Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
Steiner, Gerd. 1982. “Der Gegensatz 'Eigenes Land': 'Ausland, Fremdland, Feindland' in der Vorstellungen des alten Orients.” Pp. 633–4 in Hans–Jörg Nissen and Johannes Renger (eds.), Mesopotamien und Seine Nachbarn. Compte rendu de la Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 25. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer
Steiner, Gerd. 1988. “Die Bezeichnungen f ür den Begriff 'Land' in den Texten aus Ebla.” Pp. 333–43 in Hartmut Waetzoldt and Harald Hauptmann (eds.), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft von Ebla. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 2
Steinkeller, Piotr. 1993. “Early Political Development in Mesopotamia and the Origins of the Sargonic Empire.” Pp. 107–29 in Mario Liverani (ed.), Akkad: The First World Empire. Padova: Sargon srl
Steinkeller, Piotr. 1995. Review of M. W. Green and H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk. BiOr 52: 689–713
Steinkeller, Piotr. 1998. “The Historical Background of Urkesh and the Hurrian Beginnings in Northern Mesopotamia.” Pp. 75–98 in Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly– Buccellati (eds.), Urkesh and the Hurrians: Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 26. Malibu, Calif.: Undena
Steinkeller, Piotr. 1999. “On Rulers, Priests and Sacred Marriage: Tracing the Evolution of Early Sumerian Kingship.” Pp. 103–37 in Kazuko Watanabe (ed.), Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. Heidelberg: Carl Winter
Stol, Marten. 1976. Studies in Old Babylonian History. Te Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch–Archaeologisch Instituut
Stol, Marten. 1997. “Mu.skēnu.” RLA 8: 492–3
Stone, Elizabeth C. 1995. “The Development of Cities in Ancient Mesopotamia.” Pp. 235–48 in Jack M. Sasson (ed.), J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols. (New York: Scribners, 1995)
Stone, Elizabeth C. 1997. “City–States and Their Centers: The Mesopotamian Example.” Pp. 15–26 in Deborah L. Nichols and Thomas H. Charlton (eds.), The Archaeology of City–States: Cross–Cultural Approaches. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
Stone, Elizabeth C., and Zimansky, Paul. 1992. “Mashkan–shapir and the Anatomy of an Old Babylonian City.” Biblical Archaeologist 55⊘4: 212–18
Strommenger, Eva. 1997. “Bi‘a⊘Tuttul.” Pp. 112–13 in Harvey Weiss, “Archaeology in Syria.” American Journal of Archaeology 101
Strommenger, Eva, and Kay Kohlmeyer. 2000. Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi‘a⊘Tuttul, Bd. IV. Die Schichten des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im Zentralhügel E. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag
Talon, Philippe. 1978. “La Taxe sugāgūtum à Mari.” Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 73: 143–51
Talon, Philippe. 1982. “La sugāgūtum à Mari.” Pp. 54–68 in André Finet (ed.), Les pouvoirs locaux en Mésopotamie. Brussels: Institut des Hautes Études Belgique
Talon, Philippe. 1985. “Quelques réflexions sur les clans hanéens.” Pp. 277–84 in Miscellanea Babylonica: Mélanges offerts à Maurice Birot. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations
Talon, Philippe. 1986. “Les nomades et le royaume de Mari.” Akkadica 48: 1–9
Tapper, Richard. 1990. “Anthropologists, Historians, and Tribespeople on Tribe and State Formation in the Middle East.” Pp. 48–73 in Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostiner (eds.), Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press
Van De Mieroop, Marc. 1999. The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Vansina, Jan. 1999. “Pathways of Political Development in Equatorial Africa and Neo–Evolutionary Theory.” Pp. 166–72 in Susan Keech McIntosh (ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Veenhof, Klaas R. 1972. Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade and Its Terminology. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Villard, Pierre. 1986. “Un roi de Mari à Ugarit.” Ugarit-Forschungen 18: 387–412
Villard, Pierre. 1987. “Un conflit d'autorités à propos des eaux du Balih.” Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 5: 591–96
Villard, Pierre. 1990. “Documents pour l'histoire du royaume de Haute–Mésopotamie III.” Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 6: 559–84
Villard, Pierre. 1992. “Parade militaire dans les jardins de Babylone.” Florilegium Marianum I: 137–51
Villard, Pierre. 1993. “La place des années de 'Kahat' et d''Adad d'Alep' dans la chronologie du règne de Zimri–Lim.” Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires 7: 315–28
Villard, Pierre. 1994. “Nomination d'un scheich.” Florilegium Marianum II: 291–7
Villard, Pierre. 2000. “Les textes judiciaires néo–assyriens.” Pp. 174–200 in Francis Joannès (ed.), Rendre la justice en Mésopotamie. Saint Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes
Villard, Pierre. 2001. “Les administrateurs de l'époque de Yasmah–Addu.” Amurru 2: 9–140
Walther, Arnold. 1917. Das altbabylonische Gerichtswesen. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. Wasserman, Nathan. 1994. “The Particle assurre⊘ē in the Mari Letters.” Florilegium Marianum II: 319– 35
Weiss, Harvey. 1986. “Introduction: The Origins of Cities in Dry–Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C.” Pp. 1–6 in Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry–Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. Guilford, Conn.: Four Quarters
Weiss, Harvey. 1988. “The Origins of Tell Leilan and the Conquest of Space in Third Millennium North Mesopotamia.” Pp. 71–108 in Norman Yoffee and George L. Cowgill (eds.), The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press
Weiss, Harvey. 1990. “'Civilizing' the Habur Plains: Mid–Third Millennium State Formation at Tell Leilan.” Pp. 387–407 in Paolo Matthiae, Maurits van Loon, and Harvey Weiss (eds.), Resurrecting the Past: A Joint Tribute to Adnan Bounni. Te Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch–Archaeologisch Instituut
Weiss, Harvey. 2000. “Causality and Chance: Late Third Millennium Collapse in Southwest Asia.” Pp. 207–17 in Rouault and Wäfler (eds.), Subartu VI. Weiss, Harvey, and Marie–Agnès Courty. 1993. “The Genesis and Collapse of the Akkadian Empire: The Accidental Refraction of Historical Law.” Pp. 131–55 in Mario Liverani (ed.), Akkad: The First World Empire. Padova: Sargon srl
Westenholz, Aage. 1999. “The Old Akkadian Period: History and Culture.” Pp. 15– 117 in Pascal Attinger and Markus Wäfler (eds.), Mesopotamien: Akkade–Zeit und Ur III–Zeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
Whiting, Robert M. 1995. “Amorite Tribes and Nations of Second–Millennium Western Asia.” Pp. 1231–42 in Jack M. Sasson (ed.), J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols. (New York: Scribners, 1995). Wilcke, Claus. 1990. “Orthographie, Grammatik und literarische Form. Beobachtungen zu der Vaseninschrift Lugalzagesis (SAKI 152–156).” Pp. 455–504 in I. Tzvi Abusch et al. (eds.), Lingering over Words. Festschrift William L. Moran. Atlanta: Scholars Press
Whiting, Robert M. 1998. “Zu 'Gilgame.s und Akka.' Überlegungen zur Zeit von Entstehung und Niederschrift, wie auch zum Text des Epos mit einem Exkurs zur Überlieferung von '.Sulgi A' und von 'Lugalbanda II.'” Pp. 457–85 in Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz (eds.), dubsar anta–men: Studien zur Altorientalistik, Festschrift Willem H. Ph. Römer. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 253. Münster: Ugarit–Verlag
Wilhelm, Gernot. 1982. Grundzüge der Geschichte und Kultur der Hurriter. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
Wilkinson, T. J. 1994. “The Structure and Dynamics of Dry–Farming States in Upper Mesopotamia.” Current Anthropology 35: 483–520
Yamada, Masamichi. 1993. “Division of a Field and Ninurta's Seal: An Aspect of the Hittite Administration in Emar.” Ugarit-Forschungen 25: 453–60
Yoffee, Norman. 1988. “The Collapse of Ancient Mesopotamian States and Civilization.” Pp. 44–68 in Yoffee and George L. Cowgill (eds.), The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press
Young, Dwight W., and Matthews, Victor H.. 1977. “The raison d'être of the sugāgum in Mari.” OR 46: 122–6
Zagarell, Allen. 1989. “Pastoralism and the Early State in Greater Mesopotamia.” Pp. 280–302 in C. C. Lamberg–Karlovsky (ed.), Archaeological Thought in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Zarins, Juris. 1990. “Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 280: 31–65
Zeder, Melinda A. 1994. “Of Kings and Shepherds: Specialized Animal Economy in Ur II Mesopotamia.” Pp. 175–91 in Gil Stein and Mitchell S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press
Zeder, Melinda A. 1995. “The Archaeobiology of the Khabur Basin.” Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 29: 21–32
Ziegler, Nele. 1999. Le harem de Zimrî-Lîm. Florilegium Marianum 4. Paris: Société pour l'Étude du Proche-Orient Ancien
Ziegler, Nele. 2002. “Le Royaume d'Ekkalâtum et son horizon géopolitique.” Florilegium Marianum VI: 211–74
Ziegler, Nele, and Dominique Charpin. 2001. “Mari (rois).” Pp. 496–501 in F. Joannès (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2001)

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.