Abu Khalil, E. (1968) ‘Its Name on all Lips’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 17 November, 10.Google Scholar

Adonis, (1968) Editorial, Mawaqif, 1(1), 3–4.Google Scholar

Al-Anwar, (1971) Lubnan Shatiʾ al-Jamal (Lebanon the coast of beauty). Al-Anwar newspaper special supplement. Sunday, 13 June.Google Scholar

‘Al-Taliʿa Symposium Roundtable (1969)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 315–21.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (1974) Fann al-mulsaqat fi al-Iraq (The art of the poster in Iraq), Baghdad: Ministry of Information.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2001) Lawn Yajmaʿ al-Basar, London: Touch Editions.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2018) ‘Graphic Design and the Visual Arts in Iraq’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 370–1.Google Scholar

al-Boustani, S. (1966) ‘Prosper Gay-Para’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 19 June, 12.Google Scholar

Arafat, Y. (1974) Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Plenary Meeting, Twenty-Ninth Session. United Nations, Official Records, Agenda Item 108, Question of Palestine, 13 November 1974, New York. Available at: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/ [accessed May 2015].Google Scholar

‘Artists’ Questionnaire: “Art and Arab Life” (1956)’, trans. Dorman, S. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 167–75.Google Scholar

Boulanger, R. (1955) Liban, Paris: Les Guides Bleus Illustrés–Hachette.Google Scholar

Boullatta, K. (1970) ‘Nahwa fan Arabi Thawri’ (Towards a revolutionary Arab art), Mawaqif, 2(9) (May–June), 26–44.Google Scholar

Boustros, M. (1970) ‘Pigeon Rocks’, New Statesman, 23 January.Google Scholar

Chiha, M. (1994) Lebanon at Home and Abroad, Beirut: Fondation Michel Chiha.Google Scholar

CNTL (n.d.) Le Liban [Pamphlet], Conseil National du Tourisme au Liban, Beirut.Google Scholar

CNTL (1972) Lebanon a Holiday Guide, Beirut: National Council of Tourism in Lebanon.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1987) Nazar!, Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1991) Nazar! (2), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003a) Nazar! (3), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003b) ‘Notes on the Arab Picture Book’ [Exhibition catalogue], Arab Illustrators of Children’s Books, Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. and Trabousli, N. (2009) ‘Revolution for Kids’. Interview by Khan, H., Bidoun, Winter.Google Scholar

E.S. (1959) ‘Innovation à Beyrouth: Choucri el-Rif présente sa nouvelle collection hiver 1959–60 à l’hippodrome’, La Revue du Liban, no. 44, Saturday, 31 October, 52–3.Google Scholar

Fakhuri, R. (1974) ‘Shumuliya min muntalaq mahalli’ (Universalism from a local perspective), al-Sayyad, 16 September, 66–70.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1962) L’Evolution touristique du Liban 1951–1962, Beirut.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1977) Eléments d’une réflexion: pour un Liban meilleur, Beirut: Les Éditions du Palm Beach.Google Scholar

Ghamiqa, S. (1959) ‘Qul li ayn tasbah, aqul laka man anta’ (Tell me where you swim, I tell you who you are), al-Shabaka, no. 197, 9 November.Google Scholar

Gibb, A. (1948) Taqriir al-Sir Aliksandir Gibb wa-Shurakah ʻan al-Tattawwur al-Iqtisadi fi Lubnan (The economic development of Lebanon: a report to the government of Lebanon by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners), Beirut: Government of Lebanon, Ministry of Economy.Google Scholar

Guevara, C. (1967) ‘Message to the Tricontinental’ [online]. Available at: www.marxists.org [accessed 12 July 2014].Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1970) al-Taqrir al-Sanawi ‘an al-Siyaha wa Awda’ Wizarat al-Siyaha 1969–70 (The annual report of tourism), Beirut: Ministry of Tourism.Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1973) Al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: Madiyan wa Hadiran wa Mustakbalan (Tourism in Lebanon: past, present and future), Beirut: Salim Press.Google Scholar

Idriss, S. (1958) ‘Yawmiyyat al-thawra fi lubnan’ (Diaries of the revolt in Lebanon), al-Adab, September–October issue, 2–6; 81–5.Google Scholar

Kawakib, al- (1956) ‘Harb midanuha al-judran’ (A war on walls), al-Kawakib (278), 27 November.Google Scholar

Khater, N. (1968) al-Kitab al-Arabi (The Arabic book), al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 4 August, 4–5.Google Scholar

Khouri, Z. N. (1975) ‘Mulsaqat al-Thawra al-Filistiniyya’ (Posters of the Palestinian Revolution), Shuʾun Filistiniyya, 41–42, January–February, 395–8.Google Scholar

Khoury, E. (2008) ‘L’histoire de la fondation de l’ATCL’. Available at: www.atcl.org/?sec=4 [accessed 3 May 2014].Google Scholar

Khoury, F. (1965) ‘al-Majlis al-Watani li-Inmaʾ al-Siyaha’ (The National Council for Tourism), Al-Izaʿa al-Lubnanniya, 208–219.Google Scholar

Lebanon, Ministry of Planning (1972) Plan sexennal de développement 1972–1977, Beirut – Government Document.Google Scholar

Malas, F. et al. (eds.) (1979) L’Affiche Palestinienne: Collection Ezzedine Kalak, Paris: Édition le Sycomore.Google Scholar

Menassa, G. (1948) Plan de reconstruction de l’économie libanaise et de réforme de l’état, Beirut: Société Libanaise d’économie politique.Google Scholar

Mikdashi, H. and Shaath, N. (1985) Falastin fi Tawabeʿ al-Barid 1865–1981 (Palestine in postage stamps 1865–1981), Beirut: Dar al-fata al-arabi.Google Scholar

Mission IRFED – Liban (1961) Besoins et Possibilités de développement du Liban 1960–61, Etude Préliminaire, Beyrouth: République Libanaise, Ministère du Plan.Google Scholar

Morineau, R. (1974) Lebanon Today [Guide book], Paris: Éditions Jeune Afrique.Google Scholar

al-Thaqafi, Nadi (1957) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thani [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi (The Arab Cultural Club).Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979a) Al-Itijahat al-Jadida fi Thaqafat al-Atfal (New directions in children’s culture), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979b) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thalith wa-l-ʿUshrun (The 23rd Arabic Book Fair 1–12 December 1979) [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1980) Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi Khilala 35 aman, 1944–79 (The Arab Cultural Club in 35 years, 1944–1979), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1994) Masirat al-Khamsina Aman 1944–1994 (The 50-year journey 1944–1994), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (2006) Khamsun Aman Tarikh min Zahab, Maʿrad Bayrut al-Arabi al-Duwali li-l-Kitab (1956–2006), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1969) ‘Al-Sibaha’ (Swimming) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 22 August.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1972) Siyahatuna (Our Tourism) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 18 June.Google Scholar

Nasr, J. (1969) ‘Georges Rayess’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 22 June, 5.Google Scholar

Noël, J.-F. (1960) ‘Ce que vous pouvez voir en 15 jours au Liban’, Plaisir de France (205), 4–17.Google Scholar

Nasrallah, J. (1966) L’imprimerie Catholique de Beyrouth, 1852–1966, Beirut: l’Imprimerie Catholique.Google Scholar

‘Opening of Gallery One: a First Art Institution of its Kind (1963)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 206–8.Google Scholar

Rayess, G. (1950) ‘Tourism, estivate et hivernage au Liban’, Les Conférences du Cénacle, IV (3–4) (25 April), 44–67.Google Scholar

Sabra, M. (1983) ‘al-Juwʿ wa-l-Taʿtir la Yuntijan Fannan’, Al-Shiraʿ (72), 58–61.Google Scholar

Safieh, K. (1983) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Siyasi wa-l-Qadiyya al-Falastiniya’, Hayat Tashkiliya, 3(10), 101–10.Google Scholar

Saudi, M. (2018) ‘From Dreams to Achievements: A Jordanian Artist in the Era of 1968’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art.Google Scholar

Shaath, N. (2016) Hayati min al-Nakba ila-l-Thawra: Sira Thatiya (My life from the Nakba to the Revolution: a memoir), Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.Google Scholar

Sharara, A. (1962) Qadiyyat al-Kitab al-Lubnani: Dirasa Tamhidiyya (The case of the Lebanese book: a preliminary study), Beirut: Jamʿiyyat Asdiqaʾ al-Kitab (Friends of the Book Society).Google Scholar

Sharif, A. al- (1981) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Filastini’ (The Palestinian poster), Filastin al-thawra, January special issue, 352–5.Google Scholar

Shulimson, J. (1966) Marines in Lebanon 1958, Washington, DC: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps.Google Scholar

Sleimane, C. (1958) ‘À l’École Hôtelière: voici le bal des bonnets blancs’, La Revue du Liban, December, special Christmas issue, 76–8.Google Scholar

‘Statement of the Founding Committee of the Union of Arab Plastic Artists (1971)’ trans. El Husseiny, D. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 335–7.Google Scholar

Tabet, J. (1924) Pour faire du Liban la Suisse du Levant: aperçu sur les conditions politiques, économiques et touristiques des deux pays, Paris: Ramlot.Google Scholar

Touma, M. (1965) ‘al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: ʿAlaqatuha maʿ al-Kharij wa la Siyyama maʿ al-Mashriq al-Arabi’ (Tourism in Lebanon: its relation to the world and especially to the Arab East), al-Thaqafa al-Arabiya, 8 (1 February), 25–30.Google Scholar

Umar, M. (2005) Kitabat (Writings), Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Islami.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3236 (XXIX), ‘Question of Palestine’, of 22 November 1974.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3376 (XXX), of 10 November 1975.Google Scholar

Zoghbi, E. (1972) ‘Taʿallamna min al-Nahr’, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (Sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 16 April.Google Scholar

Abu Khalil, E. (1968) ‘Its Name on all Lips’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 17 November, 10.Google Scholar

Adonis, (1968) Editorial, Mawaqif, 1(1), 3–4.Google Scholar

Al-Anwar, (1971) Lubnan Shatiʾ al-Jamal (Lebanon the coast of beauty). Al-Anwar newspaper special supplement. Sunday, 13 June.Google Scholar

‘Al-Taliʿa Symposium Roundtable (1969)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 315–21.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (1974) Fann al-mulsaqat fi al-Iraq (The art of the poster in Iraq), Baghdad: Ministry of Information.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2001) Lawn Yajmaʿ al-Basar, London: Touch Editions.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2018) ‘Graphic Design and the Visual Arts in Iraq’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 370–1.Google Scholar

al-Boustani, S. (1966) ‘Prosper Gay-Para’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 19 June, 12.Google Scholar

Arafat, Y. (1974) Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Plenary Meeting, Twenty-Ninth Session. United Nations, Official Records, Agenda Item 108, Question of Palestine, 13 November 1974, New York. Available at: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/ [accessed May 2015].Google Scholar

‘Artists’ Questionnaire: “Art and Arab Life” (1956)’, trans. Dorman, S. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 167–75.Google Scholar

Boulanger, R. (1955) Liban, Paris: Les Guides Bleus Illustrés–Hachette.Google Scholar

Boullatta, K. (1970) ‘Nahwa fan Arabi Thawri’ (Towards a revolutionary Arab art), Mawaqif, 2(9) (May–June), 26–44.Google Scholar

Boustros, M. (1970) ‘Pigeon Rocks’, New Statesman, 23 January.Google Scholar

Chiha, M. (1994) Lebanon at Home and Abroad, Beirut: Fondation Michel Chiha.Google Scholar

CNTL (n.d.) Le Liban [Pamphlet], Conseil National du Tourisme au Liban, Beirut.Google Scholar

CNTL (1972) Lebanon a Holiday Guide, Beirut: National Council of Tourism in Lebanon.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1987) Nazar!, Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1991) Nazar! (2), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003a) Nazar! (3), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003b) ‘Notes on the Arab Picture Book’ [Exhibition catalogue], Arab Illustrators of Children’s Books, Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. and Trabousli, N. (2009) ‘Revolution for Kids’. Interview by Khan, H., Bidoun, Winter.Google Scholar

E.S. (1959) ‘Innovation à Beyrouth: Choucri el-Rif présente sa nouvelle collection hiver 1959–60 à l’hippodrome’, La Revue du Liban, no. 44, Saturday, 31 October, 52–3.Google Scholar

Fakhuri, R. (1974) ‘Shumuliya min muntalaq mahalli’ (Universalism from a local perspective), al-Sayyad, 16 September, 66–70.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1962) L’Evolution touristique du Liban 1951–1962, Beirut.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1977) Eléments d’une réflexion: pour un Liban meilleur, Beirut: Les Éditions du Palm Beach.Google Scholar

Ghamiqa, S. (1959) ‘Qul li ayn tasbah, aqul laka man anta’ (Tell me where you swim, I tell you who you are), al-Shabaka, no. 197, 9 November.Google Scholar

Gibb, A. (1948) Taqriir al-Sir Aliksandir Gibb wa-Shurakah ʻan al-Tattawwur al-Iqtisadi fi Lubnan (The economic development of Lebanon: a report to the government of Lebanon by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners), Beirut: Government of Lebanon, Ministry of Economy.Google Scholar

Guevara, C. (1967) ‘Message to the Tricontinental’ [online]. Available at: www.marxists.org [accessed 12 July 2014].Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1970) al-Taqrir al-Sanawi ‘an al-Siyaha wa Awda’ Wizarat al-Siyaha 1969–70 (The annual report of tourism), Beirut: Ministry of Tourism.Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1973) Al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: Madiyan wa Hadiran wa Mustakbalan (Tourism in Lebanon: past, present and future), Beirut: Salim Press.Google Scholar

Idriss, S. (1958) ‘Yawmiyyat al-thawra fi lubnan’ (Diaries of the revolt in Lebanon), al-Adab, September–October issue, 2–6; 81–5.Google Scholar

Kawakib, al- (1956) ‘Harb midanuha al-judran’ (A war on walls), al-Kawakib (278), 27 November.Google Scholar

Khater, N. (1968) al-Kitab al-Arabi (The Arabic book), al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 4 August, 4–5.Google Scholar

Khouri, Z. N. (1975) ‘Mulsaqat al-Thawra al-Filistiniyya’ (Posters of the Palestinian Revolution), Shuʾun Filistiniyya, 41–42, January–February, 395–8.Google Scholar

Khoury, E. (2008) ‘L’histoire de la fondation de l’ATCL’. Available at: www.atcl.org/?sec=4 [accessed 3 May 2014].Google Scholar

Khoury, F. (1965) ‘al-Majlis al-Watani li-Inmaʾ al-Siyaha’ (The National Council for Tourism), Al-Izaʿa al-Lubnanniya, 208–219.Google Scholar

Lebanon, Ministry of Planning (1972) Plan sexennal de développement 1972–1977, Beirut – Government Document.Google Scholar

Malas, F. et al. (eds.) (1979) L’Affiche Palestinienne: Collection Ezzedine Kalak, Paris: Édition le Sycomore.Google Scholar

Menassa, G. (1948) Plan de reconstruction de l’économie libanaise et de réforme de l’état, Beirut: Société Libanaise d’économie politique.Google Scholar

Mikdashi, H. and Shaath, N. (1985) Falastin fi Tawabeʿ al-Barid 1865–1981 (Palestine in postage stamps 1865–1981), Beirut: Dar al-fata al-arabi.Google Scholar

Mission IRFED – Liban (1961) Besoins et Possibilités de développement du Liban 1960–61, Etude Préliminaire, Beyrouth: République Libanaise, Ministère du Plan.Google Scholar

Morineau, R. (1974) Lebanon Today [Guide book], Paris: Éditions Jeune Afrique.Google Scholar

al-Thaqafi, Nadi (1957) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thani [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi (The Arab Cultural Club).Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979a) Al-Itijahat al-Jadida fi Thaqafat al-Atfal (New directions in children’s culture), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979b) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thalith wa-l-ʿUshrun (The 23rd Arabic Book Fair 1–12 December 1979) [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1980) Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi Khilala 35 aman, 1944–79 (The Arab Cultural Club in 35 years, 1944–1979), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1994) Masirat al-Khamsina Aman 1944–1994 (The 50-year journey 1944–1994), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (2006) Khamsun Aman Tarikh min Zahab, Maʿrad Bayrut al-Arabi al-Duwali li-l-Kitab (1956–2006), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1969) ‘Al-Sibaha’ (Swimming) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 22 August.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1972) Siyahatuna (Our Tourism) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 18 June.Google Scholar

Nasr, J. (1969) ‘Georges Rayess’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 22 June, 5.Google Scholar

Noël, J.-F. (1960) ‘Ce que vous pouvez voir en 15 jours au Liban’, Plaisir de France (205), 4–17.Google Scholar

Nasrallah, J. (1966) L’imprimerie Catholique de Beyrouth, 1852–1966, Beirut: l’Imprimerie Catholique.Google Scholar

‘Opening of Gallery One: a First Art Institution of its Kind (1963)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 206–8.Google Scholar

Rayess, G. (1950) ‘Tourism, estivate et hivernage au Liban’, Les Conférences du Cénacle, IV (3–4) (25 April), 44–67.Google Scholar

Sabra, M. (1983) ‘al-Juwʿ wa-l-Taʿtir la Yuntijan Fannan’, Al-Shiraʿ (72), 58–61.Google Scholar

Safieh, K. (1983) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Siyasi wa-l-Qadiyya al-Falastiniya’, Hayat Tashkiliya, 3(10), 101–10.Google Scholar

Saudi, M. (2018) ‘From Dreams to Achievements: A Jordanian Artist in the Era of 1968’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art.Google Scholar

Shaath, N. (2016) Hayati min al-Nakba ila-l-Thawra: Sira Thatiya (My life from the Nakba to the Revolution: a memoir), Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.Google Scholar

Sharara, A. (1962) Qadiyyat al-Kitab al-Lubnani: Dirasa Tamhidiyya (The case of the Lebanese book: a preliminary study), Beirut: Jamʿiyyat Asdiqaʾ al-Kitab (Friends of the Book Society).Google Scholar

Sharif, A. al- (1981) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Filastini’ (The Palestinian poster), Filastin al-thawra, January special issue, 352–5.Google Scholar

Shulimson, J. (1966) Marines in Lebanon 1958, Washington, DC: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps.Google Scholar

Sleimane, C. (1958) ‘À l’École Hôtelière: voici le bal des bonnets blancs’, La Revue du Liban, December, special Christmas issue, 76–8.Google Scholar

‘Statement of the Founding Committee of the Union of Arab Plastic Artists (1971)’ trans. El Husseiny, D. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 335–7.Google Scholar

Tabet, J. (1924) Pour faire du Liban la Suisse du Levant: aperçu sur les conditions politiques, économiques et touristiques des deux pays, Paris: Ramlot.Google Scholar

Touma, M. (1965) ‘al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: ʿAlaqatuha maʿ al-Kharij wa la Siyyama maʿ al-Mashriq al-Arabi’ (Tourism in Lebanon: its relation to the world and especially to the Arab East), al-Thaqafa al-Arabiya, 8 (1 February), 25–30.Google Scholar

Umar, M. (2005) Kitabat (Writings), Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Islami.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3236 (XXIX), ‘Question of Palestine’, of 22 November 1974.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3376 (XXX), of 10 November 1975.Google Scholar

Zoghbi, E. (1972) ‘Taʿallamna min al-Nahr’, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (Sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 16 April.Google Scholar

Abu Khalil, E. (1968) ‘Its Name on all Lips’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 17 November, 10.Google Scholar

Adonis, (1968) Editorial, Mawaqif, 1(1), 3–4.Google Scholar

Al-Anwar, (1971) Lubnan Shatiʾ al-Jamal (Lebanon the coast of beauty). Al-Anwar newspaper special supplement. Sunday, 13 June.Google Scholar

‘Al-Taliʿa Symposium Roundtable (1969)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 315–21.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (1974) Fann al-mulsaqat fi al-Iraq (The art of the poster in Iraq), Baghdad: Ministry of Information.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2001) Lawn Yajmaʿ al-Basar, London: Touch Editions.Google Scholar

al-Azzawi, A. (2018) ‘Graphic Design and the Visual Arts in Iraq’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 370–1.Google Scholar

al-Boustani, S. (1966) ‘Prosper Gay-Para’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 19 June, 12.Google Scholar

Arafat, Y. (1974) Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Plenary Meeting, Twenty-Ninth Session. United Nations, Official Records, Agenda Item 108, Question of Palestine, 13 November 1974, New York. Available at: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/ [accessed May 2015].Google Scholar

‘Artists’ Questionnaire: “Art and Arab Life” (1956)’, trans. Dorman, S. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 167–75.Google Scholar

Boulanger, R. (1955) Liban, Paris: Les Guides Bleus Illustrés–Hachette.Google Scholar

Boullatta, K. (1970) ‘Nahwa fan Arabi Thawri’ (Towards a revolutionary Arab art), Mawaqif, 2(9) (May–June), 26–44.Google Scholar

Boustros, M. (1970) ‘Pigeon Rocks’, New Statesman, 23 January.Google Scholar

Chiha, M. (1994) Lebanon at Home and Abroad, Beirut: Fondation Michel Chiha.Google Scholar

CNTL (n.d.) Le Liban [Pamphlet], Conseil National du Tourisme au Liban, Beirut.Google Scholar

CNTL (1972) Lebanon a Holiday Guide, Beirut: National Council of Tourism in Lebanon.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1987) Nazar!, Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (1991) Nazar! (2), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003a) Nazar! (3), Cairo: al-Arabi li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʿ.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. (2003b) ‘Notes on the Arab Picture Book’ [Exhibition catalogue], Arab Illustrators of Children’s Books, Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe.Google Scholar

Ellabbad, M. and Trabousli, N. (2009) ‘Revolution for Kids’. Interview by Khan, H., Bidoun, Winter.Google Scholar

E.S. (1959) ‘Innovation à Beyrouth: Choucri el-Rif présente sa nouvelle collection hiver 1959–60 à l’hippodrome’, La Revue du Liban, no. 44, Saturday, 31 October, 52–3.Google Scholar

Fakhuri, R. (1974) ‘Shumuliya min muntalaq mahalli’ (Universalism from a local perspective), al-Sayyad, 16 September, 66–70.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1962) L’Evolution touristique du Liban 1951–1962, Beirut.Google Scholar

Gay-Para, J. P. (1977) Eléments d’une réflexion: pour un Liban meilleur, Beirut: Les Éditions du Palm Beach.Google Scholar

Ghamiqa, S. (1959) ‘Qul li ayn tasbah, aqul laka man anta’ (Tell me where you swim, I tell you who you are), al-Shabaka, no. 197, 9 November.Google Scholar

Gibb, A. (1948) Taqriir al-Sir Aliksandir Gibb wa-Shurakah ʻan al-Tattawwur al-Iqtisadi fi Lubnan (The economic development of Lebanon: a report to the government of Lebanon by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners), Beirut: Government of Lebanon, Ministry of Economy.Google Scholar

Guevara, C. (1967) ‘Message to the Tricontinental’ [online]. Available at: www.marxists.org [accessed 12 July 2014].Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1970) al-Taqrir al-Sanawi ‘an al-Siyaha wa Awda’ Wizarat al-Siyaha 1969–70 (The annual report of tourism), Beirut: Ministry of Tourism.Google Scholar

Hassan, H. al- (1973) Al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: Madiyan wa Hadiran wa Mustakbalan (Tourism in Lebanon: past, present and future), Beirut: Salim Press.Google Scholar

Idriss, S. (1958) ‘Yawmiyyat al-thawra fi lubnan’ (Diaries of the revolt in Lebanon), al-Adab, September–October issue, 2–6; 81–5.Google Scholar

Kawakib, al- (1956) ‘Harb midanuha al-judran’ (A war on walls), al-Kawakib (278), 27 November.Google Scholar

Khater, N. (1968) al-Kitab al-Arabi (The Arabic book), al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 4 August, 4–5.Google Scholar

Khouri, Z. N. (1975) ‘Mulsaqat al-Thawra al-Filistiniyya’ (Posters of the Palestinian Revolution), Shuʾun Filistiniyya, 41–42, January–February, 395–8.Google Scholar

Khoury, E. (2008) ‘L’histoire de la fondation de l’ATCL’. Available at: www.atcl.org/?sec=4 [accessed 3 May 2014].Google Scholar

Khoury, F. (1965) ‘al-Majlis al-Watani li-Inmaʾ al-Siyaha’ (The National Council for Tourism), Al-Izaʿa al-Lubnanniya, 208–219.Google Scholar

Lebanon, Ministry of Planning (1972) Plan sexennal de développement 1972–1977, Beirut – Government Document.Google Scholar

Malas, F. et al. (eds.) (1979) L’Affiche Palestinienne: Collection Ezzedine Kalak, Paris: Édition le Sycomore.Google Scholar

Menassa, G. (1948) Plan de reconstruction de l’économie libanaise et de réforme de l’état, Beirut: Société Libanaise d’économie politique.Google Scholar

Mikdashi, H. and Shaath, N. (1985) Falastin fi Tawabeʿ al-Barid 1865–1981 (Palestine in postage stamps 1865–1981), Beirut: Dar al-fata al-arabi.Google Scholar

Mission IRFED – Liban (1961) Besoins et Possibilités de développement du Liban 1960–61, Etude Préliminaire, Beyrouth: République Libanaise, Ministère du Plan.Google Scholar

Morineau, R. (1974) Lebanon Today [Guide book], Paris: Éditions Jeune Afrique.Google Scholar

al-Thaqafi, Nadi (1957) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thani [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi (The Arab Cultural Club).Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979a) Al-Itijahat al-Jadida fi Thaqafat al-Atfal (New directions in children’s culture), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1979b) Maʿrad al-Kitab al-Arabi al-Thalith wa-l-ʿUshrun (The 23rd Arabic Book Fair 1–12 December 1979) [Pamphlet], Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1980) Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi Khilala 35 aman, 1944–79 (The Arab Cultural Club in 35 years, 1944–1979), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (1994) Masirat al-Khamsina Aman 1944–1994 (The 50-year journey 1944–1994), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Thakafi, Nadi (2006) Khamsun Aman Tarikh min Zahab, Maʿrad Bayrut al-Arabi al-Duwali li-l-Kitab (1956–2006), Beirut: Nadi al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1969) ‘Al-Sibaha’ (Swimming) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 22 August.Google Scholar

al-Riyada, Nahar (1972) Siyahatuna (Our Tourism) special issue, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 18 June.Google Scholar

Nasr, J. (1969) ‘Georges Rayess’, al-Mulhaq, an-Nahar, 22 June, 5.Google Scholar

Noël, J.-F. (1960) ‘Ce que vous pouvez voir en 15 jours au Liban’, Plaisir de France (205), 4–17.Google Scholar

Nasrallah, J. (1966) L’imprimerie Catholique de Beyrouth, 1852–1966, Beirut: l’Imprimerie Catholique.Google Scholar

‘Opening of Gallery One: a First Art Institution of its Kind (1963)’ trans. McClure, M. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 206–8.Google Scholar

Rayess, G. (1950) ‘Tourism, estivate et hivernage au Liban’, Les Conférences du Cénacle, IV (3–4) (25 April), 44–67.Google Scholar

Sabra, M. (1983) ‘al-Juwʿ wa-l-Taʿtir la Yuntijan Fannan’, Al-Shiraʿ (72), 58–61.Google Scholar

Safieh, K. (1983) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Siyasi wa-l-Qadiyya al-Falastiniya’, Hayat Tashkiliya, 3(10), 101–10.Google Scholar

Saudi, M. (2018) ‘From Dreams to Achievements: A Jordanian Artist in the Era of 1968’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art.Google Scholar

Shaath, N. (2016) Hayati min al-Nakba ila-l-Thawra: Sira Thatiya (My life from the Nakba to the Revolution: a memoir), Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.Google Scholar

Sharara, A. (1962) Qadiyyat al-Kitab al-Lubnani: Dirasa Tamhidiyya (The case of the Lebanese book: a preliminary study), Beirut: Jamʿiyyat Asdiqaʾ al-Kitab (Friends of the Book Society).Google Scholar

Sharif, A. al- (1981) ‘al-Mulsaq al-Filastini’ (The Palestinian poster), Filastin al-thawra, January special issue, 352–5.Google Scholar

Shulimson, J. (1966) Marines in Lebanon 1958, Washington, DC: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps.Google Scholar

Sleimane, C. (1958) ‘À l’École Hôtelière: voici le bal des bonnets blancs’, La Revue du Liban, December, special Christmas issue, 76–8.Google Scholar

‘Statement of the Founding Committee of the Union of Arab Plastic Artists (1971)’ trans. El Husseiny, D. (2018) in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 335–7.Google Scholar

Tabet, J. (1924) Pour faire du Liban la Suisse du Levant: aperçu sur les conditions politiques, économiques et touristiques des deux pays, Paris: Ramlot.Google Scholar

Touma, M. (1965) ‘al-Siyaha fi Lubnan: ʿAlaqatuha maʿ al-Kharij wa la Siyyama maʿ al-Mashriq al-Arabi’ (Tourism in Lebanon: its relation to the world and especially to the Arab East), al-Thaqafa al-Arabiya, 8 (1 February), 25–30.Google Scholar

Umar, M. (2005) Kitabat (Writings), Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Islami.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3236 (XXIX), ‘Question of Palestine’, of 22 November 1974.Google Scholar

UN Resolution 3376 (XXX), of 10 November 1975.Google Scholar

Zoghbi, E. (1972) ‘Taʿallamna min al-Nahr’, Nahar al-Riyada wa-l-Tasliya (Sport and leisure supplement), an-Nahar, 16 April.Google Scholar

Abattouy, M., Renn, J. and Weinig, P. (2001) ‘Transmission as Transformation: The Translation Movements in the Medieval East and West in a Comparative Perspective’, Science in Context, 14(1–2), 1–12.Google Scholar

Abou-El-Fadl, R. (2019) ‘Building Egypt’s Afro-Asian Hub: Infrastructures of Solidarity and the 1957 Cairo Conference’, Journal of World History, 30(1–2), 157–192.Google Scholar

Abou Lughod, I. (1973) ‘Educating a Community in Exile: The Palestinian Experience’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 2(3), 94–111.Google Scholar

Abu-Manneh, B. (2016) The Palestinian Novel: From 1948 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Abu Shanab, H. (1988) Al-i’lam al-falastini (Palestinian media), Amman: Dar al-Jalil.Google Scholar

Adamson, G., Riello, G. and Teasley, S. (2011) Global Design History, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adorno, T. W. (2013 [1970]) Aesthetic Theory, trans. Hullot-Kentor, R., London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Adorno, T. W., Benjamin, W., Bloch, E., Brecht, B. and Luckàcs, G. (2007 [1977]) Aesthetics and Politics, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Afzal-Khan, F. and Seshadri-Crooks, K. (2000) The Pre-Occupation of Postcolonial Studies, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Al-Azm, S. (2012) Self-Criticism After the Defeat, London: Saqi.Google Scholar

Al-Bahloly, S. (2013) ‘The Persistence of the Image: Dhakira Hurra in Dia Azzawi’s Drawings on the Massacre of Tel al-Zaatar’, ARTMargins, 2(2), 71–97.Google Scholar

Al-Bahloly, S. (2018) ‘History Regained: A Modern Artist in Baghdad Encounters a Lost Tradition of Painting’, Muqarnas Online, 35(1), 229–72.Google Scholar

Al-Musawi, M. J. (2003) The Postcolonial Arabic Novel: Debating Ambivalence, Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar

al-Rabi’i, S. (1979) al-Fan al-Tashkili fi al-Fikr al-Arabi al-Thawri (Art in Arab revolutionary thought), Iraq: Ministry of Culture and Information, Dar el-Rashid, Art Series.Google Scholar

Ali, W. (1997) Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity, Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar

Allen, R. M. A. (1982) The Arabic Novel: An Historical and Critical Introduction, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar

Amateis, J. (2004) Yusuf al-Khal wa majallatuhu Shiʿr (Yusuf al-Khal and his journal Shiʿr), Beirut: Dar an-Nahar.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. (2006 [1983]) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. S. (2011) The American University of Beirut: Arab Nationalism and Liberal Education, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Appadurai, A. (2000) ‘Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination’, Public Culture, 12(1), 1–19.Google Scholar

Arbid, G. (2002). ‘Practicing Modernism in Beirut: Architecture in Lebanon, 1946-1970’, PhD dissertation, Harvard University. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services.Google Scholar

Armbrust, W. (1996) Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Armbrust, W. (2000a) Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armbrust, W. (2000b) ‘The Golden Age before the Golden Age’, in Armbrust, W. (ed.), Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 292–327.Google Scholar

Armbrust, W. (2012) ‘History in Arab Media Studies: A Speculative Cultural History’, in Sabry, T. (ed.), Arab Cultural Studies: Mapping the Field, London: I. B. Tauris, 32–54.Google Scholar

Armbrust, W. (2013) ‘A History of New Media in the Arab Middle East’, in Valassopoulos, A. (ed.), Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, London: Routledge, 51–70.Google Scholar

Atiyeh, G. N. (1995a) ‘The Book in the Modern Arab World: The Cases of Lebanon and Egypt’, in Atiyeh, G. N. (ed.), The Book in the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East, New York: SUNY Press, 233–53.Google Scholar

Atiyeh, G. N. (ed.) (1995b) The Book in the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East, New York: SUNY Press.Google Scholar

Atkinson, H. and Clarkson, V. (eds.) (2017) special issue on ‘Design as an object of diplomacy post-1945’, Design and Culture, 9(2), 117–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attié, C. (2004) Struggle in the Levant: Lebanon in the 1950s, London: Centre for Lebanese Studies and I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Auji, H. (2016) Printing Arab Modernity: Book Culture and the American Press in Nineteenth-Century Beirut, Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar

Ayalon, A. (1995) The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Aynsley, J. (1993) Nationalism and Internationalism, London: Victoria & Albert Museum.Google Scholar

Aynsley, J. (2004) Pioneers of Modern Graphic Design: A Complete History, London: Mitchell Beazley.Google Scholar

Aynsley, J. (2008) Designing Modern Germany, London: Reaktion.Google Scholar

Badawi, M. M. (1992) Modern Arabic Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bardaouil, S. (2017) Surrealism in Egypt: Modernism and the Art and Liberty Group. London: I. B.Tauris.Google Scholar

Bardawil, F. (2010) ‘When All this Revolution Melts into Air: The Disenchantment of Levantine Marxist Intellectuals’, DPhil thesis, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Bardawil, F. (2016) ‘Dreams of a Dual Birth: Socialist Lebanon’s World and Ours’, Boundary 2, 43(3), 313–35.Google Scholar

Barnhisel, G. (2015) Cold War Modernists: Art, Literature, and American Cultural Diplomacy, 1946–1959, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Barrett, M. (1991) The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Bartelt, D. (1998) Both Sides of Peace, Raleigh, NC: Contemporary Art Museum/University of Washington.Google Scholar

Barthes, R. (1977) Image, Music, Text, trans. Heath, S., London: Fontana Press.Google Scholar

Barthes, R. (1981) Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar

Barthes, R. (1983) Mythologies, New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar

Beinin, J. and Lockman, Z. (1998) Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar

Benjamin, W. (2007 [1968]) Illuminations, New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar

Bennett, T. (2007) ‘Habitus Clivé: Aesthetics and Politics in the Work of Pierre Bourdieu’, New Literary History, 38(1), 201–28.Google Scholar

Bhabha, H. K. (1994) The Location of Culture: Critical Theory and the Postcolonial Perspective, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bhabha, H. K. (2004) ‘Foreword: Framing Fanon’, in Fanon, F., The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press, vii–xii.Google Scholar

Bird, J., Curtis, B., Mash, M., Tim, P., George, R., Stafford, S. and Tickner, L. (eds.) (1996) The Block Reader in Visual Culture, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bloom, J. (2001) Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Bornstein, G. (2001) Material Modernism: The Politics of the Page, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boullata, I. (1973) ‘The Beleaguered Unicorn: A Study of Tawfiq Sayigh’, Journal of Arabic Literature, 4, 69–93.Google Scholar

Boullata, I. (2001) ‘Living with the Tigress and the Muses’, World Literature Today, 75(2), 214–23.Google Scholar

Boullata, K. (2009) Palestinian Art 1850–2005, London: Saqi.Google Scholar

Boullata, K. (2015) ‘Notes on Verbal Dominance and Visual Expression in Arab Culture’, in Kholeif, O. and Stobbs, C. (eds.), Imperfect Chronology: Arab Art from the Modern to the Contemporary, London and Munich: Whitechapel Gallery and Prestel Verlag, 29–38.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bowman, P. (2007) Post-Marxism versus Cultural Studies: Theory, Politics and Intervention, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Buali, S. (2012) ‘A Militant Cinema: A Conversation between Mohanad Yaqubi and Sheyma Buali’, Ibraaz [online]. Available at: www.ibraaz.org [accessed 7 July 2016].Google Scholar

Bürger, P. (1984) Theory of the Avant-Garde, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Byrne, J. J. (2016) Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Calhoun, C. (2002) ‘Imagining Solidarity: Cosmopolitanism, Constitutional Patriotism, and the Public Sphere’, Public Culture, 14(1), 147–71.Google Scholar

Calvera, A. (2005) ‘Local, Regional, National, Global and Feedback: Several Issues to be Faced with Constructing Regional Narratives’, Journal of Design History, 18(4), 371–83.Google Scholar

Casey, M. (2009) Che’s Afterlife: The Legacy of an Image, New York: Vintage.Google Scholar

Chakrabarty, D. (2000) ‘A Small History of Subaltern Studies’, in Shwarz, H. and Ray, S. (eds.), A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 467–85.Google Scholar

Chakrabarty, D. (2007) Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Chalcraft, J. T. (2016) Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chaliand, G. (1977) Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects, Hassocks: Harvester Press.Google Scholar

Chamberlin, P. T. (2012) The Global Offensive: The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, P. (1993) The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Chichester: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Christiansen, S. and Scarlett, Z. (eds.) (2013) The Third World in the Global 1960s, Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Clark, H. and Brody, D. (2009) ‘The Current State of Design History’, Journal of Design History, 22(4), 303–8.Google Scholar

Clévenot, D. (2001) ‘Peintures’, in Guesdon, M.-G. and Vernay-Nouri, A. (eds.), L’art du livre Arabe: du manuscript au livre d’artiste, Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 110–15.Google Scholar

Cobban, H. (1984) The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Colla, E. (2008) Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Colla, E. (2015) ‘Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Cold War Poet’, Middle Eastern Literatures, 18(3), 247–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Contadini, A. (ed.) (2007) Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts, Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Creswell, R. (2019) City of Beginnings: Poetic Modernism in Beirut, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Crowley, D. (2008) ‘In the Image of Revolution’, in Crowley, D. and Pavitt, J. (eds.), Cold War Modern: Design 1945–1970, London: Victoria & Albert Museum, 149–89.Google Scholar

Crowley, D. and Pavitt, J. (eds.) (2008) Cold War Modern: Design 1945–1970, London: Victoria & Albert Museum.Google Scholar

Cushing, L. (2003) Revolución! Cuban Poster Art, San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.Google Scholar

Dadi, I. (2010) ‘Ibrahim El Salahi and Calligraphic Modernism in a Comparative Perspective’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 109(3), 555–76.Google Scholar

Daghir, S. (2016) Arabic Hurufiyya: Art and Identity, trans. Mahmoud, S., Milan: Skira.Google Scholar

Dallal, A. S. (2010) Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Davis, E. (2005) Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Debord, G. (1995) The Society of the Spectacle, trans. Nicholson-Smith, D., New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar

Debray, R. (1968) Revolution in the Revolution?, London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Delanty, G. (2006) ‘The Cosmopolitan Imagination: Critical Cosmopolitanism and Social Theory’, The British Journal of Sociology, 57(1), 25–47.Google Scholar

Di-Capua, Y. (2015) ‘The Intellectual Revolt of the 1950s and the “Fall of the Udabaʾ”’, in Pannewick, F., Khalil, G. and Albers, Y. (eds.), Commitment and Beyond: Reflections on/of the Political in Arabic Literature since the 1940s, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 89–104.Google Scholar

Di-Capua, Y. (2018) No Exit: Arab Existentialism, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Decolonization, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dilnot, C. (1984a) ‘The State of Design History, Part I: Mapping the Field’, Design Issues, 1(1), 4–23.Google Scholar

Dilnot, C. (1984b) ‘The State of Design History, Part II: Problems and Possibilities’, Design Issues, 1(2), 3–20.Google Scholar

Dirlik, A. (2013) Foreword in Christiansen, S. and Scarlett, Z. (eds.), The Third World in the Global 1960s, Oxford: Berghahn Books, vii–ix.Google Scholar

Dorfman, A. and Mattelart, A. (2006) ‘Introduction: Instructions on How to Become a General in the Disneyland Club’, in Durham, M. G. and Kellner, D. M. (eds.), Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 122–9.Google Scholar

Dorléac, L. B., Gervereau, L., Mellor, D. and Wilson, S. (1997) The Sixties: Britain and France, 1962–1973: The Utopian Years, London: Philip Wilson.Google Scholar

Dougherty, R. (2000) ‘Badi’a Masabni, Artiste and Moderniste: The Egyptian Print Media’s Carnival of National Identity’, in Armbrust, W. (ed.), Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 243–68.Google Scholar

Douglas, A. and Malti-Douglas, F. (1994) Arab Comic Strips: Politics of an Emerging Mass Culture, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Drucker, J. (1995) The Century of Artists’ Books, New York: Granary.Google Scholar

Drucker, J. (1998) Figuring the Word: Essays on Books, Writing, and Visual Poetics, New York: Granary Books.Google Scholar

Drucker, J. (2014) Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

El-Ariss, T. (2013) Trials of Arab Modernity: Literary Affects and the New Political, New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar

El-Azma, N. (1968) ‘The Tammuzi Movement and the Influence of T. S. Eliot on Badr Shakir al-Sayyab’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 88(4), 671–8.Google Scholar

El-Khazen, F. (1991) The Communal Pact of National Identities: The Making and Politics of the 1943 National Pact, Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies.Google Scholar

El-Khazen, F. (2000) The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Elmessiri, A. M. (ed.) (1982) The Palestinian Wedding: A Bilingual Anthology of Contemporary Palestinian Resistance Poetry, Washington, DC: Three Continents.Google Scholar

Emmanouil, M. (2012) ‘Graphic Design and Modernisation in Greece, 1945–1970’, PhD thesis, The Royal College of Art / Victoria & Albert Museum.Google Scholar

Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Fallan, K. and Lees-Maffei, G. (2016) Designing Worlds: National Design Histories in an Age of Globalization, New York: Berghahn Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fani, M. (1998) Dictionnaire de la Peinture au Liban, Paris: Éditions de l’Escalier.Google Scholar

Fanon, F. (1963) The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar

Fields, B. (1984) ‘French Maoism’, in Jameson, F., Aronowitz, S., Sayres, S. and Stephanson, A. (eds.), The 60s Without Apology, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press in cooperation with Social Text, 148–76.Google Scholar

Floré, F. and McAtee, C. D. (eds.) (2017) The Politics of Furniture: Identity, Diplomacy and Persuasion in Post-War Interiors, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Foley, M., Varon, J. and McMillian, J. (2008) ‘Time is an Ocean: The Past and Future of the Sixties’, The Sixties, 1(1), 1–7.Google Scholar

Foster, H. (ed.) (1988) Vision and Visuality, Seattle, WA: Dia Art Foundation/Bay Press.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1977) ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, in Bouchard, D. (ed.), Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 139–64.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1984a) ‘The Subject and Power’, in Wallis, B. (ed.), Art after Modernism: Rethinking Representation, Boston, MA: David R. Godine Publishers, 417–32.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1984b) ‘What is Enlightenment?’ in Rabinow, P. (ed.), The Foucault Reader, New York: Pantheon, 32–50.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1989 [1972]) Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. Smith, A. M. S., London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. and Gordon, C. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar

Frick, R. (ed.) (2003) The Tricontinental Solidarity Poster, Bern: Comedia-Verlag.Google Scholar

Fry, T. (1989) ‘A Geography of Power: Design History and Marginality’, Design Issues, 6(1), 15–30.Google Scholar

Fuleihan, F. A. (1929) ‘Lebanon as a Summer Resort’, dissertation, American University of Beirut.Google Scholar

Gaonkar, D. P. (ed.) (2001) Alternative Modernities, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Gaonkar, D. P. (2002) ‘Toward New Imaginaries: An Introduction’, Public Culture, 14(1), 1–19.Google Scholar

Gaonkar, D. P. and Povinelli, E. A. (2003) ‘Technologies of Public Forms: Circulation, Transfiguration, Recognition’, Public Culture, 15(3), 385–97.Google Scholar

Gaspard, T. K. (2004) A Political Economy of Lebanon, 1948–2002, Boston: Brill.Google Scholar

Gates, C. (1998) Merchant Republic of Lebanon: Rise of an Open Economy, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Gendzier, I. (1997) Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Gendzier, I. (2002) ‘Oil, Politics, and US Intervention’, in Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. (eds.), A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958. London: I. B. Tauris, 101–42.Google Scholar

Gendzier, I. (2018) ‘The Question of Development’, International Journal of Political Economy, 47(2), 95–111.Google Scholar

Gershoni, I. (1997) ‘Rethinking the Formation of Arab Nationalism in the Middle East, 1920–1945’, in Jankowski, J. P. and Gershoni, I. (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East, New York: Columbia University Press, 3–25.Google Scholar

Gertz, N. and Khleifi, G. (2008) Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma and Memory, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Ghanma, A. D. (2002) Jamʿiyat al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqa: Nashʾatuha wa Nashatatiha (al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqa society: its founding and activities), Beirut: Riad EL-Rayyes Books.Google Scholar

Ghozzi, A. (1997) L’affiche orientaliste: un siècle de publicité à travers la collection de la Fondation A. Slaoui, Casablanca: Malika Editions.Google Scholar

Glass, D. (1997) Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut Again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the Spread of Arabic Typography in 19th Century Lebanon, Beirut: Orient-Institut.Google Scholar

Gordon, J. (2002) Revolutionary Melodrama: Popular Film and Civic Identity in Nasser’s Egypt, Chicago, IL: Middle East Documentation Center.Google Scholar

Grabar, O. (2006) Islamic Visual Culture, 1100–1800, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum.Google Scholar

Gratien, C. and Pitts, G. (2014) ‘Ghosts of Lebanese Summers Past’, Stambouline [online]. Available at: www.stambouline.com [accessed 16 September 2015].Google Scholar

Graves-Brown, P. (2000) Matter, Materiality and Modern Culture, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Graves-Brown, P. (2007) ‘Automat Kalashnikova’, Journal of Material Culture, 12(3), 285–307.Google Scholar

Greenberg, N. (2014) The Aesthetic of Revolution in the Film and Literature of Naguib Mahfouz (1952–1967), Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Grossberg, L. (1996) ‘On Postmodernism and Articulation: An Interview with Stuart Hall’, in Morley, D. and Chen, K.-H. (eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge, 131–50.Google Scholar

Gruber, C. and Haugbolle, S. (eds.) (2013) Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the Image, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Guesdon, M. G. and Vernay-Nouri, A. (eds.) (2001) L’Art du livre arabe: du manuscrit au livre d’artiste, Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.Google Scholar

Halabi, Z. (2015) ‘The Day the Wandering Dreamer Became a Fida’i: Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and the Fashioning of Political Commitment’, in Pannewick, F., Khalil, G. and Albers, Y. (eds.), Commitment and Beyond: Reflections on/of the Political in Arabic Literature since the 1940s, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 157–70.Google Scholar

al-Hiwar, Halaqat (2009) Bayrut: ʿAsimat li-l-Thaqafa wal-Tibaʿa wal-Nashr (Beirut: the capital of culture, printing and publishing), Beirut: Halaqat al-Hiwar al-Thaqafi.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1996a) ‘Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies’, in Morley, D. and Chen, K. H. (eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge, 262–75.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1996b) ‘The Meaning of New Times’, in Morley, D. and Chen, K.-H. (eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge, 223–7.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1996c) ‘When Was “the Post-Colonial”? Thinking at the Limit’, in Chaimbers, I. and Curti, L. (eds.), The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons, London: Routledge, 242–60.Google Scholar

Hamdan, K. (1997) Le conflit libanais: communauté religieuses, classes sociales et identité nationale, Paris: Garnet.Google Scholar

Hannah, F. and Putnam, T. (2010) ‘Taking Stock in Design History’, in Lees-Maffei, G. and Houze, R. (eds.), The Design History Reader, Oxford: Berg, 267–72.Google Scholar

Hanssen, J. (2005) Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Harlow, B. and Riley, K. (2000) ‘Introduction’, in Kanafani, G. (ed.), Palestine’s Children: Returning to Haifa and Other Stories, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 13–28.Google Scholar

Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Haugbolle, S. and Sing, M. (2016) ‘New Approaches to Arab Left Histories’, Arab Studies Journal, 24(1), 90–7.Google Scholar

Hayek, G. (2014) Beirut, Imagining the City: Space and Place in Lebanese Literature, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Hazbun, W. (2008) Beaches, Ruins, Resorts: The Politics of Tourism in the Arab World, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Hazbun, W. (2009) ‘Modernity on the Beach: A Postcolonial Reading from Southern Shores’, Tourist Studies, 9(3), 203–22.Google Scholar

Hebdige, D. (1988) Hiding in the Light: On Images and Things, Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Helou, J. and Khoury, E. (2012) ‘Two Portraits in Resistance: Abu ‘Umar and Mahjub ‘Umar’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 41(4), 65–76.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. J. (1995) The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, London: Abacus.Google Scholar

Holland, D. K. (2001) Design Issues: How Graphic Design Informs Society, New York: Allworth.Google Scholar

Holt, E. M. (2013a) ‘“Bread or Freedom”: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA, and the Arabic Literary Journal (1962–67)’, Journal of Arabic Literature, 44(1), 83–102.Google Scholar

Holt, E. M. (2013b) ‘From Gardens of Knowledge to Ezbekiyya after Midnight: The Novel and the Arabic Press from Beirut to Cairo, 1870–1892’, Middle Eastern Literatures, 16(3), 232–48.Google Scholar

Holt, E. M. (2017) ‘Cold War in the Arabic Press: Ḥiwar (Beirut, 1962–67) and the Congress for Cultural Freedom’, in Scott-Smith, G. and Lerg, C. A. (eds.), Campaigning Culture and the Global Cold War: The Journals of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 227–42.Google Scholar

Horn, G. (2007) The Spirit of ’68: Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956–1976, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hourani, A. (1976) ‘Ideologies of the Mountain and the City’, in Owen, R. (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon, London: Ithaca Press, 33–41.Google Scholar

Hourani, A. (1983) Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hourani, A. (1991) A History of the Arab Peoples, New York and Boston: Grand Central Publishing.Google Scholar

Hourani, A. H., Khoury, P. S. and Wilson, M. C. (eds.) (1993) The Modern Middle East: A Reader, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Howarth, D. R. (2000) Discourse, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Huppatz, D. J. (2015) ‘Globalizing Design History and Global Design History’, Journal of Design History, 28(2), 182–202.Google Scholar

Irving, S. (2012) Leila Khaled: Icon of Palestinian Liberation, London: Pluto.Google Scholar

Ismael, T. Y. (2009) The Communist Movement in the Arab World, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Jacquemond, R. (2008) Conscience of the Nation: Writers, State and Society in Modern Egypt, trans. Tresilian, D., Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar

Jameson, F. (1984) ‘Periodizing the 60s’, in F. Jameson, S. Aronowitz, S. Sayres and A. Stephanson (eds.), The 60s Without Apology, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press in cooperation with Social Text, 178–209.Google Scholar

Jameson, F., Sayres, S., Stephanson, A. and Aronowitz, S. (eds.) (1984) The 60s Without Apology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press in cooperation with Social Text.Google Scholar

Janine Rubeiz et Dar el Fan: regards vers un patrimoine culturel (2003) Beyrouth: Edition Dar an-Nahar.Google Scholar

Jankowski, J. P. and Gershoni, I. (1997) Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Jay, M. (1988) ‘Scopic Regimes of Modernity’, in Foster, H. (ed.), Vision and Visuality, Seattle, WA: Dia Art Foundation and Bay Press, 2–23.Google Scholar

Jay, M. (2011) Essays from the Edge: Parerga and Paralipomena, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar

Jayyusi, S. K. (1992) ‘Modernist Poetry in Arabic’, in Badawi, M. M. (ed.), Modern Arabic Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 132–79.Google Scholar

Jobling, P. and Crowley, D. (1996) Graphic Design: Reproduction and Representation since 1800, Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Julier, G. (2008) The Culture of Design, London: Sage.Google Scholar

Karnouk, L. (2005) Modern Egyptian Art, 1910–2003, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar

Kassab, E. S. (2010) Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Kassir, S. (2003) Histoire de Beyrouth, Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar

Katsiaficas, G. (1987) The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968, Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar

Kaufman, A. (2004) ‘“Tell Us Our History”: Charles Corm, Mount Lebanon and Lebanese Nationalism’, Middle Eastern Studies, 40(3), 1–28.Google Scholar

Kaufman, A. (2014) Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for Identity in Lebanon, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Keen, S. (1988) Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination, San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Kendall, E. (2010). Literature, Journalism and the Avant-Garde: Intersection in Egypt, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kfoury, J. (1959) ‘Liban, pays de tourisme’, Revue de géographie de Lyon, 34(3), 271–84.Google Scholar

Khal, H. (1987) The Woman Artist in Lebanon, Beirut: Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World, Beirut University College.Google Scholar

Khalaf, S. (1987) Lebanon’s Predicament, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Khalaf, S. and Kongstad, P. (1973) Hamra of Beirut: A Case of Rapid Urbanization, Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Khalidi, G. al- (2004) Burhan Karkutli: fannan al-ghurba wal-hirman (Burhan Karkutli: the artist of exile and deprivation), Damascus: al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Suriyah: Wizarat al-Thaqafah.Google Scholar

Khalidi, R. (1993) ‘Consequences of the Suez Crisis in the Arab World’, in Hourani, A., Khoury, P. and Wilson, M. (eds.), The Modern Middle East: A Reader, London: I. B. Tauris, 535–50.Google Scholar

Khalidi, R. (2002) ‘Perceptions and Reality: The Arab World and the West’, in Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. (eds.), A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958, London: I. B. Tauris, 181–208.Google Scholar

Khalidi, R. (2007) The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood, Oxford: Oneworld.Google Scholar

Khalili, L. (2007) Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Khalili, L. (2013) Time in the Shadows: Confinement in Counterinsurgencies, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Khatib, L. (2013) Image Politics in the Middle East: The Role of the Visual in Political Struggle, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Khoury, E. (2015) ‘Beyond Commitment’, in Pannewick, F., Khalil, G. and Albers, Y. (eds.), Commitment and Beyond: Reflections on/of the Political in Arabic Literature since the 1940s, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 79–87.Google Scholar

Khouri, K. and Salti, R. (eds.) (2018) Past Disquiet: Artists, International Solidarity and Museums in Exile, Warsaw: Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw.Google Scholar

Khuri-Makdisi, I. (2013) The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Kinross, R. (2004) Modern Typography: An Essay in Critical History, London: Hyphen Press.Google Scholar

Klemm, V. (2000) ‘Different Notions of Commitment (Iltizam) and Committed Literature (al-adab al-multazim) in the Literary Circles of the Mashriq’, Arabic & Middle Eastern Literature, 3(1), 51–62.Google Scholar

Kunz, D. (2002) ‘The Emergence of the United States as a Middle Eastern Power, 1956–1958’, in Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. (eds.), A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958, London: I. B. Tauris, 77–100.Google Scholar

Kurasawa, F. (2004) ‘A Cosmopolitanism from Below: Alternative Globalization and the Creation of a Solidarity without Bounds’, European Journal of Sociology/Archives européennes de sociologie, 45(2), 233–55.Google Scholar

Labelle, M. Jr. (2013) ‘A New Age of Empire? Arab “Anti-Americanism”, US Intervention, and the Lebanese Civil War of 1958’, The International History Review, 35(1), 42–69.Google Scholar

Laclau, E. (1994) The Making of Political Identities, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1987) ‘Post-Marxism without Apologies’, New Left Review, 166, 79.Google Scholar

Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (2001) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, 2nd ed., London: Verso.Google Scholar

Latham, M. E. (2000) Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Latour, B. (2000) ‘The Berliner Key or How to Do Words with Things’, in Graves-Brown, P. M. (ed.), Matter, Materiality, and Modern Culture, London: Routledge, 10–21.Google Scholar

Lees-Maffei, G. and Houze, R. (eds.) (2013) The Design History Reader, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Lenssen, A. (2013) ‘The Plasticity of the Syrian Avant-Garde, 1964–1970’, ARTMargins, 2(2), 43–70.Google Scholar

Lenssen, A., Ramadan, D., Rogers, S. A. and Shabout, N. (2013) ‘Introduction: The Longevity of Rupture – 1967 in Art and its Histories’, ARTMargins, 2(2), 14–18.Google Scholar

Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. A. and Shabout, N. (eds.) (2018) Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art.Google Scholar

Loos, A. (2013) ‘Ornament and Crime’, in Lees-Maffei, G. and Houze, R. (eds.), The Design History Reader, London: Bloomsbury, 98–100.Google Scholar

Louis, W. R. (2002) ‘Introduction’, in Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. (eds.), A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958, London: I. B. Tauris, 1–14.Google Scholar

Louis, W. R. (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization – Collected Essays. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. (eds.) (2002) A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Lu, D. (ed.) (2011) Third World Modernism, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lupton, E. (1986) ‘Reading Isotype’, Design Issues, 3(2), 47–58.Google Scholar

Lupton, E. and Miller, J. A. (1999) Design Writing Research: Writing on Graphic Design, New York: Phaidon.Google Scholar

Maasri, Z. (2009) Off the Wall: Political Posters of the Lebanese Civil War, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Maasri, Z.(2012) ‘The Aesthetics of Belonging: Transformations in Hizbullah’s Political Posters (1985–2006)’, Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 5(2), 149–89.Google Scholar

Makdisi, U. S. (2000) Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Marcuse, H. (1969) An Essay on Liberation, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Marcuse, H. (1978) The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Margolin, V. (1989) Design Discourse: History, Theory, Criticism, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Margolin, V. (1997) The Struggle for Utopia: Rodchenko, Lissitzky, Moholy-Nagy, 1917–1946, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Margolin, V. (2002) The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Margolin, V. (2005) ‘A World History of Design and the History of the World’, Journal of Design History, 18(3), 235–43.Google Scholar

Martin, K. W. (2015). Syria’s Democratic Years: Citizens, Experts, and Media in the 1950s, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Marwick, A. (1998) The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958–c.1974, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Massad, J. (2003) ‘Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 32(3), 21–38.Google Scholar

Massey, D. (1991) ‘A Global Sense of Place’, Marxism Today (June), 24–9.Google Scholar

McCoy, K. (1994) ‘Rethinking Modernism, Revising Functionalism’, in Bierut, M., Drenttel, W., Heller, S. and Holland, D. K. (eds.), Looking Closer: Critical Writings on Graphic Design, New York: Allworth Press, 49–51.Google Scholar

McDonald, G. (2010) ‘The Modern American Home as Soft Power: Finland, MoMA and the “American Home 1953” Exhibition’, Journal of Design History, 23(4), 387–408.Google Scholar

McQuiston, L. (1993) Graphic Agitation: Social and Political Graphics since the Sixties, London: Phaidon Press.Google Scholar

Meier, P. (2010) ‘Authenticity and its Modernist Discontents: The Colonial Encounter and African and Middle Eastern Art History’, Arab Studies Journal, 18(1), 12–45.Google Scholar

Mejcher‐Atassi, S. (2012) ‘Contemporary Book Art in the Middle East: The Book as Document in Iraq’, Art History, 35(4), 816–39.Google Scholar

Ménargues, A. (2004) Les secrets de la guerre du Liban: du coup d’État de Bachir Gemayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Paris: Albin Michel.Google Scholar

Mermier, F. (2005) Le livre et la ville: Beyrouth et l’édition Arabe, Arles: Actes sud/Sindbad.Google Scholar

Mickenberg, J. L. and Nel, P. (2011) ‘Radical Children’s Literature Now!’, Children’s Literature Association Quarterly, 36(4), 445–73.Google Scholar

Mitchell, T. (1991 [1988]) Colonising Egypt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mitchell, T. (2000a) Questions of Modernity, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Mitchell, T. (2000b) ‘The Stage of Modernity’, in Mitchell, T. (ed.), Questions of Modernity, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1–34.Google Scholar

Mitchell, W. J. T. (1995) ‘Interdisciplinarity and Visual Culture’, The Art Bulletin, 77(4), 540–4.Google Scholar

Mitchell, W. J. T. (2002) ‘Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture’, Journal of Visual Culture, 1(2), 165–81.Google Scholar

Mitchell, W. J. T. (2005) What Do Pictures Want? The Lives and Loves of Images, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Mitter, P. (2008) ‘Decentering Modernism: Art History and Avant-garde Art from the Periphery’, The Art Bulletin, 90(4), 531–48.Google Scholar

Moholy-Nagy, L. (1999) ‘Typophoto (1925)’, in Bierut, M., Helfland, J. and Poynor, R. (eds.), Looking Closer 3: Classic Writings on Graphic Design, New York: Allworth Press, 24–6.Google Scholar

Monroe, K. V. (2014) ‘Automobility and Citizenship in Interwar Lebanon’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 34(3), 518–31.Google Scholar

Morley, D. and Chen, K.-H. (eds.) (1996) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mouffe, C. (2005) On the Political, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Murphy, M. C. (2013) ‘1970s Film of Palestinian Struggle in Lebanon Restored’, The Electronic Intifada [online]. Available at: https://electronicintifada.net/ [accessed 7 July 2016].Google Scholar

Naef, S. (1996) Bahthan ‘an hadatha Arabiya (A la recherche d’une modernité Arabe), trans. Qobaysi, H., Beirut: Agial Art Gallery.Google Scholar

Osterhammel, J. and Petersson, N. P. (2005) Globalization: A Short History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ou-fan Lee, L. (2001) ‘Shanghai Modern: Reflections on Urban Culture in China in the 1930s’, in Gaonkar, D. P. (ed.), Alternative Modernities, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 86–122.Google Scholar

Owen, R. (ed.) (1976a) Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon, London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar

Owen, R. (1976b) ‘The Political Economy of Grand Liban 1920–1970’, in Owen, R. (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon, London: Ithaca Press, 23–32.Google Scholar

Palmer, J. and Dodson, M. (eds.) (1996) Design and Aesthetics: A Reader, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Pannewick, F., Khalil, G. and Albers, Y. (eds.) (2015) Commitment and Beyond: Reflections on/of the Political in Arabic Literature since the 1940s, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar

Pedersen, J. (1984) The Arabic Book, trans. French, G., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Pelta, R. (2011) ‘Visit Spain: The Image of Spain in the State’s Tourist Poster (1928–1975)’, The Poster, 2(2), 109–46.Google Scholar

Picard, E. (1988) Liban, état de discorde: des fondations aux guerres fratricides, Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar

Picard, E. (1993) ‘Arab Military in Politics: From Revolutionary Plot to Authoritarian State’, in Hourani, A., Khoury, P. and Wilson, M. (eds.), The Modern Middle East: A Reader, London: I. B. Tauris, 551–78.Google Scholar

Poole, D. (1997) Vision, Race, and Modernity: A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Prashad, V. (2007) The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World, New York: New Press.Google Scholar

Prestholdt, J. (2012) ‘Resurrecting Che: Radicalism, the Transnational Imagination, and the Politics of Heroes’, Journal of Global History, 7(3), 506–26.Google Scholar

Rabah, M. G. (2009) A Campus at War: Student Politics at the American University of Beirut, 1967–1975, Beirut: Dar Nelson.Google Scholar

Rabinow, P. (ed.) (1984) The Foucault Reader, New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Radwan, S. (1992) al-Mulsaq al-Filastini: mashakil al-nashʾa wa-l-tatawwur (The Palestinian poster: problems of emergence and development), Damascus: PLO Culture Department.Google Scholar

Ramadan, D. (2018) ‘Cairo’s School of Fine Arts and the Pedagogical Imperative’, in Lenssen, A., Rogers, S. and Shabout, N. (eds.), Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 72–3.Google Scholar

Rancière, J. (2004) The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible, London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Rancière, J. (2009) The Future of the Image, London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar

Robbins, L. S. (2007) ‘Publishing American Values: The Franklin Book Programs as Cold War Cultural Diplomacy’, Library Trends, 55(3), 638–50.Google Scholar

Robertson, K. (1995) ‘On White Space: When Less is More’, in Bierut, M., Drenttel, W., Holland, D. K. and Heller, S. (eds.), Looking Closer: Critical Writings on Graphic Design, New York: Allworth Press, 61–5.Google Scholar

Rochelle, D. and Dan, W. (2015) ‘“Visit Palestine”: A Brief Study of Palestine Posters’, Jerusalem Quarterly, 61, 42–54.Google Scholar

Rodriguez, B. (2006) ‘“Long Live Third World Unity! Long Live Internationalism”: Huey P. Newton’s Revolutionary Intercommunalism’, Souls – A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 8(3), 119–41.Google Scholar

Rogan, E. (2012) The Arabs: A History, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Rogers, S. A. (2008) ‘Postwar Art and Historical Roots of Beirut’s Cosmopolitanism’, PhD Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.Google Scholar

Rogers, S. A. (2010) ‘Daoud Corm, Cosmopolitan Nationalism, and the Origins of Lebanese Modern Art’, The Arab Studies Journal, 18(1), 46–77.Google Scholar

Rogers, S. A. (2011) ‘The Artist as Cultural Diplomat: John Ferren in Beirut, 1963–64. American Art, 25(1), 112–23.Google Scholar

Roper, G. (1995). ‘Fāris al-Shidyāq and the Transition from Scribal to Print Culture in the Middle East’, in Atiyeh, G. N. (ed.), The Book in the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East, New York: SUNY Press, 209–32.Google Scholar

Rose, G. and Tolia-Kelly, D. P. (eds.) (2012) Visuality/Materiality: Images, Objects and Practices, Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Ross, K. (2002) May ’68 and its Afterlives, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rowbotham, R. (2010) ‘“Sand and Foam”: The Changing Identity of Lebanese Tourism’, Journal of Tourism History, 2(1), 39–53.Google Scholar

Ruba, S. and Sophie, R. D. (2014) ‘Cultures of Resistance in Palestine and Beyond: On the Politics of Art, Aesthetics, and Affect’, Arab Studies Journal, 22(1), 8–27.Google Scholar

Rubin, A. (2012) Archives of Authority: Empire, Culture, and the Cold War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ryzova, L. (2015) ‘The Image Sans Orientalism: Local Histories of Photography in the Middle East’, Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 8(2–3), 159–71.Google Scholar

Sabry, T. (ed.) (2012) Arab Cultural Studies: Mapping the Field, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Said, E. W. (1979) Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Said, E. W. (1993) Culture and Imperialism, New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Said, E. W. (1994) ‘On Mahmoud Darwish’, Grand Street, 48 (Winter), 112–15.Google Scholar

Said, E. W. (2002) ‘Invention, Memory, and Place’, in Mitchell, W. J. T. (ed.), Landscape and Power, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 241–59.Google Scholar

Said, K. (2012) Utopia al-madina al-muthaqafa (The utopia of an intellectual city), Beirut: Dar al-Saqi.Google Scholar

Saksouk-Sasso, A. (2015) ‘Making Spaces for Communal Sovereignty: The Story of Beirut’s Dalieh’, The Arab Studies Journal, 23(1), 296–318.Google Scholar

Salem, P. (1984) ‘The National Council for the Development of Tourism in Lebanon (1962–1975): A Case Study’, MA thesis, American University of Beirut.Google Scholar

Salibi, K. S. (1961) ‘Lebanon since the Crisis of 1958’, The World Today, 17(1), 32–42.Google Scholar

Salibi, K. S. (1966) ‘Lebanon under Fuad Chehab 1958–1964’, Middle Eastern Studies, 2(3), 211–26.Google Scholar

Salibi, K. S. (1976) Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon, 1958–1976, Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.Google Scholar

Salibi, K. S. (1988) A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Salibi, K. S. (1993) The Modern History of Lebanon, 3rd ed., Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.Google Scholar

Salti, R. (2010) ‘From Resistance and Bearing Witness to the Power of the Fantastical: Icons and Symbols in Palestinian Poetry and Cinema’, Third Text, 24(1), 39–52.Google Scholar

Sartre, J.-P. (1963) ‘Preface’, in Fanon, F., The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press, 7–31.Google Scholar

Saunders, F. S. (2013 [1999]) The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters [orig. published as Who Paid the Piper?], New York: New Press.Google Scholar

Sayigh, R. (1979) Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries: A People’s History, London: Zed Press.Google Scholar

Sayigh, Y. (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Scalenghe, S. and Sbaiti, N. (2003) ‘Conducting Research in Lebanon: An Overview of Historical Sources in Beirut (Part I)’, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 37(1), 68–79.Google Scholar

Schayegh, C. (2013) ‘1958 Reconsidered: State Formation and the Cold War in the Early Postcolonial Arab Middle East’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45(3), 421–43.Google Scholar

Schayegh, C. and Arsan, A. (eds.) (2015) The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar