INTRODUCTION

On February 13, 2002, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi directed ministries to formulate emergency countermeasures to deflation, stating, in a press release that “while deflation has a varied background, the resolution of the immediate financial problems is indispensable to overcoming deflation” (italics added). Koizumi linked deflation, shown in Figure 9.1, to banking problems and a credit crunch, and called on the Bank of Japan to take action. The same press release goes on to state, “In particular, with regard to the disposal of non-performing loans which presently stands as a top-priority issue, actions shall be taken to achieve concrete progress in line with the ongoing process of special inspections, thereby solidifying the prospects for an early resolution of the so-called ‘non-performing loans problem.’ Meanwhile, the government shall stand ready to take any and all necessary measures to prevent a financial crisis. Overcoming deflation will require the government and the Bank of Japan to act in unison. Therefore, we turn to the Bank of Japan with the request that it act with due audacity in implementing monetary policy” (italics added; Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2002).

The call by the Prime Minister for the government to take emergency action reflects the concern that the deflation in Japan, if allowed to persist, would gradually erode the foundation of the economy and eventually lead to a much deeper and dramatic decline reminiscent of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Initially viewed by policy makers as a “good deflation,” price declines were now seen as a harbinger of economic collapse.