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  1. Home
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  3. Criminalizing Children
  • Cited by 18
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781316535028
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316535028
Subjects:
Socio-Legal Studies, Criminology, Law, Sociology
Series:
Cambridge Studies in Law and Society
Information

Book description

Incarceration of children is rising rapidly throughout of Australia, with indigenous children most at risk of imprisonment. Indigenous and non-indigenous children have been subject to detention in both welfare and justice systems in Australian states and territories since colonization. Countless governments and human rights enquiries have attempted to address the problem of the increasing criminalization of children, with little success. David McCallum traces the history of 'problem children' over several decades, demonstrating that the categories of neglected and offending children are both linked to similar kinds of governing. Institutions and encampments have historically played a significant role in contributing to the social problems of today. This book also takes a theoretical perspective, tracking parallel developments within the human sciences of childhood and theories of race. Applying a social theoretical analysis of these events and the changing rationalities of governing, McCallum challenges our assumptions about how law and governance of children leads to their criminalization and incarceration.

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Contents

Contents
References

References

Books, Chapters, Articles

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  • Victoria 1887. Department of Industrial and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1886. VPP 1887, No. 75.

  • Victoria 1890a. Regulations Under the Neglected Children’s Act 1890. Victoria Government Gazette No. 69, 22 August: 8849–71.

  • Victoria 1890b. 26th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria. VPP 1890, No. 212.

  • Victoria 1891. Department of Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1890. VPP 1891, No. 121.

  • Victoria 1892a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1891. VPP 1892–93, No. 105.

  • Victoria 1892b. 28th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria. VPP 1892–93, No. 158.

  • Victoria 1892c. Royal Park Reformatory School for Protestant Girls (Receiving Depot). Victoria Government Gazette No. 76. May 27: 2168.

  • Victoria 1893a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1892. VPP 1893, No. 35.

  • Victoria 1893b. Matron of Reformatory School. Victoria Government Gazette No. 4. January 3: 118.

  • Victoria 1894. 30th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria. VPP 1894–95, No. 21.

  • Victoria 1895. 31st Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria. VPP 1895–96, No. 78.

  • Victoria 1899. 35th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1899–1900, No. 59.

  • Victoria 1900a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1899.

  • Victoria 1900b. 36th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1900, No. 42.

  • Victoria 1901a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1900. VPP 1901, No. 30.

  • Victoria 1901b. 37th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1901, No. 42.

  • Victoria 1902a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1901. VPP 1902, No. 24.

  • Victoria 1902b. 38th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1902–3, No. 12.

  • Victoria 1903a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1902. VPP 1903, No. 30.

  • Victoria 1903b. 39th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1903, No. 36.

  • Victoria 1904a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1903. VPP 1904, No. 22.

  • Victoria 1904b. 40th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1904, No. 39.

  • Victoria 1905. 41st Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1905, No. 56.

  • Victoria 1906a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Acting Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1905. VPP 1906, No. 14.

  • Victoria 1906b. Penal Establishments and Gaols. Report of the Inspector General for the Year 1905. VPP 1906, No. 21.

  • Victoria 1906c. Royal Commission on the Victorian Police Force. Report on I. – The Efficiency of the Police Force in Connexion with the repression of Crime; II. – The Present Condition, Organization, and Administration of the Said Force. VPP 1906, No. 10.

  • Victoria 1906d. 42nd Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1906, No. 44.

  • Victoria 1907. 43rd Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1907, No. 47.

  • Victoria 1909a. The Children’s Court Act. Report of the Chief Probation Officer for the Year 1908. Melbourne. [Pamphlet: State Library of Victoria.]

  • Victoria 1909b. 44th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1909, No. 3.

  • Victoria 1910. 46th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1910, No. 57.

  • Victoria 1911a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1910. VPP 1911, No. 20.

  • Victoria 1911b. 47th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1911, 2nd Sess., No. 13.

  • Victoria 1912a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1911. VPP 1912, No. 25.

  • Victoria 1912b. 48th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1912, No. 60.

  • Victoria 1913. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1912. VPP 1913–14, No. 57.

  • Victoria 1914a. Aborigines Act 1890. Department of Chief Secretary. Residence of Aborigines Prescribed. Victoria Government Gazette No. 93. July 1: 2628.

  • Victoria 1914b. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1913. VPP 1914, No. 21.

  • Victoria 1915. Aborigines Act 1890. Department of Chief Secretary. Residence of Aborigines Prescribed. Victoria Government Gazette No. 57. May 12: 1703.

  • Victoria 1916. Aborigines Act 1915. Regulations. Victoria Government Gazette No. 198. November 1: 4257.

  • Victoria 1918. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1917. VPP 1918, No. 20.

  • Victoria 1922. 49th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1922, No. 6.

  • Victoria 1923a. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the year 1922. VPP 1923–24, No. 17.

  • Victoria 1923b. 50th Report of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. VPP 1923–24, No. 8.

  • Victoria 1924. Department for Neglected Children and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1923. VPP 1924, No. 28.

  • Victoria 1928. Children’s Welfare Department and Department for Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the year 1927. VPP 1928, No. 40.

  • Victoria 1930. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1929. Unpublished. Children’s Court Offices, July 1. State Library of Victoria.

  • Victoria 1931. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1930. Unpublished. Children’s Court Offices, July 1. State Library of Victoria.

  • Victoria 1932. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1931. Unpublished. Children’s Court Offices, July 1. State Library of Victoria.

  • Victoria 1933. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1932. Unpublished. Children’s Court Offices, July 1. State Library of Victoria.

  • Victoria 1934. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1933. Unpublished. Children’s Court Offices 2 July 1934. State Library of Victoria.

  • Victoria 1935. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1934. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1936. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1935. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1937a. Children’s Welfare Department and Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary and Inspector for the Year 1936. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1937b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1936. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1938a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1937. VPP 1939, No. 9.

  • Victoria 1938b. Report on Children’s Courts for the Year 1937. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1939a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1938. VPP 1940, No. 6.

  • Victoria 1939b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1938. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1940a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1939. VPP 1940, No. 6.

  • Victoria 1940b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1939. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1941a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1940. VPP 1941, No. 11.

  • Victoria 1941b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1940. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1943a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1942. VPP 1943, No. 6.

  • Victoria 1943b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1942. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1944. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1943. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1945. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1944. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1947. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1946. VPP 1947–48, No. 9.

  • Victoria 1949. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1948. VPP 1949, No. 17.

  • Victoria 1950a. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1949. VPP 1950–51, No. 21.

  • Victoria 1950b. Report on the Children’s Courts for the year 1949. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria (A. Kennedy) 1950c. Report to the Minister for Health on Mental Health and Mental Hygiene Services in the State of Victoria. Melbourne: Government Printer.

  • Victoria 1951. Department of Mental Hygiene. Report of the Director for the year ended 31 December 1950. VPP 1951–52, No. 1.

  • Victoria 1953. Report of the Mental Hygiene Authority for the year ended 30 June 1952. VPP 1952–53, No. 8.

  • Victoria 1954a. Children’s Welfare Department and Department for Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Years 1951 and 1952. VPP 1954–55, No. 16.

  • Victoria 1954b. Children’s Welfare Department and Department for Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1953. VPP 1954–55, No. 21.

  • Victoria 1954c. Report of the Mental Hygiene Authority for the year ended 30 June 1953. VPP 1954–55, No. 1.

  • Victoria 1956a. Children’s Welfare Department and Department for Reformatory Schools. Report of the Secretary for the Year 1954. VPP 1955–56, No. 23.

  • Victoria 1956b. Children’s Welfare Department. Report of the Director for the Year 1955. VPP 1955–56, No. 36.

  • Victoria (Justice John V. Barry) 1956c. Report of the Advisory Committee on Juvenile Delinquency. VPP 1955–56, No. 38.

  • Victoria 1956d. Report of the Mental Hygiene Authority for the year ended 30 June 1955. VPP 1955–56, No. 34.

  • Victoria 1957a. Children’s Welfare Department. Report of the Director for the Year 1956. VPP 1956–58, No. 25.

  • Victoria (Charles McLean) 1957b. Report upon the operation of the Aborigines Act 1928 and the Regulations and Orders made thereunder. VPP 1956–58, No. 18.

  • Victoria 1958a. Aborigines Act 1957 – Regulations. Victoria Government Gazette No. 80, 27 August: 2978–81.

  • Victoria 1958b. Report of the Aborigines Welfare Board for Year Ended 30 June 1958. VPP 1958–59, No. 19.

  • Victoria 1963a. Report of the Aborigines Welfare Board for Year Ended 30 June 1961. VPP 1962–63, No. 33.

  • Victoria 1963b. Social Welfare Department. Annual Report for Year Ended 30 June 1962. VPP 1963–64, No. 4.

  • Victoria 1964. Report of the Aborigines Welfare Board for Year Ended 30 June 1963. VPP 1963–64, No. 37.

  • Victoria 1967. Report of the Aborigines Welfare Board for Year Ended 30 June 1965. VPP 1966–67, No. 25.

  • Victoria 2013a. Betrayal of Trust. Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Non-Government Organisations. VPP 2010–13, No. 275.

  • Victoria (Ombudsman) 2013b. Investigation into children transferred from the youth justice system to the adult prison system. VPP 2010–13, No. 293.

  • Victoria (Ombudsman) 2017. Report on Youth Justice Facilities at the Grevillea Unit at Barwon Prison, Malmsbury and Parkville February 6. VPP 2014–17, No. 323.

Acts

  • Australia Racial Discrimination Act (No. 52) 1975. An Act relating to the Elimination of Racial and other Discrimination.

  • Australia Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 127) 2005. An Act to amend the law relating to terrorist acts, and for other purposes.

  • Australia Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Act (No. 1) 2007–8 (No. 126) 2007. An Act to appropriate money out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund for the ordinary annual services of the Government in relation to the Northern Territory National Emergency Response, and for related purposes.

  • Australia Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Act (No. 2) 2007–8 (No. 127) 2007. An Act to appropriate money out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund for certain expenditure in relation to the Northern Territory National Emergency Response, and for related purposes.

  • Australia Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Act (No. 128) 2007. An Act to amend laws in order to respond to the Northern Territory’s national emergency, and for related purposes.

  • Australia Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act (No. 129) 2007. An Act to respond to the Northern Territory’s national emergency, and for related purposes.

  • Australia Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Act (No. 130) 2007. An Act to amend the social security law, and for other purposes.

  • New South Wales Habitual Criminals Act (No. 15) 1905. An Act to provide for the detention and control of habitual criminals.

  • Victoria Neglected and Criminal Children’s Act (No. 216) 1864. An Act for the amendment of the Law relating to Neglected and Criminal Children.

  • Victoria Aborigines’ Protection Act (No. 349) 1869. An Act to provide for the Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria.

  • Victoria The Neglected and Criminal Children’s Amendment Act (No. 626) 1878. An Act to further amend the Law relating to Neglected and Criminal Children.

  • Victoria The Aborigines Protection Act (No. 912) 1886. An Act to amend an Act intituled ‘An Act to provide for the Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria.’

  • Victoria The Neglected Children’s Act (No. 941) 1887. An Act to amend the Law relating to Neglected Children.

  • Victoria The Juvenile Offenders Act (No. 951) 1887. An Act to amend the Law relating to Juvenile Offenders and for other purposes.

  • Victoria Aborigines Act (No. 1059) 1890. An Act to consolidate the Laws relating to the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria.

  • Victoria Crimes Act (No. 1079) 1890. An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Crimes and Criminal Offenders.

  • Victoria Children’s Court Act (No. 2058) 1906. An Act to establish and regulate Children’s Courts.

  • Victoria Indeterminate Sentences Act (No. 2016) 1907. An Act to provide for Indeterminate Sentences and for the Detention and Control of Habitual and other Criminals.

  • Victoria Infant Life Protection Act (No. 2102) 1907. An Act to amend the Infant Life Protection Act 1890.

  • Victoria Aborigines Act (No. 2255) 1910. An Act to extend the powers of the Board for the Protection of the Aborigines.

  • Victoria Aborigines Act (No. 2610) 1915. An Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria.

  • Victoria Children’s Maintenance Act (No. 3001) 1919. An Act to make provision with respect to certain Children without Sufficient Means of Support and for other purposes.

  • Victoria Children’s Welfare Act (No. 3654) 1928. An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Children’s Welfare and to the Protection of Infant Life.

  • Victoria Children’s Welfare Act (No. 4152) 1933. An Act to amend Sections Eighteen and One hundred and nine of the Children’s Welfare Act 1928.

  • Victoria Children’s Welfare Act (No. 5817) 1954. An Act to provide for and promote the Welfare, Protection and Care of Children and Young Persons.

  • Victoria Aborigines Act (No. 6086) 1957. An Act relating to the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria and for other purposes.

  • Victoria Aborigines Act (No. 6190) 1958. An Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria, and for other purposes.

  • Victoria Social Welfare Act (No. 6651) 1960. An Act to establish a Social Welfare Branch of the Chief Secretary’s Department and to make Provision with respect to the Functions of that Branch and for other purposes.

Victorian Parliamentary Debates (VPD)

  • VPD Session 1928 Vol 177, Legislative Assembly 11 October 1928.

  • VPD Session 1950–51 Vol 232, Legislative Assembly 9 August 1950.

  • VPD Session 1950–51 Vol 234, Legislative Assembly 14 November 1950; 4 September 1951.

  • VPD Session 1956–57–58 Vol 251, Legislative Assembly 30 April 1957.

  • VPD Session 1956–57–58 Vol 252, Legislative Assembly 28 May 1957.

  • VPD Session 1958–59 Vol 257, Legislative Assembly 15 April 1959; 21 April 1959.

  • VPD Session 1959–60 Vol 259, Legislative Assembly 6 April 1960.

  • VPD Session 1962–63 Vol 268, Legislative Assembly 23 October 1962.

Archival Sources

National Archives of Australia

  • NAA B314, 7. Minutes of Meeting of Board for the Protection of Aborigines [BPA] (1921–46).

  • NAA B314, 8. Minutes of Meeting of BPA/Aborigines Welfare Board [AWB] (1946–58).

  • NAA B314, 9. Minutes of Meeting of AWB (1959–61).

  • NAA B337, 540. Aboriginal Case Files: D. M.

  • NAA B337, 56. Aboriginal Case Files: E. B.

  • NAA B337, 253. Aboriginal Case Files: E. and R. F.

  • NAA B337, 635. Aboriginal Case Files: M. R.

  • NAA B337, 689. Aboriginal Case Files: A. S.

  • NAA B356, 90. Lake Tyers – inspections (1931–34).

  • NAA B356, 91. Lake Tyers – inspection reports (1935–38).

  • NAA B356, 92. Lake Tyers – inspection reports (1939–62).

  • NAA B356, 93. Lake Tyers – outside/unofficial reports and complaints – Mr Gordon Sprigg (Baptist Union of Victoria) (1935–37).

  • NAA B356, 94. Lake Tyers – outside/unofficial reports and complaints – Mr Gordon Sprigg (Baptist Union of Victoria) (1935–36).

  • NAA B356, 95. Lake Tyers – outside/unofficial reports and complaints (general) (1948–65).

  • NAA B356, 97. Lake Tyers – outside/unofficial reports and complaints – Mrs Anna Vroland (Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom).

  • NAA B357, 1. Acts and Regulations 1957–58 Aborigines Bill.

  • NAA B357, 3. Acts and Regulations 1958–65: Correspondence.

  • NAA B357, 54. 1957 Districts: Mooroopna.

  • NAA B357, 55. Mooroopna 1958.

  • NAA B357, 109. Correspondence: Institutions.

  • NAA B357, 155. Correspondence Files Health: Children in Hospitals and Institutions.

  • NAA B357, 166. Social Workers’ Reports 1961–64.

  • NAA B357, 169. Dr Finney’s Report 1958.

  • NAA B357, 192. AWB Field Notes – Murray Valley Survey of Aborigines.

  • NAA B408, 1. McLean Inquiry – notes on country visits.

  • NAA B408, 4. Police Reports and Population Details.

  • NAA B408, 6. McLean Inquiry – correspondence of inquiry board (1).

  • NAA B408, 7. McLean Inquiry – correspondence of inquiry board (2).

  • NAA B408, 9. McLean Inquiry – correspondence 1954–57.

Public Records Office of Victoria (PROV)

  • PROV VPRS 266, Unit 630. Inward Registered Correspondence (1852–1938). Law Department.

  • PROV VPRS 1579, Unit 1. Circulars from Crown Law Office, Melbourne (1865–1914).

  • PROV VPRS 1694, Units 1–11. Board for the Protection of Aborigines: Correspondences.

  • PROV VPRS 5694, Unit 1. Annual Reports Children’s Welfare Department 1925–61.

  • PROV VPRS 6345. Health Department Central Administration Files. General Correspondences:

    • Unit 72. Item 236. Psychiatric Clinic for Children.

    • Unit 95. Item 82. Mental Hygiene Branch: Children’s Court Clinic – Transfer to Mental Hygiene Branch.

    • Unit 102. Mental Deficiency Act: Accommodation of retarded children and Children’s Welfare at Royal Park.

  • PROV VPRS 10309 P0001. Secretary’s Letter Book 1905–7.

  • PROV VPRS 11563 P0001 Unit 411 Item 58/475. Shepparton PO [Permissive Occupancy] Areas Aborigines Welfare Board re Camps on Forest Land.

Victorian Children’s Aid Society Records. State Library of Victoria. La Trobe Collection. MS 10051.

  • Box 1/2 (a). Annual Report of the Presbyterian Society for Neglected and Destitute Children, 1893–94.

  • Box 1/2 (b). Reports and statements of accounts for the years 1897–1908.

  • Box 1/5. Minute book for committee meeting 1902–8.

  • Box 4/1. Minute book of sub-committee April 1895–December 1901.

  • Box 4/4. Casebook Vol 1. November 1893–September 1894.

  • Box 18/10. Register of foster parents including copies of departmental inspectors’ reports.

  • Box 19/4. Applications for foster children 1894–1921. Box 21/2. Correspondence re reports on children November 1902–May 1933.

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